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According to reports, Internet users spend an average of 8 h online per day, with a significant portion of this time dedicated to social media platforms such as YouTube. Among content creators on YouTube, eduTubers produce educational content. Students are increasingly using digital social media platforms as a supplement and support to education. Although certain educators question the validity of such educational videos, only limited studies have examined the scientific and academic rigor of eduTubers. This study identifies the underlying theoretical principles in the practices of eduTubers through qualitative research that employs digital methods and ethnographic tools. This study examined 13 eduTubers and analyzed 196 videos and more than 7500 comments from their channels. The results reveal four categories of practices, namely, pedagogical strategies, content management, resource management, and communication strategies. These practices unconsciously incorporate principles from various learning (e.g., cognitive theory of multimedia learning or the theory of meaningful learning) and communication (e.g., inverted pyramid theory or the temptation of teacher prophecy) theories. Educators could benefit from familiarizing themselves with and adopting the practices of eduTubers to enhance students' perception about learning in classrooms.

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This article aims to reflect on the images of childhood in videos featuring child YouTubers playing, analyzing the nature of play portrayed in them and its relationship with the child's right to play and be protected against any form of exploitation. METHOD: A documentary study of 100 videos shared on YouTube was conducted, subjected to categorical content analysis with an emphasis on the modes of participation of adults and children in dialogues with the platform's languages present in the videos. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The boundaries between children's artistic expression and child labor exploitation are becoming increasingly challenging, with legal discussions presenting difficulties in regulation due to the home environment and predominant parental control. The analysis reveals how the videos are perceived as standardized commodities, hiding the concrete work behind an image of apparent spontaneity. CONCLUSION: The research highlights contractual digital risks for children, focusing on those related to commercialization. The analyzed videos reflect an instrumentalization of the child's basic right to play, associated with market interests, an aspect that takes on the contours of child labor exploitation, compromising the freedom to play spontaneously.

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Considerando-se a crescente importância do YouTube como fonte para busca de informações em saúde, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores associados a um maior número de visualizações de vídeos sobre vacinas contra a covid-19. Para isso, usaram-se técnicas de Processamento de Linguagem Natural e modelagem estatística com base em 13.619 vídeos, abrangendo três tipos de variáveis: métricas gerais, conteúdo textual dos títulos e informações sobre os participantes dos vídeos. Entre os resultados, destacam-se os vídeos de duração média ou longa, postados durante a madrugada e nos fins de semana, com tags, descrição e títulos curtos, além de elementos controversos e presença de figuras masculinas e brancas em miniaturas. Os achados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão dos possíveis fatores a serem considerados na produção de conteúdo de comunicação em saúde sobre vacinas no YouTube.

Considering the growing importance of YouTube as a source for health information search, the aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with a higher number of views in videos about covid-19 vaccines. For this purpose, Natural Language Processing techniques and statistical modeling were employed based on 13,619 videos, encompassing three types of variables: general metrics, textual content of titles, and information about the participants in the videos. Among the results, videos of medium or long duration, posted during late hours and on weekends, with tags, descriptions, and short titles, along with controversial elements and the presence of male and white figures in thumbnails stand out. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential factors to be considered in the production of health communication content about vaccines on YouTube.

Teniendo en cuenta la creciente importancia de YouTube como fuente de búsqueda de información en salud, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores asociados a un mayor número de visualizaciones en videos sobre vacunas contra el covid-19. Para eso, se emplearon técnicas de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural y modelado estadístico basadas en 13,619 videos, que abarcan tres tipos de variables: métricas generales, contenido textual de títulos y información sobre los participantes en los videos. Entre los resultados, destacan los videos de duración media o larga, publicados durante altas horas de la noche y los fines de semana, con tags, descripciones y títulos cortos, junto con elementos controvertidos y la presencia de figuras masculinas y blancas en las miniaturas. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de los posibles factores a tener en cuenta en la producción de contenido de comunicación de salud sobre vacunas en YouTube.

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AIMS: Information about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is available in different videos on YouTube. However, these videos might present inaccurate or outdated information. The aims of this study were to 1) identify characteristics of Brazilian-Portuguese videos about ASD (i.e., type of content, number of views, likes, and dislikes); 2) analyze the content of informative videos about ASD, by assessing their trustworthiness and overall quality; and 3) investigate the most popular topics of informative videos about ASD over time. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that investigated Brazilian-Portuguese ASD content on YouTube. Videos were selected by two examiners and categorized as experiential or informative. The Discern checklist and the Global Quality Score (GQS) were used to analyze the trustworthiness and quality of informative videos. RESULTS: In total, 216 videos were analyzed, of which 19.5% and 85% were classified as experiential and informative, respectively. The majority of informative videos presented moderate trustworthiness and quality. Videos about ASD clinical aspects were the most popular. CONCLUSION: YouTube offers a large number of experiential and informative videos on ASD. However, some of these videos fail to present reliable and additional sources of information for stakeholders. Efforts to promote knowledge translation about ASD on YouTube are necessary.

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A doença de Chagas crônica afeta seis milhões de pessoas em regiões endêmicas, com 30 mil novos casos anuais ­ logo, espaços de divulgação científica são muito importantes para ofertar informações de qualidade à população. As iniciativas envolvendo o controle da doença de Chagas não podem se limitar às pesquisas com enfoque biológico. Este estudo objetiva apresentar um panorama sobre o processo de construção do canal Falamos de Chagas, no YouTube, sua importância para a comunicação, a informação, a educação em saúde e a mobilização social, bem como refletir sobre a qualidade de uma subamostra de vídeos do canal. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, dividido em duas fases: criação do canal e análise qualitativa dos vídeos sobre a doença disponíveis no YouTube. Observamos que existe potencial nas redes sociais, enquanto recurso de comunicação, contudo é preciso cautela, uma vez que se faz necessária a certificação da qualidade do material

Chronic Chagas disease affects six million people in endemic regions, with 30,000 new infected cases an-nually ­ thus, initiatives involving science diffusion are relevant to offer qualified information to the people. Chagas disease control initiatives cannot be limited to the level of biological focused research. This study aims to present an overview of the construction process of the YouTube channel Falando de Chagas, its importance for communication, information, health education and social mobilization, as well as to reflect on the quality of a subsample of videos present in the channel. Qualitative in nature, the study was divided into two stages: construction of the channel and qualitative analysis of videos about the disease available on YouTube. We observed that there is potential for social networks as communication resources, but caution is needed in their use, since the quality of the material needs certification

La enfermedad de Chagas crónica afecta seis millones de personas en regiones endémicas, con 30.000 nuevos casos anuales ­ los espacios de divulgación científica son muy importantes para ofrecer información a la población. Las iniciativas de control de la enfermedad de Chagas no pueden limitarse al nivel de investigación con enfoque biológico. El estudio tiene como objetivo presentar un panorama del proceso de construcción del canal Falando de Chagas, en YouTube, su importancia para la comunicación, información, educación en salud y movilización social, así como reflexionar sobre la calidad de una submuestra de videos presentes en la canal. De naturaleza cualitativa, el estudio se dividió en dos fases: construcción del canal y análisis cualitativo de videos sobre la enfermedad disponibles en YouTube. Observamos que existe potencial para las redes sociales como recurso de comunicación, sin embargo, se requiere cautela en su uso, ya que se requiere certificar la calidad del material

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OBJECTIVE: To conduct unbiased research into the quality and reliability of videos published on YouTube on the subject of smell dysfunction and treatment through two Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) specialists using three different tools. METHODS: The videos were separated into two groups (reliable: Group 1; non-reliable: Group 2) according to whether or not the content was scientifically reliable, proven, accurate, and useful, as determined by two ENT specialist physicians. The DISCERN reliability tool, Global quality scale (GQS), and JAMA scoring system were used as video scoring tools in the evaluations. RESULTS: Group 1 included 173 videos, and Group 2, 16 videos. The GQS (First ENT specialist) points were 3 (2-5) and GQS (Second ENT specialist) points were 3 (2-5) in Group 1, and 2 (2-3) and 2 (1-3) in Group 2, respectively (p = 0.0001). The points in the DISCERN and JAMA scoring systems were found to be higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Although the majority of videos on YouTube related to smell dysfunction are reliable, the number of unreliable videos is not inconsiderable. When videos related to medical information are accepted onto YouTube, weighting should be given to videos which include scientifically proven evidence uploaded by specialist professionals and institutions.

OBJETIVO: realizar una investigación imparcial sobre la calidad y la confiabilidad de los videos publicados en YouTube sobre el tema de la disfunción y el tratamiento del olfato, a través de dos especialistas en oído, nariz y garganta que utilizan tres herramientas diferentes. MÉTODOS: Los videos se separaron en dos grupos (confiables: Grupo 1; no confiables: Grupo 2) según si el contenido era o no científicamente confiable, probado, preciso y útil, según lo determinado por dos médicos especialistas en Otorrinolaringología. La herramienta de confiabilidad DISCERN, la escala de calidad global (GQS) y el sistema de puntuación JAMA se utilizaron como herramientas de puntuación de video en las evaluaciones. RESULTADOS: el Grupo 1 incluyó 173 videos y el Grupo 2, 16 videos. Los puntos GQS (Primer especialista en ORL) fueron 3 (2-5) y los puntos GQS (Segundo especialista en ORL) fueron 3 (2-5) en el Grupo 1, y 2 (2-3) y 2 (1-3) en el Grupo 2, respectivamente (p= 0.0001). Se encontró que los puntos en los sistemas de puntuación DISCERN y JAMA eran más altos en el Grupo 1 que en el Grupo 2 (p= 0.0001). CONCLUSIÓN: aunque la mayoría de los videos en YouTube relacionados con la disfunción del olfato son confiables, la cantidad de videos poco confiables no es despreciable. Cuando se aceptan videos relacionados con información médica en YouTube, se debe dar peso a los videos que incluyen evidencia científicamente probada y subidos por instituciones y profesionales especialistas.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the shortcomings and quality content of YouTube videos and its effectiveness as a source of patient information on pudendal neuralgia treatment. METHODS: A search was conducted on YouTube using the words "pudendal neuralgia physical therapy," "medications for pudendal neuralgia," "pudendal nerve block," "pudendal neuralgia surgery," and "alternative treatments for pudendal neuralgia." The results were analyzed based on the source, general descriptive statistics, the intended audience, and five content areas. The DISCERN scoring system was used to evaluate the quality of videos. RESULTS: After the search, 73 videos met the inclusion criteria for further analysis. The majority of these videos (61.64%) were intended to target the general population, whereas a smaller percentage were identified as professional (41.10%) or targeted for physicians (35.62%). From the videos included, 10 (13.70%) described treatment options in a balanced and evidence-based manner. The higher DISCERN score positively correlated with the presence of this last content criterion. With a total DISCERN mean score of 35.42, a significant proportion of the videos (41.10%) were rated very poor. The remaining videos were classified as poor (23.29%), fair (19.18%), good (8.22%), and excellent (8.22%). CONCLUSION: The quality of the information included in YouTube videos regarding pudendal neuralgia treatment was considered generally poor. Healthcare providers must recognize the potential influence of this platform on patients' understanding of pudendal neuralgia treatment. There is a need for additional research and randomized studies regarding YouTube content about this condition.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Evaluate the informative content in tooth avulsion videos intended for dentists available on YouTube™ and analyse their compliance with the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines 2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Google Trends was used to identify the most searched term for tooth avulsion. Tooth avulsion-related videos in Brazilian Portuguese intended for dentists were searched on YouTube™ with a 12-month filter. Two raters reviewed these videos to extract their features and evaluate and qualify them with two 9-point checklists based on the IADT 2020 guidelines. The emergency steps for tooth avulsion at the accident site were assessed before, during and after clinical management; each step received 1 point if present and 0 points if absent. The final score ranged from 0 to 9 points on each checklist (18 points total), and the total score was used to classify the videos as having poor, moderate or rich content. Reliability and video quality were evaluated by an adapted version of the DISCERN tool and global quality scale (GQS), respectively. The data were analysed with the Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson chi-square test, and the Kappa statistic (p < .05). RESULTS: Of 60 videos, 8 were included. All were uploaded by dental professionals or undergraduate students; the average duration was 11 min (range: 0.40-65 min), and the average number of views was 56.75. Half the videos (50%) had maximum completeness scores for questions about emergency dentist referral before clinical management, and more than half (75%) had maximum completeness regarding the steps required during and after treatment. Rich videos had higher GQS scores (p = .049) without significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Although most videos in Brazilian Portuguese were considered high-quality according to the IADT checklist, half of them presented partial absence of information regarding orientations at the accident site.

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PURPOSE: To assess the coverage of information about early childhood caries (ECC) available on YouTube videos in three different languages, regarding technical characteristics of videos and interaction metrics. METHODS: Search strategies were developed in English, Spanish, and Portuguese to make a comprehensive collection of videos from YouTube, encompassing 60 samples for each language, regarding all video types. The videos were assessed by a thematic checklist regarding 17 items on ECC. Videos were dichotomized according to the median of the thematic score and the nature of their authorship (health and non-health authors) to compare groups. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 25.0), applying Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test. P < 0.05 values were considered significant. RESULTS: Among 120 videos meeting inclusion criteria, ECC aetiology and prevention information proved incomplete, with a median score of 5 (Q1-Q3 = 3-7). No correlation emerged between this score and other video characteristics. However, interaction metrics like views, likes, dislikes, and viewing rates displayed significant correlations. Health authors primarily created these videos, yet non-health author channels had more subscribers. Surprisingly, videos focused on the impact of regular sugary food and beverage consumption on ECC progression received the most attention. CONCLUSIONS: Videos that presented information about the aetiology and prevention of ECC invariably focused on partial aspects of the disease. This highlights the need for better-quality educational videos and the importance of dental professionals in guiding patients toward reliable sources of information.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of YouTube™ videos on zirconia crowns in pediatric dentistry. METHODS: On January 4, 2022, a search was performed using the term "pediatric zirconia crown". The first 100 videos on the subject were included. Non-English videos, duplicates, and off-topic videos were excluded. For each video, an examiner recorded the number of views, likes, comments, channel followers, upload date, duration, and category rating. Two examiners assessed the reliability of the information presented in the videos using DISCERN, a brief questionnaire and scale score used to assess in a valid and reliable way the quality of information on treatment choices for health problems. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Of the initial 100 videos, 72 were excluded because of language, duplication, and subject matter. The 28 remaining videos had an average of 3.5 comments, 8,896.18 channel followers, 5,614.00 views, 19.14 likes, and a duration of 840.32 s. The average view rate was 7.54 per day ± 10,206.81. There was a statistically significant difference between the number of views and comments (p < 0.001), likes and comments (p < 0.001), and likes and views (p = 0.006). According to the DISCERN, none of the videos received the maximum grade to be considered very good. Two were considered good, nine fair, fourteen poor, and three very poor. CONCLUSION: Given that the majority of YouTube™ videos currently available on zirconia crowns in pediatric dentistry were deemed unreliable according to the DISCERN questionnaire, caution should be exercised when using the information presented.

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