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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha amylase (sAA) in young adults. Materials and methods: Sixty healthy university students, habitual coffee consumers, participated in this descriptive observational study. Participants were divided into three groups: G1 low consumption (≤ 2 cups of coffee per day, n = 20), G2 moderate consumption (2-5 cups of coffee per day, n = 20), and G3 high consumption (>5 cups of coffee per day, n = 20). Saliva self-collection was in the morning (6:30-7:30 AM) and at night (08:00-09:00 PM). sCort was analyzed using chemiluminescence and sAA activity by kinetic method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test and analysis of variance. Results: The sample consisted of 30 women and 30 men, aged between 20 and 35 years. In all groups, sCort values were higher in the morning (AM 0,29 ± 0,19 vs. PM 0,09 ± 0,05 µg/dl, p < 0.0001). In contrast, sAA levels were higher in the night (PM 160,16 ± 60,42 vs. AM 32,79 ± 12,98 U/ml, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were detected, in the contents of Corts and AAs, between the groups. Conclusion: : Coffee consumption, in non-stressful conditions, did not alter levels and patterns of sCort and sAA in young adults.

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The aim of this work was to assess the effect of in vitro human digestion on the chemical composition (carbohydrates and phenolic compounds) and bioactivity of hydro-alcoholic-acid pomace extracts from two mandarin varieties (Clemenule and Ortanique) by measuring their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-glycative, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The phenolic compound profile showed that nobiletin was the main flavonoid found in the extracts and digests of Clemenule pomace and extract, while isosinensetin/sinensetin/tangeretin were the ones in the Ortanique samples. The digests of Clemenule and Ortanique extracts showed Folin reaction values of 9.74 and 9.20 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of sample, ABTS values of 83.2 and 91.7 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of sample, and ORAC-FL values of 142.8 and 891.6 µmol TE/g of sample, respectively. Extracts (50-500 µg/mL) inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in CCD-18Co cells under physiological and oxidative-induced conditions. Clemenule and Ortanique extract digests showed IC50 values of 13.50 and 11.07 mg/mL for α-glucosidase, 28.79 and 69.64 mg/mL for α-amylase, and 16.50 and 12.77 mg/mL for AGEs, and 2.259 ± 0.267 and 0.713 ± 0.065 mg/mL for pancreatic lipase inhibition, respectively. Ortanique extract (250-1000 µg/mL) inhibited the production of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 macrophages under inflammation-induced conditions, and intracellular ROS formation. In conclusion, altogether, the results supported the potential of mandarin extracts to be used as health promoters by reducing the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases.

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Starch is a promising polymer for creating novel microparticulate systems with superior biocompatibility and controlled drug delivery capabilities. In this study, we synthesized polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified starch microparticles and encapsulated folic acid using a solvent-mediated acid-base precipitation method with magnetic stirring, which is a simple and effective method. To evaluate particle degradation, we simulated physiological conditions by employing an enzymatic degradation approach. Our results with FTIR and SEM confirmed the successful synthesis of starch-PEG microparticles encapsulating folic acid. The average size of starch microparticles encapsulating folic acid was 4.97 µm and increased to 6.01 µm upon modification with PEG. The microparticles were first exposed to amylase at pH 6.7 and pepsin at pH 1.5 at different incubation times at physiological temperature with shaking. Post-degradation analysis revealed changes in particle size and morphology, indicating effective enzymatic degradation. FTIR spectroscopy was used to assess the chemical composition before and after degradation. The initial FTIR spectra displayed characteristic peaks of starch, PEG, and folic acid, which showed decreased intensities after enzymatic degradation, suggesting alterations in chemical composition. These findings demonstrate the ongoing development of starch-PEG microparticles for controlled drug delivery and other biomedical applications and provide the basis for further exploration of PEG-starch as a versatile biomaterial for encapsulating bioactive compounds.

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BACKGROUND: This study evaluated for the first time the potential of orange passion fruit as a base for alcoholic and acetic fermentations, with a view to assessing its profile of organic acids and polyphenols, in vitro digestion, and biological activities. RESULTS: In terms of aliphatic organic acids, malic acid was the majority in the wine (3.19 g L-1), while in the vinegar, it was acetic acid (46.84 g L-1). 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB) was the major phenolic compound in the wine and vinegar samples (3443.93 and 2980.00 µg L-1, respectively). After the in vitro gastrointestinal simulation stage, the wine showed high bioaccessibility for the compounds sinipaldehyde (82.97%) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHBA, 81.27%), while the vinegar exhibited high bioaccessibility for sinipaldehyde (89.39%). Through multivariate analysis, it was observed that 3,4-DHB was highly concentrated in the different digested fractions obtained from the wine. In contrast, in the vinegar, the stability of isorahmenetin and Quercetin 3-o-rhamnoside was observed during the in vitro digestion simulation. Lastly, the vinegar stood out for its inhibition rates of α-amylase (23.93%), α-glucoside (18.34%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (10.92%). In addition, the vinegar had an inhibitory effect on the pathogenic microorganisms Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. CONCLUSION: Orange passion fruit has proved to be a promising raw material for the development of fermented beverages. Therefore, this study provides an unprecedented perspective on the use and valorization of orange passion fruit, contributing significantly to the advancement of knowledge about fermented products and the associated nutritional and functional possibilities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Background: Bevacizumab together with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin inhibit microvascular growth of tumor blood vessels and tumor proliferation. Few reports state the effect of these therapeutic schemes on salivary glands. Materials and Methods: Food consumption, body weight and salivary amylase activity were assessed in the submandibular gland of rats. Adult male Wistar rats, of three months old with 350/400 grams body weight, under 12-hour light/dark cycles respectively, were divided into the following experimental groups: G1) Control group, G2) 5-Fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium treated group, G3) Bevacizumab treated group, G4) Oxaliplatin treated group, G5) Bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium treated group and G6) Drug-free paired feeding treated group. Assessment of treatment effect was performed by one-way ANOVA. A value of p<0.05 was set for statistical significance. Results: Salivary amylase activity in gland homogenate was G1: 137.9 ± 4.64, G2: 60.95±4.64, G3: 120.93 ± 4.96, G4: 26.17 ±4.64, G5: 10.77 ±4.64 and G6: 82.87 ±4.64 U/mg protein (mean ± S.D.) Amylase activity in the G1 group was higher relative to the other experimental groups p<0.0001. Conclusions: The drugs 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin altered salivary amylase activity by serous granules of the submandibular gland interpreted as a mechanism of impaired acinar function. Bevacizumab administered in isolation did not alter salivary amylase activity compared to the control group. While the lower intake of the matched feeding group affected salivary amylase activity compared to the control group, the effect was significantly greater in animals treated with the oncology drugs used in the present animal model.

Antecedentes: Bevacizumab, junto con 5-fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino, inhiben el crecimiento microvascular de los vasos sanguíneos tumorales y la proliferación tumoral. Pocos reportes establecen el efecto de estos esquemas terapéuticos sobre las glándulas salivales. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron el consumo de alimentos, el peso corporal y la actividad de amilasa salival en la glándula submandibular de ratas Wistar macho adultas, de tres meses de edad con 350/400 gramos de peso corporal, bajo ciclos de luz/oscuridad de 12 horas respectivamente, se dividieron en los siguientes grupos experimentales: G1) Grupo control, G2) Grupo tratado con 5-Fluorouracilo y Leucovorina cálcica. , G3) Grupo tratado con bevacizumab, G4) Grupo tratado con oxaliplatino, G5) Grupo tratado con bevacizumab, oxaliplatino, 5-fluorouracilo y leucovorina cálcica y G6) Grupo tratado con alimentación emparejada sin fármacos. La evaluación del efecto del tratamiento se realizó mediante ANOVA unidireccional. Se estableció un valor de p<0,05 para significación estadística. Resultado: La actividad de amilasa salival en homogeneizado de glándula fue G1: 137,9 ± 4,64, G2: 60,95 ± 4,64, G3: 120,93 ± 4,96, G4: 26,17 ± 4,64, G5: 10,77 ± 4,64 y G6: 82,87 ± 4,64 U/mg de proteína (media ± S.E.). La actividad de amilasa en el grupo G1 fue mayor en relación con los otros grupos experimentales p<0,0001. Conclusión: Los fármacos 5-fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino alteraron la actividad de la amilasa salival mediante gránulos serosos de la glándula submandibular interpretados como un mecanismo de deterioro de la función acinar. Bevacizumab administrado de forma aislada no alteró la actividad de la amilasa salival en comparación con el grupo de control. Mientras que la menor ingesta del grupo de alimentación combinada afectó la actividad de la amilasa salival en comparación con el grupo de control, el efecto fue significativamente mayor en los animales tratados con los medicamentos oncológicos utilizados en el grupo. modelo animal actual.

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BACKGROUND: Developing disposable paper-based devices has positively impacted analytical science, particularly in developing countries. Some benefits of those devices include their versatility, affordability, environmentally friendly, and the possibility of being integrated with portable electrochemical or colorimetric detectors. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) comprising circular zones and microfluidic networks have been successfully employed in the analytical chemistry reign. However, the combination of the stencil-printing method and alternative binder has not been satisfactorily explored for fabricating colorimetric paper devices. RESULTS: We developed PADs exploring the stencil printing approach and glass varnish as the hydrophobic chemical agent. As a proof-of-concept, the colorimetric assay of salivary α-amylase (sAA) was performed in saliva samples. Through the scanning electron microscopy measurements, it was possible to indicate satisfactory definitions between native fibers and barrier, and that the measured values for the channel width revealed suitable fidelity (R2 = 0.99) with the nominal widths (ranging from 400 to 5000 µm). The proposed hydrophobic barrier exhibited excellent chemical resistance. The analytical applicability for detecting sAA revealed linear behavior in the range from 2 to 12 U mL-1 (R2 = 0.99), limit of detection of 0.75 U mL-1, reproducibility (RSD ≤2.4%), recovery experiments ranged from 89 to 108% and AGREE response (0.86). In addition, the colorimetric analysis of sAA in four different saliva samples demonstrated levels ranging from 202 to 2080 U mL-1, which enabled monitoring the absence and presence of periodontitis. SIGNIFICANCE: This report has presented the first use of a self-adhesive mask and glass varnish for creating circular zones and microfluidic architectures on paper without using thermic or UV curing treatments. Also, the proposed analytical methodology for detecting sAA exhibited suitable ecological impact considering the AGREE tool. We believe the proposed fabrication of paper devices emerges as a novel, simple, high-fidelity microfluidic channel and portable analytical approach for colorimetric sensing.

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Coffee processing generates large amounts of residues of which a portion still has bioactive properties due to their richness in phenolic compounds. This study aimed to obtain a coffee husks extract (CHE) and to encapsulate it (ECHE) with polyvinylpyrrolidone using a one-step procedure of solid dispersion. The extraction and encapsulation yields were 9.1% and 92%, respectively. Thermal analyses revealed that the encapsulation increased the thermal stability of CHE and dynamic light scattering analyses showed a bimodal distribution of size with 81% of the ECHE particles measuring approximately 711 nm. Trigonelline and caffeine were the main alkaloids and quercetin the main phenolic compound in CHE, and the encapsulation tripled quercetin extraction. The total phenolics content and the antioxidant activity of ECHE, assayed with three different procedures, were higher than those of CHE. The antioxidant activity and the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds of ECHE were also higher than those of CHE following simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID). Both CHE and ECHE were not toxic against Alliumcepa cells and showed similar capacities for inhibiting the pancreatic α-amylase in vitro. After SGID, however, ECHE became a 1.9-times stronger inhibitor of the α-amylase activity in vitro (IC50 = 8.5 mg/mL) when compared to CHE. Kinetic analysis revealed a non-competitive mechanism of inhibition and in silico docking simulation suggests that quercetin could be contributing significantly to the inhibitory action of both ECHE and CHE. In addition, ECHE (400 mg/kg) was able to delay by 50% the increases of blood glucose in vivo after oral administration of starch to rats. This finding shows that ECHE may be a candidate ingredient in dietary supplements used as an adjuvant for the treatment of diabetes.

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Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is an enzyme found in saliva and is considered a noninvasive biomarker for sympathetic nervous system activity. While a wide range of sAA activity in response to stress has been reported in nonhuman primates, the effects of stress on sAA activity in common marmosets are still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that advanced age and cognitive function may have an impact on stress-related sAA reactivity in marmosets. Thirteen marmosets (nine males and five females) had saliva samples collected during a stressful condition (manual restraint stress) at two different time points, with a 60-min interval. On the next day, the animals underwent the object recognition test (ORT, a type of cognitive test), and then oral examinations. The animals were categorized into two age groups: old (10-13 years), and very old (15-22 years). Irrespective of age, sAA levels showed a significant difference between T1 (mean 2.07 ± 0.86 U/mL) and T2 samples (mean 1.03 ± 0.67 U/mL), with higher values observed at T1 (p < 0.001). The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) for low and high sAA concentrations were 10.79% and 8.17%, respectively, while the interassay CVs for low and high sAA concentrations were 6.39% and 4.38%, respectively. Oral health issues were common but did not significantly impact sAA levels. The ORT indicated that the animals could recognize an object placed in the cage 6 h after familiarization. In conclusion, all marmosets showed a higher sAA concentration in the first saliva sample as compared to the second saliva sample collected 1 h later, indicating adaptation to stress. No significant differences in sAA levels were observed between sexes, ORT performance, or oral health. Our results indicate that autonomic responsivity and cognitive (memory) functions were preserved even in very old marmosets.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate if the inclusion of a blend composed of exogenous enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase, xylanase and beta glucanase) in the individual and combined form in the feedlot steers diet has benefits on the physiology, rumen fermentation, digestibility and fatty acid profile in rumen and meat. The experiment used 24 animals, divided into 4 treatments, described as: T1-CON, T2-BLEND (0.5 g mixture of enzyme), T3-AMIL (0.5 g alpha-amylase), T4-BLEND+AMIL (0.5 g enzyme blend+ 0.5 g amylase). The concentration of mineral matter was higher in the meat of cattle of T4-BLEND+AMIL. A higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids was observed in the T3-AMIL group when compared to the others. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher in the T2-BLEND and T4-BLEND+AMIL compared to the T1-CON. The combination of exogenous enzymes in the diet positively modulate nutritional biomarkers, in addition to benefits in the lipid and oxidative profile meat.

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Recent studies have linked phenolic compounds to the inhibition of digestive enzymes. Propolis extract is consumed or applied as a traditional treatment for some diseases. More than 500 chemical compounds have been identified in propolis composition worldwide. This research aimed to determine Mexican propolis extracts' total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and digestive enzyme inhibitory activity (ɑ-amylase and ɑ-glucosidase). In vitro assays measured the possible effect on bioactive compounds after digestion. Four samples of propolis from different regions of the state of Oaxaca (Mexico) were tested (Eloxochitlán (PE), Teotitlán (PT), San Pedro (PSP), and San Jerónimo (PSJ)). Ethanol extractions were performed using ultrasound. The extract with the highest phenolic content was PE with 15,362.4 ± 225 mg GAE/100 g. Regarding the flavonoid content, the highest amount was found in PT with 8084.6 ± 19 mg QE/100 g. ABTS•+ and DPPH• radicals were evaluated. The extract with the best inhibition concentration was PE with 33,307.1 ± 567 mg ET/100 g. After simulated digestion, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity decreased by 96%. In contrast, antidiabetic activity, quantified as inhibition of ɑ-amylase and ɑ-glucosidase, showed a mean decrease in enzyme activity of approximately 50% after the intestinal phase. Therefore, it is concluded that propolis extracts could be a natural alternative for treating diabetes, and it would be necessary to develop a protective mechanism to incorporate them into foods.