RESUMO

Analysis of small-scale inland fisheries (SSIFs) is often highly dispersed and tends not reflect the true magnitude of their contribution to society. This is partly due to the insufficient attention given to this sector by the relevant authorities, in addition to its highly diverse characteristics, with complex patterns of operation in a wide range of systems, often in remote areas. Here, by integrating fishers as participatory fishery monitors, we provide fishery-dependent estimates of yields, the biological attributes of the fish species, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of the fisheries of lakes on the floodplain of the São Francisco basin in northeastern Brazil. As the fishers were willing participates in the monitoring, the results revealed well-structured artisanal fishing activities, with the lake system providing high-profile fish harvests from both monthly and annual perspectives. The spatial distribution of fishing effort reflected the adaptation of the fishers to the flood cycle of the river, in order to maintain high fishery productivity throughout the year. The results also indicate that participatory monitoring can help to overcome knowledge gaps and provide a database that is readily applicable to management needs at both local and regional scales. As Brazil is one few world's nations that no longer have national fishing monitoring program, participatory monitoring represents a low-cost solution for the credible and useful data on small-scale fisheries. It would thus appear to be extremely worthwhile to invest in the empowerment of communities in order to overcome the historic vulnerability of productive sector and the food security of the populations that depend on these fisheries.

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To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 contagion, some regions of Brazil implemented a prohibition of beach use, which contributed to a reduction of artisanal fishing activity. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these beach closures on the incidence of abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) along four beaches located on the northern coast of Pernambuco, Brazil. The absolute and relative frequency of occurrence and the number of observations per unit of effort (OPUE) between the periods before and after the prohibition period were analyzed. A total of 1935 fishing gear residues were found (63% before and 37% after prohibition). There was also a significant reduction in OPUE and in absolute frequency (p < 0.05) between these two periods. Although beach closures appear to have contributed to a reduction in the amount of ALDFG in the region, it does not indicate a complete pause in fishing activities.

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Fish local knowledge is important to recognize species and contribute to conservation and management strategies. Thus, our aim was to provide diagnostic information for the rapid identification of Mugilidae species in Caeté-Taperaçu Extractive Reserve in Bragança (PA) in northern Brazil. A total of 28 fishers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Most of the interviewees have lived in their resident village since birth and have been involved in artisanal fishers for at least 12 years. Eight generic folk taxa were identified, including 'tainha', which was the vernacular name most used to define the Mugil genus. Each scientific species had at least two folk generic taxa and one species. Mugil curema, M. rubrioculus, and M. trichodon were all included in the same ethnospecies, 'tainha chata'. Most of the scientific species were referred to at least once as the ethnospecies 'caica', this name was applied most often to Mugil brevirostris, which is the smallest species found in northern Brazil. The principal characteristics used by the fishers were morphological traits, however, some behavioral characteristics were also taken into account. These findings should contribute to the elaboration of ethnotaxonomic keys that facilitate the rapid identification of Mugil harvested by the region's artisanal and industrial fisheries.(AU)

O conhecimento local sobre peixes é importante para reconhecer espécies e contribui para estratégias de conservação e manejo. Nosso objetivo foi fornecer informações diagnósticas para a rápida identificação das espécies de Mugilidae da região da Reserva Extrativista Marinha Caeté Taperaçu (PA), Norte do Brasil. Um total de 28 pescadores foi entrevistado por meio de questionários semiestruturados. A maioria dos entrevistados vive na sua aldeia residente desde o nascimento e está envolvida na pesca artesanal há pelo menos 12 anos. Oito táxons populares genéricos foram identificados por esses pescadores, incluindo 'tainha', que era o nome vernacular mais usado para definir o gênero Mugil. Cada espécie científica tinha pelo menos dois táxons genéricos populares e uma espécie. Mugil curema, M. rubrioculus e M. trichodon foram todos incluídos na mesma etnoespécie, 'tainha chata'. A maioria das espécies científicas foi referida pelo menos uma vez como etnoespécie 'caica', este nome foi aplicado mais frequentemente a Mugil brevirostris, que é a menor espécie encontrada no Norte do Brasil. As principais características utilizadas pelos pescadores foram os traços morfológicos, porém, algumas características comportamentais também foram levadas em consideração. Esses achados devem contribuir para a elaboração de chaves etnotaxonômicas que facilitem a rápida identificação de Mugil capturadas pela pesca artesanal e industrial da região.(AU)

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The prawn (Cryphiops caementarius) is the only resource in the Peruvian coastal rivers that supports a commercial fishery. Bioeconomic-fishing aspects are reported based on data (fishing, costs and income derived from fishing) acquired in situ monthly in four altitudinal strata (every 200 meters above sea level - masl) of the Majes-Camaná river during 2019. The catch per unit of effort (CPUE) was expressed in kg h-¹, monthly income was estimated based on the average catch values, number of tasks and price of the resource. To evaluate the profitability of the activity of an average fisherman (by stratum), a cash flow based on income and expenses was executed under situations with a constant future, using economic profitability indicators such as the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost ratio (B/C) and Discounted Payback Period (DPB). There was a predominance of the diving method, the catches (kg) and the fishing yield increased throughout the fishing period (April-December) with a maximum value of 4.8 kg h-¹ (December - high strata). Investment costs per fisherman were low, roughly 1,000 soles. The sale price increases with altitude, decreasing over the course of the year depending on the availability of the resource; the monthly income per fisherman varied from 964 soles (April - low stratum) to 6,760 soles (December - high stratum). The economic simulation model showed that the income exceeded the costs of the fishing activity from the first year of activity in all the altitudinal strata, the economic profitability indicators showed high profitability for the activity.(AU)

O camarão (Cryphiops caementarius) é o único recurso hidrobiológico dos rios da costa sul do Peru que sustenta uma importante pesca comercial. Os aspectos econômico-pesqueiros foram reportados a partir de dados (pesca, custos e receitas provenientes da pesca) adquiridos mensalmente in situ em quatro estratos altitudinais (a cada 200 m acima do nível do mar - mamsl) do rio Majes-Camaná - Arequipa durante 2019. A captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) foi expressa em kg h-¹; a renda mensal foi estimada a partir dos valores médios de captura, número de operações e preço do recurso. Para avaliar a rentabilidade da atividade de um pescador médio (por estrato), foi executado um fluxo de caixa com base nas receitas e despesas em cenários futuros constantes, utilizando indicadores de rentabilidade econômica, como o valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR), relação custo-benefício (B/C) e período de reembolso descontado (PCR). Foi registado o predomínio do método de mergulho; as capturas (kg) e o rendimento pesqueiro aumentaram ao longo do período de pesca (abril-dezembro) com um valor máximo de 4,8 kg h-¹ (dezembro - estratos altos). Os custos de investimento por pescador foram baixos, aproximadamente 1.000 Novos sóis. O preço de venda aumentou com a altitude, reduzindo ao longo do ano dependendo da disponibilidade do recurso; a renda mensal por pescador variou de 964 Novos sóis (abril - estrato baixo) a 6.760 Novos sóis (dezembro - estrato alto). O modelo de simulação econômica mostrou que a receita superou os custos da atividade pesqueira desde o primeiro ano de atividade em todos os estratos altitudinais; os indicadores de rentabilidade econômica mostraram alta rentabilidade para a atividade.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The prawn (Cryphiops caementarius) is the only resource in the Peruvian coastal rivers that supports a commercial fishery. Bioeconomic-fishing aspects are reported based on data (fishing, costs and income derived from fishing) acquired in situ monthly in four altitudinal strata (every 200 meters above sea level - masl) of the Majes-Camaná river during 2019. The catch per unit of effort (CPUE) was expressed in kg h-¹, monthly income was estimated based on the average catch values, number of tasks and price of the resource. To evaluate the profitability of the activity of an average fisherman (by stratum), a cash flow based on income and expenses was executed under situations with a constant future, using economic profitability indicators such as the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost ratio (B/C) and Discounted Payback Period (DPB). There was a predominance of the diving method, the catches (kg) and the fishing yield increased throughout the fishing period (April-December) with a maximum value of 4.8 kg h-¹ (December - high strata). Investment costs per fisherman were low, roughly 1,000 soles. The sale price increases with altitude, decreasing over the course of the year depending on the availability of the resource; the monthly income per fisherman varied from 964 soles (April - low stratum) to 6,760 soles (December - high stratum). The economic simulation model showed that the income exceeded the costs of the fishing activity from the first year of activity in all the altitudinal strata, the economic profitability indicators showed high profitability for the activity.

O camarão (Cryphiops caementarius) é o único recurso hidrobiológico dos rios da costa sul do Peru que sustenta uma importante pesca comercial. Os aspectos econômico-pesqueiros foram reportados a partir de dados (pesca, custos e receitas provenientes da pesca) adquiridos mensalmente in situ em quatro estratos altitudinais (a cada 200 m acima do nível do mar - mamsl) do rio Majes-Camaná - Arequipa durante 2019. A captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) foi expressa em kg h-¹; a renda mensal foi estimada a partir dos valores médios de captura, número de operações e preço do recurso. Para avaliar a rentabilidade da atividade de um pescador médio (por estrato), foi executado um fluxo de caixa com base nas receitas e despesas em cenários futuros constantes, utilizando indicadores de rentabilidade econômica, como o valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR), relação custo-benefício (B/C) e período de reembolso descontado (PCR). Foi registado o predomínio do método de mergulho; as capturas (kg) e o rendimento pesqueiro aumentaram ao longo do período de pesca (abril-dezembro) com um valor máximo de 4,8 kg h-¹ (dezembro - estratos altos). Os custos de investimento por pescador foram baixos, aproximadamente 1.000 Novos sóis. O preço de venda aumentou com a altitude, reduzindo ao longo do ano dependendo da disponibilidade do recurso; a renda mensal por pescador variou de 964 Novos sóis (abril - estrato baixo) a 6.760 Novos sóis (dezembro - estrato alto). O modelo de simulação econômica mostrou que a receita superou os custos da atividade pesqueira desde o primeiro ano de atividade em todos os estratos altitudinais; os indicadores de rentabilidade econômica mostraram alta rentabilidade para a atividade.

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RESUMO

Argonauta nouryi Lorois, 1852 is an octopod that inhabits the holopelagic zone, the objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of buoyant fibers adhering to the body and mantle cavity of A. nouryi females found in the stomach contents from Euthynnus lineatus (skipjack), Coryphaena hippurus (dolphinfish), and Istiophorus platypterus (sailfish). Stomach contents from 224 individuals were examined. All female evaluated presented fibers adhering to the mantle cavity; 92.6% of the fibers measured 0.25 to 5 mm in length and hyaline was the dominant color (72%). The amount of fibers in the fish stomach contents with A. nouryi was significantly greater than in stomachs without; this suggests that the fibers might be introduced via A. nouryi. Findings of this work could be related to the discharge of solid materials in the water column.

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RESUMO

La mortalidad por pesca ha sido pocas veces estudiada aislando el efecto causado por las capturas. En este estudio se analizó este aspecto usando como modelo biológico al camarón fantasma Callichirus major (Say, 1818), el cual es colectado intensamente en varias regiones de la costa de Brasil. Para ello, la densidad de las galerías y la demografía poblacional de C. major fue analizada en las playas de Gonzaga e Itararé, dos playas contiguas del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. La playa de Gonzaga fue considerada como control debido a que desde 1992 una ley municipal impide las capturas de C. major, mientras que Itararé fue considerada como tratamiento ya que en este lugar este camarón es recolectado durante todo el año. Los resultados mostraron que la densidad de las galerías y el tamaño de las hembras fueron significativamente mayores en la playa de Gonzaga que en Itararé. En Itararé, la proporción sexual no mostró diferencias significativas de la relación 1:1, lo cual no se ajustó a lo observado en el área sin mortalidad por pesca y al patrón general reportado en otras especies de camarones fantasma del mundo en donde las hembras predominan sobre los machos. El potencial reproductivo fue significativamente menor en Itararé, como efecto del menor número de hembras presentes en esta área sometida a la pesca intensiva de camarones. De acuerdo con una estimativa inicial, un 71% de los individuos murieron por efecto de la pesca en Itararé. Esto hace inviable el sostenimiento ambiental de C. major en esta área dada la actual presión de extracción. La presencia de C. major en la playa de Itararé y probablemente en otras áreas próximas donde es capturada, estaría favorecida por el permanente suministro de larvas procedentes de la playa de Gonzaga, en Santos, que está protegida por ley y fiscalización municipal.(AU)

Studies on mortality due to fishing based on isolating the effect caused by catches are scarce. The present study analyzed this aspect using the ghost shrimp Callichirus major (Say, 1818) as a biological model, which is heavily harvested along the Brazilian coast. For that purpose, density of burrows and population structure of C. major was examined at two adjacent beaches, Gonzaga and Itararé, from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Gonzaga beach was considered as control because since 1992 a municipal law prevents the capture of C. major, whereas Itararé as treatment since in this place the species is harvested throughout the year. Burrow density and female CL size were significantly higher in Gonzaga than that Itararé. Sex-ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1 in Itararé, differing from the observed in the area without fishing mortality and also to the general pattern reported in other species of ghost shrimps in which females outnumbered than males. Reproductive potential was significantly smaller in Itararé than Gonzaga, as result of the reduced number of females present in this area relative to Gonzaga. A preliminary estimation indicates that 71 % of shrimps in Itararé died as result of fishing. This information suggests non-viability of C. major in this area given the current pressure of fishing. Presence of C. major in the beach of Itararé and probably in other nearby areas where exploitation occurs would be favored by the permanent supply of larvae from Gonzaga beach where the species is protected by and municipal surveillance.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

La mortalidad por pesca ha sido pocas veces estudiada aislando el efecto causado por las capturas. En este estudio se analizó este aspecto usando como modelo biológico al camarón fantasma Callichirus major (Say, 1818), el cual es colectado intensamente en varias regiones de la costa de Brasil. Para ello, la densidad de las galerías y la demografía poblacional de C. major fue analizada en las playas de Gonzaga e Itararé, dos playas contiguas del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. La playa de Gonzaga fue considerada como control debido a que desde 1992 una ley municipal impide las capturas de C. major, mientras que Itararé fue considerada como tratamiento ya que en este lugar este camarón es recolectado durante todo el año. Los resultados mostraron que la densidad de las galerías y el tamaño de las hembras fueron significativamente mayores en la playa de Gonzaga que en Itararé. En Itararé, la proporción sexual no mostró diferencias significativas de la relación 1:1, lo cual no se ajustó a lo observado en el área sin mortalidad por pesca y al patrón general reportado en otras especies de camarones fantasma del mundo en donde las hembras predominan sobre los machos. El potencial reproductivo fue significativamente menor en Itararé, como efecto del menor número de hembras presentes en esta área sometida a la pesca intensiva de camarones. De acuerdo con una estimativa inicial, un 71% de los individuos murieron por efecto de la pesca en Itararé. Esto hace inviable el sostenimiento ambiental de C. major en esta área dada la actual presión de extracción. La presencia de C. major en la playa de Itararé y probablemente en otras áreas próximas donde es capturada, estaría favorecida por el permanente suministro de larvas procedentes de la playa de Gonzaga, en Santos, que está protegida por ley y fiscalización municipal.

Studies on mortality due to fishing based on isolating the effect caused by catches are scarce. The present study analyzed this aspect using the ghost shrimp Callichirus major (Say, 1818) as a biological model, which is heavily harvested along the Brazilian coast. For that purpose, density of burrows and population structure of C. major was examined at two adjacent beaches, Gonzaga and Itararé, from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Gonzaga beach was considered as control because since 1992 a municipal law prevents the capture of C. major, whereas Itararé as treatment since in this place the species is harvested throughout the year. Burrow density and female CL size were significantly higher in Gonzaga than that Itararé. Sex-ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1 in Itararé, differing from the observed in the area without fishing mortality and also to the general pattern reported in other species of ghost shrimps in which females outnumbered than males. Reproductive potential was significantly smaller in Itararé than Gonzaga, as result of the reduced number of females present in this area relative to Gonzaga. A preliminary estimation indicates that 71 % of shrimps in Itararé died as result of fishing. This information suggests non-viability of C. major in this area given the current pressure of fishing. Presence of C. major in the beach of Itararé and probably in other nearby areas where exploitation occurs would be favored by the permanent supply of larvae from Gonzaga beach where the species is protected by and municipal surveillance.

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RESUMO

RESUMEN La mortalidad por pesca ha sido pocas veces estudiada aislando el efecto causado por las capturas. En este estudio se analizó este aspecto usando como modelo biológico al camarón fantasma Callichirus major (Say, 1818), el cual es colectado intensamente en varias regiones de la costa de Brasil. Para ello, la densidad de las galerías y la demografía poblacional de C. major fue analizada en las playas de Gonzaga e Itararé, dos playas contiguas del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. La playa de Gonzaga fue considerada como control debido a que desde 1992 una ley municipal impide las capturas de C. major, mientras que Itararé fue considerada como tratamiento ya que en este lugar este camarón es recolectado durante todo el año. Los resultados mostraron que la densidad de las galerías y el tamaño de las hembras fueron significativamente mayores en la playa de Gonzaga que en Itararé. En Itararé, la proporción sexual no mostró diferencias significativas de la relación 1:1, lo cual no se ajustó a lo observado en el área sin mortalidad por pesca y al patrón general reportado en otras especies de camarones fantasma del mundo en donde las hembras predominan sobre los machos. El potencial reproductivo fue significativamente menor en Itararé, como efecto del menor número de hembras presentes en esta área sometida a la pesca intensiva de camarones. De acuerdo con una estimativa inicial, un 71% de los individuos murieron por efecto de la pesca en Itararé. Esto hace inviable el sostenimiento ambiental de C. major en esta área dada la actual presión de extracción. La presencia de C. major en la playa de Itararé y probablemente en otras áreas próximas donde es capturada, estaría favorecida por el permanente suministro de larvas procedentes de la playa de Gonzaga, en Santos, que está protegida por ley y fiscalización municipal.

ABSTRACT Studies on mortality due to fishing based on isolating the effect caused by catches are scarce. The present study analyzed this aspect using the ghost shrimp Callichirus major (Say, 1818) as a biological model, which is heavily harvested along the Brazilian coast. For that purpose, density of burrows and population structure of C. major was examined at two adjacent beaches, Gonzaga and Itararé, from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Gonzaga beach was considered as control because since 1992 a municipal law prevents the capture of C. major, whereas Itararé as treatment since in this place the species is harvested throughout the year. Burrow density and female CL size were significantly higher in Gonzaga than that Itararé. Sex-ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1 in Itararé, differing from the observed in the area without fishing mortality and also to the general pattern reported in other species of ghost shrimps in which females outnumbered than males. Reproductive potential was significantly smaller in Itararé than Gonzaga, as result of the reduced number of females present in this area relative to Gonzaga. A preliminary estimation indicates that 71 % of shrimps in Itararé died as result of fishing. This information suggests non-viability of C. major in this area given the current pressure of fishing. Presence of C. major in the beach of Itararé and probably in other nearby areas where exploitation occurs would be favored by the permanent supply of larvae from Gonzaga beach where the species is protected by and municipal surveillance.

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to measure the primary growth parameters and to estimate the mortality of the white grunt Haemulon plumierii in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Sagittal otoliths were collected monthly from May 2013 to April 2014 from three different commercial fishing landings along the coast of Pernambuco. A total of 333 individuals measuring 10.5 to 32.2 cm total length were caught. The total length distributions were different between locations. The weight-length relationships and the von Bertalanffy equations were statistically different between the three fishing sites. The weight-length relationship indicated negative allometric growth, therefore the von Bertalanffy equation for pooled sexes was TL(t) = 31.1[1-e(-0.1 (t +4.57))]. The maximum observed age was 21 years and the mortality rate was 0.21 year-1. The conducted analysis indicates a species with long life cycle and slow growth. Small reef fish with slow movement, such as the white grunt, are susceptible to fishing efforts, environmental factors and degradation, which affect growth and mortality. Therefore, we suggest an assessment of the status of the stock.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar os primeiros parâmetros de crescimento e mortalidade de Biquara Haemulon plumierii no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Os otólitos sagittae foram coletados mensalmente de maio de 2013 a abril de 2014 a partir de desembarques da pesca comercial ao longo da costa de Pernambuco. O total de 333 indivíduos medindo 10,5 a 32,2 cm foram capturados. As distribuições de frequência de comprimento foram diferentes entre as áreas. Consequentemente, as relações peso-comprimento foram diferentes entre as áreas, bem como os parâmetros de von Bertalanffy. A relação peso-comprimento indicou crescimento alométrico negativo. Portanto, a equação de von Bertalanffy para sexos agrupados foi TL(t) = 31.1[1-e(-0.1 (t +4.57))]. A idade máxima observada foi 21 anos e a mortalidade total foi 0,21 ano-1. As análises conduzidas indicam uma espécie com ciclo de vida longa e crescimento lento. Pequenos peixes recifais de pouca movimentação, como a biquara, são susceptíveis ao esforço pesqueiro, fatores ambientais e degradação, que afetam o crescimento e a mortalidade. Portanto, sugerimos uma avaliação do status atual do estoque.(AU)

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