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BACKGROUND: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) plays a crucial role in breaking down various substrates. It also has effects on the insulin signaling pathway, contributing to insulin resistance, and involvement in inflammatory processes like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Emerging effects of DPP-4 on bone metabolism include an inverse relationship between DPP-4 activity levels and bone mineral density, along with an increased risk of fractures. MAIN BODY: The influence of DPP-4 on bone metabolism occurs through two axes. The entero-endocrine-osseous axis involves gastrointestinal substrates for DPP-4, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptides 1 (GLP-1) and 2 (GLP-2). Studies suggest that supraphysiological doses of exogenous GLP-2 has a significant inhibitory effect on bone resorption, however the specific mechanism by which GLP-2 influences bone metabolism remains unknown. Of these, GIP stands out for its role in bone formation. Other gastrointestinal DPP-4 substrates are pancreatic peptide YY and neuropeptide Y-both bind to the same receptors and appear to increase bone resorption and decrease bone formation. Adipokines (e.g., leptin and adiponectin) are regulated by DPP-4 and may influence bone remodeling and energy metabolism in a paracrine manner. The pancreatic-endocrine-osseous axis involves a potential link between DPP-4, bone, and energy metabolism through the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), which induces DPP-4 expression in osteoclasts, leading to decreased GLP-1 levels and increased blood glucose levels. Inhibitors of DPP-4 participate in the pancreatic-endocrine-osseous axis by increasing endogenous GLP-1. In addition to their glycemic effects, DPP-4 inhibitors have the potential to decrease bone resorption, increase bone formation, and reduce the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures. Still, many questions on the interactions between DPP-4 and bone remain unanswered, particularly regarding the effects of DPP-4 inhibition on the skeleton of older individuals. CONCLUSION: The elucidation of the intricate interactions and impact of DPP-4 on bone is paramount for a proper understanding of the body's mechanisms in regulating bone homeostasis and responses to internal stimuli. This understanding bears significant implications in the investigation of conditions like osteoporosis, in which disruptions to these signaling pathways occur. Further research is essential to uncover the full extent of DPP-4's effects on bone metabolism and energy regulation, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways, particularly in older individuals.

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INTRODUCTION: These guidelines aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for the supplementation of Vitamin D in maintaining bone health. An unmet need persists in Latin American regarding the availability of clinical and real-world data for rationalizing the use of vitamin D supplementation. The objective of these guidelines is to establish clear and practical recommendations for healthcare practitioners from Latin American countries to address Vitamin D insufficiency in clinical practice. METHODS: The guidelines were developed according to the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT methodology for the adaptation or adoption of CPGs or evidence-based recommendations. A search for high quality CPGs was complemented through a comprehensive review of recent literature, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews evaluating the effects of Vitamin D supplementation on bone health. The evidence to decision framework proposed by the GRADE Working Group was implemented by a panel of experts in endocrinology, bone health, and clinical research. RESULTS: The guidelines recommend Vitamin D supplementation for individuals aged 18 and above, considering various populations, including healthy adults, individuals with osteopenia, osteoporosis patients, and institutionalized older adults. These recommendations offer dosing regimens depending on an individualized treatment plan, and monitoring intervals of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and adjustments based on individual results. DISCUSSION: The guidelines highlight the role of Vitamin D in bone health and propose a standardized approach for healthcare practitioners to address Vitamin D insufficiency across Latin America. The panel underscored the necessity for generating local data and stressed the importance of considering regional geography, social dynamics, and cultural specificities when implementing these guidelines.

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INTRODUCTION: Metabolic bone disease of premature infants is a rare complication characterized by a lower mineral content in bone tissue. OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of metabolic bone disease in premature infants and to determine associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We conducted a descriptive prospective cohort study for one year in all newborns under 32 gestational weeks, or 1,500 g, at the Hospital Universitario de Santander to determine the incidence of metabolic bone disease. We collected demographic data and prenatal histories of the selected patients, and later, we measured serum alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphorus at the third week of birth, having as reference values for diagnosis less than 5.6 mg/dl for the first one and more than 500 UI/L for the second one. We applied statistical tools for data analysis, such as average proportions, dispersion, distribution and association measures, and binomial regression. RESULTS: From a total of 58 patients, 7 had a diagnosis of metabolic bone disease, with an incidence of 12%. The weight was reported as an independent variable for the development of the disease, being significant in children under 1,160 g, as well as prolonged parenteral nutrition for more than 24 days. When performing the multivariate analysis, low weight and short time of parenteral nutrition appeared as risk factors; in the same way, maternal age below 22 years is associated with a higher relative risk, even more than a newborn weight inferior to 1,160 g. CONCLUSION: Establishing an early intervention in patients with metabolic bone disease enhancing risk factors, such as low weight and prolonged parenteral nutrition, is critical to prevent severe complications.

Introducción. La enfermedad metabólica ósea de neonatos prematuros es una complicación poco común que se caracteriza por una disminución del contenido mineral en el hueso. Objetivo. Establecer la incidencia de la enfermedad metabólica ósea en neonatos prematuros y los factores de riesgo asociados. Materiales y métodos. Durante un año, se realizó un estudio prospectivo de cohorte, descriptivo, con todos los neonatos nacidos con menos de 32 semanas de gestación o un peso menor de 1.500 g en el Hospital Universitario de Santander. Se recolectaron datos demográficos y antecedentes prenatales de los pacientes seleccionados. A la tercera semana de nacimiento, se midieron la fosfatasa alcalina y el fósforo sérico, tomando como valores de referencia diagnóstica aquellos inferiores a 5,6 mg/dl para el primero y aquellos mayores de 500 UI/L para la segunda. Para el análisis de la información, se emplearon herramientas estadísticas, como proporciones de promedios, medidas de dispersión, distribución y asociación, y regresión binomial. Resultados. De un total de 58 pacientes, 7 tuvieron diagnóstico de enfermedad metabólica ósea, con una incidencia del 12 %. De las variables estudiadas, el peso se reportó como una variable independiente para el desarrollo de la enfermedad, significativa en aquellos neonatos con peso menor de 1.160 g, al igual que la nutrición parenteral prolongada por más de 24 días. Al hacer el análisis multivariado, La edad materna menor de 22 años representó un riesgo relativo mayor, en comparación con un peso inferior a 1.160 g. Conclusión. Se estableció la importancia de una intervención temprana en pacientes con factores de riesgo para enfermedad metabólica ósea, como bajo peso (menor de 1.160 g) y nutrición parenteral prolongada (mayor de 24 días), con el fin de prevenir complicaciones graves.

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Hepatocrinology explores the intricate relationship between liver function and the endocrine system. Chronic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis can cause endocrine disorders due to toxin accumulation and protein synthesis disruption. Despite its importance, assessing endocrine issues in cirrhotic patients is frequently neglected. This article provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine disturbances in liver cirrhosis. The review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Scielo databases, encompassing 172 articles. Liver cirrhosis is associated with endocrine disturbances, including diabetes, hypoglycemia, sarcopenia, thyroid dysfunction, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, bone disease, adrenal insufficiency, growth hormone dysfunction, and secondary hyperaldosteronism. The optimal tools for diagnosing diabetes and detecting hypoglycemia are the oral glucose tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring system, respectively. Sarcopenia can be assessed through imaging and functional tests, while other endocrine disorders are evaluated using hormonal assays and imaging studies. Treatment options include metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and insulin, which are effective and safe for diabetes control. Established standards are followed for managing hypoglycemia, and hormone replacement therapy is often necessary for other endocrine dysfunctions. Liver transplantation can address some of these problems.

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Purpose: Osteoporosis is a bone disease which commonly occurred in postmenopausal women. Almost 10 percent of world population and approximately 30% of women (postmenopausal) suffer from this disease. Alternative medicine has great success in the treatment of osteoporosis disease. Bryodulcosigenin, a potent phytoconstituent, already displayed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. In this study, we made effort to analyze the antiosteoporosis effect of bryodulcosigenin against ovariectomy (OVX) induced osteoporosis in rats. Methods: Swiss albino Wistar rats were grouped into fIve groups and given an oral dose of bryodulcosigenin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Body weight, uterus, bone mineral density, cytokines, hormones parameters, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), and its ratio were estimated. Results: Bryodulcosigenin significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the body weight and enhanced the uterine weight and significantly (p < 0.001) increased the bone mineral density in whole femur, caput femoris, distal femur and proximal femur. Bryodulcosigenin significantly (P < 0.001) altered the level of biochemical parameters at dose dependent manner, significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of estrogen and suppressed the level of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Bryodulcosigenin significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of OPG and suppressed the level of RANKL. Conclusions: Bryodulcosigenin reduced the cytokines level and suppressed the TGF-ß and IGF. We concluded that bryodulcosigenin is an antiosteoporosis medication based on the findings.

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Vertebral hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor that is usually asymptomatic and is discovered incidentally on imaging. When symptomatic, the most frequent presentation occurs in the form of vague back pain of insidious onset and, in rare cases, may be associated with root or spinal compression, causing sensory and motor deficits. The authors report the case of a 33-year-old man, previously healthy, with a diagnosis of thoracic spine hemangioma at multiple levels, in the sternum, in the scapula and in the costal arches; all lesions were symptomatic, and surgical intervention was required; one of the lesions at the thoracic spine level evolved with spinal compression and acute neurological deficit, requiring urgent surgical intervention. Intraosseous hemangiomas represent < 1% of all bone tumors, having few reports of multifocal presentation in the axial and appendicular skeleton. In the literature review, no other case of aggressive multifocal intraosseous hemangioma with this presentation was found, including associated neurological symptoms in the same case.

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La osteoartritis (OA) de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es un desorden degenerativo de etiología multifactorial, que requiere un manejo interdisciplinario. Es considerada como la enfermedad degenerativa más frecuente de la articulación. Por esto es importante conocer lo más preciso posible las estructuras internas del área donde se requiere realizar la intervención o tratamiento, en este caso la ATM. Para esto existen distintos exámenes radiográficos complementarios como: tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética y por último la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT), debido a su capacidad de visualizar tridimensionalmente y con buena definición las estructuras óseas y distintas patologías o alteraciones presentes. A pesar de esto, no hay suficiente evidencia actual que demuestre la frecuencia de signos óseos de osteoartritis presentes en ATM según edad y sexo en la población Chilena. El objetivo este trabajo consistió en Determinar frecuencia de los signos óseos en osteoartritis de ATM mediante CBCT en una población adulta Chilena atendida en un centro radiológico durante los años 2021-2022. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, donde se observó informes radiológicos de CBCT en pacientes adultos atendidos en el centro radiológico privado de Valdivia durante el periodo del primer semestre del 2021 a primer semestre 2022. Se evaluó la presencia de los siguientes signos óseos imagenológicos: aplanamiento de superficie articular, erosión superficial, osteofitos condilares, esclerosis subcondral, quistes subcortical, esclerosis generalizada, cuerpos libres intraarticulares, reabsorción completa y parcial de la cabeza condilar y trabeculado heterogéneo. De un total de 101 exámenes, 70 exámenes fueron considerados válidos para este estudio según los criterios de selección. Los 31 exámenes restantes no calificaron según los criterios o no presentaban osteoartritis de ATM. De los 70 pacientes 58 pertenecían a mujeres y 12 a hombres. El promedio de edad fue de 37,2 años. Los signos imagenológicos más frecuentes fueron: Trabeculado heterogéneo, Aplanamiento de la superficie articular, Esclerosis subcondral condilar.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a degenerative disorder of multifactorial etiology, requiring interdisciplinary management. It is considered the most common degenerative joint disease. For this reason, it is important to know asprecisely as possible the internal structures of the area where the intervention or treatment is required, in this case the TMJ. For this purpose, there are several additional radiographic examinations such as: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and finally cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), due to its ability to visualize three-dimensionally and with good definition the bone structures and different pathologies or present alterations. Despite this, there is not enough current evidence to demonstrate the frequency of osteoarthritis bone signs present in TMJ according to age and gender in the Chilean population. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bone signs of TMJ osteoarthritis through CBCT in a Chilean adult population attended in a radiological center during 2021-2022. A descriptive observational study was made, where CBCT radiological reports were observed in adult patients attended in a private radiological center in Valdivia during the first semester of 2021 to the first semester of 2022. The presence of the following imaging bone signs was evaluated: flattening of the articular surface, surface erosion, condylar osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, subcortical cysts, generalized sclerosis, intraarticular free bodies, complete and partial reabsorption of the condylar head and heterogeneous trabeculate. Of a total of 101 examinations, 70 examinations were considered valid for this study according to the selection criteria. The remaining 31 examinations did not qualify according to the criteria or did not present TMJ osteoarthritis. Of the 70 patients, 58 were female and 12 were male. The average age was 37.2 years. The most frequent imaging signs were: heterogeneous trabeculation, flattening of the articular surface, subchondral condylar sclerosis.

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Objetivo: sintetizar as principais evidências acerca das alterações osteometabólicas presentes nos pacientes em tratamento antineoplásico. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, seguindo a metodologia do Instituto Joanna Briggs, nas bases de dados PubMed/MedLine, Cochrane Library, LILACS, The British Library e Google Scholar. A revisão está protocolada no Open Science Framework. Resultados: muitos antineoplásicos possuem efeito na arquitetura óssea, reduzindo sua densidade, tais como moduladores seletivos de receptores de estrogênio, inibidores da aromatase, terapia de privação androgênica, e glicocorticoides. Para evitar tais desfechos, o tratamento e prevenção podem ser realizados pela suplementação de cálcio e vitamina D, exercícios físicos, uso de bifosfonatos, denosumab, e moduladores seletivos do receptor de estrogênio. Conclusão: pessoas com maior risco de desenvolver câncer também possuem maior risco de osteopenia e osteoporose, quando processo já estabelecido e em tratamento antineoplásico, devido ao compartilhamento de fatores de risco. Torna-se evidente a necessidade da densitometria óssea nos pacientes em tratamento contra o câncer para de prevenção e promoção de saúde óssea nesses pacientes, além de mais pesquisas com alto nivel de evidência para subsidiar tal uso.

Objective: To summarize the main evidence regarding osteometabolic changes in patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment. Methods: This is a scoping review, following the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute, using PubMed/MedLine, Cochrane Library, LILACS, The British Library, and Google Scholar. This review is registered in the Open Science Framework. Results: Many antineoplastics affect bone architecture by reducing its density, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors, androgen deprivation therapy, and glucocorticoids. To avoid such outcomes, treatment and prevention can be achieved by calcium and vitamin D supplementation, physical exercise, use of bisphosphonates, denosumab, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Conclusion: people at a higher risk of developing cancer also have a higher risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis when the process is already established and undergoing antineoplastic treatment because of the grouping of risk factors. The need for bone densitometry in patients undergoing cancer treatment to prevent and promote bone health in these patients is evident, in addition to more research with a high level of evidence to support such use.

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Introducción: La osteomielitis aguda es una infección del hueso que afecta principalmente a los niños y tiene generalmente diseminación hematógena, a veces asociada a un trauma. En la etiología influyen factores, como la edad, el estado inmunológico y las enfermedades concomitantes. En la mayoría de los casos, el principal agente etiológico es Staphylococcus aureus. Es importante el diagnóstico oportuno para evitar secuelas a mediano o largo plazo. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas de un grupo de pacientes con osteomielitis aguda. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión retrospectiva de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes egresados del servicio de pediatría del Instituto de Medicina Tropical, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020, con diagnóstico de osteomielitis aguda. Resultados: Los varones con osteomielitis corresponden al 67,8% del total de 59 casos registrados, en cuanto a los signos y síntomas, el dolor, la tumefacción y la impotencia funcional fueron predominantes, la fiebre se documentó en 49 (83,1%) pacientes, se registró antecedentes de cirugía en 37 (62,7%) de los pacientes y complicaciones en 42 (71,2%) de los pacientes, la complicación más frecuente fue osteomielitis crónica El sitio anatómico más frecuente fueron los miembros inferiores. El tratamiento empírico fue realizado con cefalosporinas de 3G en 72,9% de los pacientes, ya sea solo o combinado con clindamicina o vancomicina, un paciente con aislamiento de M. tuberculosis recibió tratamiento HRZE. Se aisló algún germen 44 pacientes (74,5%), el microorganismo predominante fue Staphylococcus aureus en 81,8 %, la mitad (52,3%) correspondieron a SAMR Se encontró una alta resistencia a oxacilina del 55,8% y un solo paciente resistente a clindamicina (2,2%). Conclusión Los hallazgos fueron similares a los reportados en la literatura en cuanto a etiología, sitio anatómico afectado y cobertura antibiótica.

Introduction: Acute osteomyelitis is a bone infection that mainly affects children and generally has hematogenous spread, sometimes associated with trauma. The etiology is influenced by factors such as age, immune status, and comorbidities. In most cases, the main etiologic agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Timely diagnosis is important to avoid sequelae in the medium or long term. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of a group of patients with acute osteomyelitis. Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of patients discharged from the pediatric service of the Institute of Tropical Medicine was carried out between January 2016 and December 2020, with a diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis. Results: Men with osteomyelitis correspond to 67.8% of the total of 59 registered cases, in terms of signs and symptoms, pain, swelling and functional impotence were predominant, fever was documented in 49 (83.1%) patients, a history of surgery was recorded in 37 (62.7%) of the patients and complications in 42 (71.2%) of the patients, the most frequent complication was chronic osteomyelitis The most frequent anatomical site was the lower limbs. Empirical treatment was performed with 3G cephalosporins in 72.9% of the patients, either alone or in combination with clindamycin or vancomycin. One patient with M. tuberculosis isolation received HRZE treatment. Some germ was isolated in 44 patients (74.5%), the predominant microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus in 81.8%, half (52.3%) corresponded to MRSA. A high resistance to oxacillin of 55.8% and a only patient resistant to clindamycin (2.2%). Conclusion The findings were similar to those reported in the literature in terms of etiology, affected anatomical site, and antibiotic coverage.

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la densidad de masa ósea (DMO), la situación nutricional, la ingesta de nutrientes y el nivel de actividad física, por medio de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en una universidad internacional ubicada en Honduras cuyo universo es 376 empleados, con edad de 40 años y más. La muestra de 50 empleados fue estimada usando la fórmula para poblaciones finitas con una probabilidad de 90% y un error de 10%. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas con equipo SECA; densidad mineral ósea con equipo de ultrasonido en radio Sunlight MiniOmni™. Se aplicó un recordatorio de alimentos consumidos en las últimas 24 horas y el cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). Los datos se analizaron en EPI INFO v 7.2.5. El promedio de edad fue 48,9 años con 58% de mujeres participantes. El 90% tuvo sobrepeso y obesidad. Se identificaron 14 casos de DMO no normal, de éstos, uno fue osteoporosis (mujer, de 50 años y más); 93% de los casos tuvieron sobrepeso y obesidad, 43% se identificaron en personas de 40 a 49 años y 71% fueron mujeres. La actividad física fue 48% baja. El promedio de calorías consumidas/día/persona fue de 2.517; con 21% de adecuación de vitamina D, 87% de calcio, 275% de fósforo, 166,69 mg de cafeína. Se concluye que se requiere el control del sobrepeso y obesidad, así como el diagnóstico temprano de los cambios en la densidad mineral ósea, particularmente en las mujeres.

The objective of this research was to evaluate bone mass density(BMD), nutritional status, nutrient intake, and physical activity level, through a cross-sectional descriptive study, in an international university located in Honduras with a universe of 376 employees, aged 40 and over. The sample of 50 was estimated with the formula for finite population with a 90% probability and an error of 10%. Anthropometric measurements were taken with SECA equipment; bone mineral density with Sunlight MiniOmni™ radio ultrasound equipment. A 24-hour dietary recall method and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were applied. The data was analyzed in EPI INFO v 7.2.5. The average age of the people in the sample was 48,9 years with 58% of women. 90% were overweight and obese. 14 cases of non-normal BMD were identified, of these, one was osteoporosis (woman, 50 years of age and over); 93% of the cases were overweight and obese, 43% were identified in people between 40 and 49 years of age, and 71% were women. Physical activity was 48% low. The average number of calories consumed/day/person was 2.517; 21% adequacy of vitamin D, 87% of calcium, 275% of phosphorus, 166.69 mg of caffeine. It is concluded that control of overweight and obese is required, and the early diagnosis of changes in bone mass density, particularly in women.