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Introdução: O presente estudo visa descrever as condições de saúde mental mais prevalentes na população de rua em um grande centro urbano brasileiro. Objetivo: Descrever as condições de saúde mental mais prevalentes na população de moradores de rua em um grande centro urbano brasileiro. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal realizado nas regiões centrais e periferias da cidade de São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Para a descrição dos transtornos psiquiátricos utilizamos o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) para sintomas depressivos, item 9 do Inventário de Depressão de Beck para ideação suicida, pergunta autorreferida para uso de álcool e drogas ilícitas e item 3 do PHQ-9 para qualidade do sono. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 44,54 (desvio padrão ­ DP=12,63) anos, e a maioria era do sexo masculino (n=342; 75%). Quanto à frequência de transtornos psiquiátricos identificados, 49,6% (n=226) dos participantes apresentaram sintomas depressivos, 29,8% (n=136) exibiram ideação suicida, 55,7% (n=254) informaram uso de álcool semanalmente, 34,2% (n=156) informaram usar drogas ilícitas semanalmente e 62,3% (n=284) tinham problemas com sono. Conclusões: A prevalência de condições que afetam a saúde mental entre os participantes é alta. Estes resultados poderão auxiliar profissionais de saúde na elaboração de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento nessa população, pouco estudada.

Introduction: The present study aims to describe the most prevalent mental health conditions in the homeless population in a large Brazilian urban center. Objective: To describe the most prevalent mental health conditions in the population of homeless people in a large Brazilian urban center. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the central and periphery regions of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. For the description of psychiatric disorders, the following instruments were used: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depressive symptoms, item 9 of the Beck Depression Inventory for suicidal ideation, the self-reported question for the use of alcohol and illicit drugs, and item 3 of the PHQ-9 for sleep quality. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.54 (Standard Deviation=12.63) years, and most were men (n=342; 75%). Regarding the frequency of the identified psychiatric disorders, 49.6% (n=226) of the participants had depressive symptoms, 29.8% (n=136) had suicidal ideation, 55.7% (n=254) reported weekly alcohol use, 34.2% (n=156) reported using illicit drugs weekly, and 62.3% (n=284) had sleep problems. Conclusions: The prevalence of conditions that affect mental health among participants is high. These results may help health professionals to develop prevention and treatment strategies for this understudied population.

Introducción: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir las condiciones de salud mental más prevalentes en la población sin hogar en un gran centro urbano brasileño. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones de salud mental más prevalentes en la población de personas sin hogar en un gran centro urbano brasileño. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en las regiones central y periférica de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Para la descripción de los trastornos psiquiátricos se utilizó el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente - 9 (PHQ-9) para síntomas depresivos, el ítem 9 del Inventario de Depresión de Beck para ideación suicida, la pregunta autorreportada para uso de alcohol y drogas ilícitas y ítem 3 del PHQ-9 para la calidad del sueño. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 44,54 (DE=12,63) años, y la mayoría eran hombres (n=342; 75%). En cuanto a la frecuencia de los trastornos psiquiátricos identificados, el 49,6% (n=226) de los participantes presentaba síntomas depresivos, el 29,8% (n=136) tenía ideación suicida, el 55,7% (n=254) refería consumo semanal de alcohol, el 34,2% (n=156) refirió consumir drogas ilícitas semanalmente y el 62,3% (n=284) presentaba problemas de sueño. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de condiciones que afectan la salud mental entre los participantes es alta. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a los profesionales de la salud a desarrollar estrategias de prevención y tratamiento para esta población poco estudiada.

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Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de las anomalías dentomaxilares (ADM) y necesidad de tratamiento de ortodoncia en escolares de 6 años en cinco comunas en Chile. Material y método: Estudio de corte transversal, observacional y descriptivo. La muestra fue de 1102 escolares. Se realizaron exámenes clínicos aplicando la Guía de Referencia Clínica a Ortodoncia para Servicios Públicos de Salud, para determinar la prevalencia de las ADM y necesidad de tratamiento de ortodoncia. El análisis estadístico utilizó el programa STATA®, considerando estadísticamente significativo p 0.05. Resultados: 1102 escolares de 6 años fueron examinados, 48,8% niñas y 51,2% niños. La prevalencia de niño/as con anomalías dentomaxilares fue 59.1%. Las tres más prevalentes fueron: apiñamiento dentario o rotaciones (21,6%), resalte aumentado (17,6%) y overbite aumentado (15,9%). La necesidad de tratamiento de ortodoncia encontrada fue de 34,7% con evidente necesidad y un 25,3% con leve necesidad. Conclusión: Se evidencia la necesidad de incluir en las políticas públicas de salud oral, estrategias de diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de ADM por su alta prevalencia.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of dento-maxillary anomalies (DMA) and the orthodontic treatment need in 6-year-old schoolchildren in five areas of Chile. Material and method: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. The sample consisted of 1102 6-year-old schoolchildren. Clinical examinations were carried out applying the Clinical Reference Guide for Orthodontics in Public Health Services, to determine the prevalence of DMA and the need for orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis used the STATA® program, considering p ≤ 0.05 statistically significant. Results: 1102 6-year-old children were examined, 48.8% were girls and 51.2% boys. The prevalence of children with DMA was 59.1%. The three most prevalent were: dental crowding or rotations (21.6%), increased overjet (17.6%), and increased overbite (15.9%). The orthodontic treatment need was 34.7% of patients with great need and 25.3% with moderate need. Conclusion: The need to include early diagnosis and treatment strategies for DMA in public oral health policies is evident due to its high prevalence.

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Epidemiological studies are essential in medicine and public health as they help identify risk factors and causes of diseases. Additionally, they are key to planning, implementing, and evaluating health interventions aimed at preventing and controlling the spread of diseases. Among these studies, analytical observational studies, such as cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, are the most used. The validity of their results largely depends on the robustness of the design, execution, and statistical analysis. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the most common errors in the selection of methodological design and statistical tests in analytical observational studies and to provide recommendations to correct them. Methodology: A comprehensive review of the available literature on methodology in epidemiological observational studies was conducted, focusing on cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. Common errors in the selection of designs and statistical tests were identified and analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Errors in the selection of methodological design and statistical tests are common in epidemiological observational studies. Based on the identified errors, a series of recommendations is provided to improve the selection of methodological design and statistical tests, thereby increasing the reliability of the results in cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies.

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To investigate the biomechanical factors associated with patellofemoral pain in children and adolescents. A cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in Brazil from 2019 to 2023, involving students from public schools. Adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals for the outcome in relation to independent variables were calculated for association analysis, adopting a significance level of 5%. Out of the total of 283 students, 152 were female and 182 were aged between 16 and 18 years old. A positive association was observed between the presence of patellofemoral pain and a poor movement quality in both lower limbs (right side: p = 0.04 and left side: p = 0.04) as well as with dynamic valgus of the left lower limb (p < 0.01). Patellofemoral pain in children and adolescents is associated with poor movement quality in the lower limbs and dynamic valgus of the left lower limb. Actions targeting these biomechanical factors may be crucial for early diagnosis and clinical treatment of this disfunction.

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Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, and obesity are major contributors to global mortality. This study aimed to evaluate eating behavior and dietary practices among individuals with T2DM and/or hypertension, examining their associations with sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics. We hypothesized that these factors may contribute to body mass index (BMI) and body fat (BF) levels in these individuals. In a cross-sectional study, adults/older individuals diagnosed with T2DM and/or hypertension were included. Eating behavior was evaluated via Three-factor Eating Questionnaire-R21. Dietary practices were assessed using the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population (DGBP) questionnaire. Poisson regression examined associations between eating behaviors, dietary practices, and sociodemographic factors. Linear regressions were employed to analyze relationships between eating behavior, dietary practices, BMI, and BF. The study included 275 primarily female (70.5%) participants under 60 years old (54.2%). Male and older participants had a lower prevalence of high scores in the 'emotional eating' (EE; PR: 0.40 [0.25;0.63]) and 'uncontrolled eating' (UE; PR: 0.68 [0.50;0.92]) domains. In contrast, older patients had a higher prevalence of adherence to the DGBP recommendations (PR:1.53 [1.20;1.94]). A positive association was observed between high EE (ß:3.71 [1.98;5.44]) and UE (ß:2.85 [1.15;4.55]) scores and BMI, whereas higher dietary practice scores (ß:-2.19 [-3.88;-0.50]) were negatively associated with BMI. High EE (ß:2.20 [0.38;4.02]) and UE (ß:1.92 [0.17;3.67]) scores were positively associated with BF regardless of the confounding factors included. Higher scores on the dietary practices were inversely associated with BF (ß:-1.94 [-3.67;-0.21]). Understanding dietary behaviors and practices can facilitate a more comprehensive and effective treatment approach.

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OBJECTIVES: Identifying key barriers to accessing quality-assured and affordable antimicrobials among forcibly displaced persons in Uganda, Yemen and Colombia and investigating their (1) utilisation patterns of antibiotics, (2) knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and (3) perception of the quality of antimicrobials received. DESIGN: Pilot cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Data were collected from five health facilities in the Kiryandongo refugee settlement (Bweyale, Uganda), three camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Dar Sad district (Aden, Yemen) and a district with a high population of Venezuelan migrants (Kennedy district, Bogotá, Colombia). Data collection took place between February and May 2021. The three countries were selected due to their high number of displaced people in their respective continents. PARTICIPANTS: South Sudanese refugees in Uganda, IDPs in Yemen and Venezuelan migrants in Colombia. OUTCOME MEASURE: The most common barriers to access to quality-assured and affordable antimicrobials. RESULTS: A total of 136 participants were enrolled in this study. Obtaining antimicrobials through informal pathways, either without a doctor's prescription or through family and friends, was common in Yemen (27/50, 54.0%) and Colombia (34/50, 68.0%). In Yemen and Uganda, respondents used antibiotics to treat (58/86, 67.4%) and prevent (39/86, 45.3%) a cold. Knowledge of AMR was generally low (24/136, 17.6%). Barriers to access included financial constraints in Colombia and Uganda, prescription requirements in Yemen and Colombia, and non-availability of drugs in Uganda and Yemen. CONCLUSION: Our multicentred research identified common barriers to accessing quality antimicrobials among refugees/IDPs/migrants and common use of informal pathways. The results suggest that knowledge gaps about AMR may lead to potential misuse of antimicrobials. Due to the study's small sample size and use of non-probability sampling, the results should be interpreted with caution, and larger-scale assessments on this topic are needed. Future interventions designed for similar humanitarian settings should consider the interlinked barriers identified.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that periodontal disease is associated with chronic non-communicable diseases. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the periodontal health condition of the population, based on the community periodontal index, as well as the number of missing teeth and the presence of systemic health conditions. We quantified the association between oral health and the presence of chronic diseases using simple logistic regression, adjusting for confounding factors including age, smoking, and overweight. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 334 volunteers, aged between 19 and 81 years. In patients over 45 years old, periodontal disease was found to be significantly associated with hypertension and diabetes. Furthermore, in female patients, periodontal disease was significantly associated with hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that periodontal disease is positively and significantly associated with both arterial hypertension and diabetes, independent of potential confounding factors.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the accuracy of the defining characteristics of four respiratory nursing diagnoses (ND) in patients with COVID-19 and on oxygen therapy. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in four Brazilian public hospitals in two regions of the country. A total of 474 patients with COVID-19 receiving oxygen therapy were assessed. Latent-adjusted class analysis with random effects was used to establish the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the defining characteristics evaluated for each ND. RESULTS: Among the ND that constituted the study (impaired spontaneous ventilatory, impaired gas exchange, ineffective airway clearance, and dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response), the following defining characteristics had the highest simultaneous Se and Sp (>0.8): decrease in tidal volume, confusion, irritability, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, orthopnea, impaired ability to cooperate and respond to coaching, and decrease in the level of consciousness. CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing the clinical signs that predict respiratory ND in patients affected by COVID-19 can contribute to the nurse's accurate diagnostic inference and designate the appropriate nursing interventions to achieve the desired results and avoid complications.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a acurácia das características definidoras de quatro Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) respiratórios em pacientes com COVID­19 e em uso de oxigenoterapia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado em quatro hospitais públicos brasileiros de duas regiões do país. Foram avaliados 474 pacientes diagnosticados com COVID­19 e em uso de oxigenoterapia. A análise de classe latente ajustada com efeitos randômicos foi utilizada para estabelecer a sensibilidade (Se) e especificidade (Sp) das características definidoras avaliadas para cada DE. RESULTADOS: As características definidoras volume corrente diminuído, confusão, irritabilidade, dispneia, sons respiratórios diminuídos, ortopneia, capacidade prejudicada para cooperar e responder orientações, e nível de consciência diminuído foram as que obtiveram maior sensibilidade e especificidade simultaneamente (> 0.8) dentre os diagnósticos de enfermagem compuseram o estudo: Ventilação espontânea prejudicada, Resposta disfuncional ao desmame, Desobstrução ineficaz das vias aéreas e Troca de gases prejudicada. CONCLUSÕES: Conhecer os sinais clínicos preditores dos diagnósticos de enfermagem respiratórios em pacientes acometidos por COVID­19 pode contribuir para a inferência diagnóstica acurada do enfermeiro e designar as intervenções de enfermagem apropriadas para atingir os resultados desejados e evitar complicações.

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Abstract Objective To verify the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in amateur golfers in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods The present is a cross-sectional study performed from September 2019 to March 2020 in golf clubs affiliated to Federação Paulista de Golfe (São Paulo Golf Federation). Federation players were evaluated regarding data on golf practice and sport routine by a main investigator, though an assessment form with multiple-choice questions, to determine sample characteristics and recent pain intensity by the Visual Analogue Scale. Results Approximately 359 amateur golfers were analyzed. The prevalence of pain was of 55.15% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 50.0% to 60.3%); the average pain intensity according to the VAS was moderate (mean ± standard deviation: 5.21 ± 2.04; odds ration [OR]: 47,98%). The golfer's age range was significantly associated with the presence of pain (p < 0.05). The highest prevalence estimate of pain was of 68.80% in the age group between 30 and 39 years (OR: 7,33; 95%CI: 2,26 to 23,85; p = 0,0009). The segments most affected by pain were the upper limbs (65.66%), followed by the spine (59.09%) and the lower limbs (32.83%). Conclusion There is a high prevalence rate of pain in Brazilian amateur golfers, especially in younger players in the age group between 30 and 39 years.

Resumo Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de dores musculoesqueléticas em golfistas amadores do estado de São Paulo. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal realizado de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020 em clubes de golfe afiliados à Federação Paulista de Golfe. Jogadores federados foram avaliados quanto a dados da prática de golfe e da rotina esportiva por um investigador principal, por meio de um formulário de avaliação com questões de múltipla escolha, para a determinação das características da amostra e da intensidade da dor recente pela Escala Visual Analógica (EVA). Resultados Cerca de 359 golfistas amadores foram analisados. A prevalência de dor foi de 55,15% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 50,0% a 60,3%); a intensidade média da dor segundo a EVA foi moderada (média ± desvio padrão: 5,21 ± 2,04; razão de probabilidades [odds ratio, OR, em inglês]: 47,98%). A faixa etária dos golfistas esteve significativamente associada à presença de dor (p < 0,05). A maior estimativa de prevalência de dor foi de 68,80% na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (OR: 7,33; IC95%: 2,26 a 23,85; p = 0,0009). Os segmentos mais acometidos por dor foram os membros superiores (65,66%), seguidos da coluna (59,09%) e dos membros inferiores (32,83%). Conclusão Há uma alta taxa de prevalência de dor em golfistas amadores brasileiros, especialmente em jogadores mais jovens, na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos.

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Objective To verify the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in amateur golfers in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods The present is a cross-sectional study performed from September 2019 to March 2020 in golf clubs affiliated to Federação Paulista de Golfe (São Paulo Golf Federation). Federation players were evaluated regarding data on golf practice and sport routine by a main investigator, though an assessment form with multiple-choice questions, to determine sample characteristics and recent pain intensity by the Visual Analogue Scale. Results Approximately 359 amateur golfers were analyzed. The prevalence of pain was of 55.15% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 50.0% to 60.3%); the average pain intensity according to the VAS was moderate (mean ± standard deviation: 5.21 ± 2.04; odds ration [OR]: 47,98%). The golfer's age range was significantly associated with the presence of pain ( p < 0.05). The highest prevalence estimate of pain was of 68.80% in the age group between 30 and 39 years (OR: 7,33; 95%CI: 2,26 to 23,85; p = 0,0009). The segments most affected by pain were the upper limbs (65.66%), followed by the spine (59.09%) and the lower limbs (32.83%). Conclusion There is a high prevalence rate of pain in Brazilian amateur golfers, especially in younger players in the age group between 30 and 39 years.