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Introducción: En la actualidad las infecciones por hongos afectan entre el 20 y el 25 por ciento de la población. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración mínima inhibitoria de dos lotes de OLEOZON® almacenados a temperaturas de 5 y 30°C en envases de vidrio y polietileno de alta densidad, durante 24 meses como parte del estudio de estabilidad del OLEOZON® tópico. Métodos: Mediante el método dilución en agar fueron evaluadas cinco concentraciones del producto frente a los dermatofitos trichophyton rubrum, trichophyton mentagrophytes y epidermophyton floccosum. Resultados: Se obtuvo que el 8,9 mg/mL fue el valor de la CMI para las cepas evaluadas en el estudio vida de estante; se observó en el estudio acelerado el mismo valor frente a las cepas de trichophyton mientras que para epidermophyton floccosum fue de 17,8 mg/mL a excepción del envase frasco de vidrio del lote 803295 donde se obtuvo 8,9 mg/mL. El análisis estadístico, tanto del estudio acelerado como en vida de estante, mostró que existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el primer y el último mes de ensayo, estas son las diferencias más apreciables en los lotes almacenados en frasco de vidrio. El OLEOZON® tópico almacenado en frasco de polietileno de alta densidad presentó mejores valores de actividad frente a los dermatofitos. Conclusiones: Todos los valores de la concentración mínima inhibitoria encontrados, independiente del tipo de envase, el tiempo o la temperatura de almacenamiento, muestran que el producto mantiene su actividad antifúngica. Se evidenció una similitud entre las cepas del género trichophyton en comparación con el género epidermophyton(AU)

Introduction: Currently fungal infections affect between 20 and 25percent of the population. Objective: To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of two batches of OLEOZON® stored at temperatures of 5 and 30 0C in glass and high-density polyethylene containers, for 24 months as part of the stability study of topical OLEOZON®. Methods: Using the agar dilution method, five concentrations of the product were evaluated against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Results: It was found that 8.9 mg/mL was the MIC value for the strains evaluated in this shelf life study; and the same value was observed in the accelerated study against the trichophyton strains, while for epidermophyton floccosum it was 17.8 mg/mL with the exception of the glass bottle container of batch 803295 where 8.9 mg/mL was obtained. The statistical analysis, both in the accelerated study and in shelf life, showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the first and the last month of the trial, these are the most appreciable differences in the batches stored in glass jars. Topical OLEOZON® stored in a high-density polyethylene bottle presented better activity values against dermatophytes. Conclusions: All the values of the minimum inhibitory concentration found, regardless of the type of container, the time or the storage temperature, show that the product maintains its antifungal activity during the months of study. A similarity was apparent between the strains of the genus trichophyton compared to the genus epidermophyton(AU)

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Resumen Trichophyton benhamiae es un dermatofito zoofílico. Puede causar tinea corporis, tinea faciei y tinea capitis. Se caracteriza por producir lesiones inflamatorias, sobre todo en niños. El objetivo de esta publicación es describir 7 casos clínicos de pacientes pediátricos atendidos entre julio del 2019 y enero del 2020 en nuestra institución. A los pacientes se les solicitó estudio micológico convencional, con posterior confirmación con MALDI-TOF MS y secuencia-ción del ADN ribosomal. Se aisló e identificó T. benhamiae como agente etiológico; el nexo epidemiológico fue el contacto con cobayos. Estas son las primeras descripciones de infecciones causadas por T. benhamiae en Argentina. Al realizar estudios micológicos convencionales, este agente puede confundirse con otros dermatofitos, por lo tanto, se requieren herramientas como MALDI-TOF MS o la secuenciación para llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo. Es importante contar con datos epidemiológicos, como el contacto con mascotas no tradicionales, para una presunción diagnóstica adecuada.

Trichophyton benhamiae is a zoonotic dermatophyte that can cause tinea corporis, tinea faciei and tinea capitis, producing inflammatory lesions, especially in children. In this publication, we describe 7clinical cases of pediatric patients that occurred in our institution between July 2019 and January 2020. All patients underwent a conventional mycological study. The identification of fungi isolates was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing of the ribosomal DNA. T. benhamiae was identified as the etiological agent, whose epidemiological link in all cases was the contact with Guinea pigs. This is the first description of infections caused by T. benhamiae in Argentina. This dermatophyte can be misidentified as other more frequent dermatophytes when performing conventional studies. Molecular technology should be used to reach a definitive diagnosis. It is important to have epidemiological data from patients such as contact with non-traditional pets, especially Guinea pigs, for an adequate presumptive diagnosis of this dermatophytosis.

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La tiña capitis (TC) es una micosis superficial del cuero cabelludo, considerada una de las infecciones más frecuentes por dermatofitos en niños. Hasta la actualidad, las especies descritas con mayor frecuencia en nuestro medio son el Microsporum y, en segundo término, Trichophyton, los cuales se contraen principalmente por contacto directo con animales o seres humanos infectados, respectivamente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 8 años con alopecia y lesiones inflamatorias de 2 años de evolución, en la que finalmente se llegó al diagnóstico de TC inflamatoria causada por T. tonsurans, un hongo antropofílico considerado poco frecuente en Argentina y emergente en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Este patógeno presenta alta transmisibilidad; son varios los países que han reportado brotes escolares y comunitarios. Se debe resaltar la importancia de su sospecha clínica temprana para un tratamiento adecuado.

Tinea capitis (TC) is a superficial mycosis of the scalp, considered one of the most common dermatophyte infections in children. Until now, the species mainly described in our environment are Microsporum and secondly Trichophyton, which are contracted mainly by direct contact with infected animals or humans, respectively. We present the case of an 8-year-old patient with alopecia and inflammatory lesions of 2 years of evolution, finally reaching the diagnosis of inflammatory tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans, an anthropophilic fungus considered rare in Argentina and emerging in the province of Buenos Aires. This pathogen has high transmissibility; several countries have reported school and community outbreaks. The importance of its early clinical suspicion for adequate treatment should be emphasized.

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Trichophyton benhamiae is a zoonotic dermatophyte that can cause tinea corporis, tinea faciei and tinea capitis, producing inflammatory lesions, especially in children. In this publication, we describe 7clinical cases of pediatric patients that occurred in our institution between July 2019 and January 2020. All patients underwent a conventional mycological study. The identification of fungi isolates was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing of the ribosomal DNA. T. benhamiae was identified as the etiological agent, whose epidemiological link in all cases was the contact with Guinea pigs. This is the first description of infections caused by T. benhamiae in Argentina. This dermatophyte can be misidentified as other more frequent dermatophytes when performing conventional studies. Molecular technology should be used to reach a definitive diagnosis. It is important to have epidemiological data from patients such as contact with non-traditional pets, especially Guinea pigs, for an adequate presumptive diagnosis of this dermatophytosis.

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Abstract Medicinal plants have long been prescribed in Thailand for centuries. Different constituents of extracts have been used for treating of various infectious diseases. However, there is even less information available regarding the use in fungal skin infection. In order to assess traditional Thai claims about the therapeutic potential, this study is focused on exploring the anti-dermatophyte property of the plants that are currently used as traditional medicines. The potential of four different plant species were selected for investigate in vitro anti-dermatophyte activity. Ethanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.), and Acorus calamus (L.). were analysed for their total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content and were then subjected to test of their anti-dermatophyte properties using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative flavonoids and phenolics analysis of the extracts showed their biologically active constituents. Among the species examined, the result indicated that most of the extracts demonstrated anti-dermatophyte activity. In particular, A. calamus showed the highest efficacy against test organisms. The experiment confirmed the chemical constituents and efficacy of some selected plants and provides a scientific confirmation of the use of Thai plants in traditional medicine for fungal skin infections.

Resumo As plantas medicinais são prescritas há muito tempo na Tailândia, há séculos. Diferentes constituintes de extratos têm sido usados para o tratamento de várias doenças infecciosas. No entanto, existem ainda menos informações disponíveis sobre o uso em infecções fúngicas da pele. A fim de avaliar as alegações tradicionais tailandesas sobre o potencial terapêutico, este estudo está focado em explorar a propriedade antidermatófita das plantas que são usadas atualmente como medicamentos tradicionais. O potencial de quatro espécies de plantas diferentes foi selecionado para investigar a atividade antidermatófita in vitro. Extratos etanólicos de Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.) e Acorus calamus (L.) foram analisados quanto ao seu conteúdo fenólico total, bem como ao conteúdo de flavonoides totais. E então submetidos ao teste de suas propriedades antidermatófitas usando o método de difusão em ágar bem. A análise qualitativa de flavonoides e fenólicos dos extratos mostrou seus constituintes biologicamente ativos. Entre as espécies examinadas, o resultado indicou que a maioria dos extratos demonstrou atividade antidermatófita. Em particular, A. calamus mostrou a maior eficácia contra organismos de teste. O experimento confirmou os constituintes químicos e a eficácia de algumas plantas selecionadas e fornece uma confirmação científica do uso de plantas tailandesas na medicina tradicional para infecções fúngicas da pele.

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Medicinal plants have long been prescribed in Thailand for centuries. Different constituents of extracts have been used for treating of various infectious diseases. However, there is even less information available regarding the use in fungal skin infection. In order to assess traditional Thai claims about the therapeutic potential, this study is focused on exploring the anti-dermatophyte property of the plants that are currently used as traditional medicines. The potential of four different plant species were selected for investigate in vitro anti-dermatophyte activity. Ethanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.), and Acorus calamus (L.). were analysed for their total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content and were then subjected to test of their anti-dermatophyte properties using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative flavonoids and phenolics analysis of the extracts showed their biologically active constituents. Among the species examined, the result indicated that most of the extracts demonstrated anti-dermatophyte activity. In particular, A. calamus showed the highest efficacy against test organisms. The experiment confirmed the chemical constituents and efficacy of some selected plants and provides a scientific confirmation of the use of Thai plants in traditional medicine for fungal skin infections.

As plantas medicinais são prescritas há muito tempo na Tailândia, há séculos. Diferentes constituintes de extratos têm sido usados para o tratamento de várias doenças infecciosas. No entanto, existem ainda menos informações disponíveis sobre o uso em infecções fúngicas da pele. A fim de avaliar as alegações tradicionais tailandesas sobre o potencial terapêutico, este estudo está focado em explorar a propriedade antidermatófita das plantas que são usadas atualmente como medicamentos tradicionais. O potencial de quatro espécies de plantas diferentes foi selecionado para investigar a atividade antidermatófita in vitro. Extratos etanólicos de Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.) e Acorus calamus (L.) foram analisados quanto ao seu conteúdo fenólico total, bem como ao conteúdo de flavonoides totais. E então submetidos ao teste de suas propriedades antidermatófitas usando o método de difusão em ágar bem. A análise qualitativa de flavonoides e fenólicos dos extratos mostrou seus constituintes biologicamente ativos. Entre as espécies examinadas, o resultado indicou que a maioria dos extratos demonstrou atividade antidermatófita. Em particular, A. calamus mostrou a maior eficácia contra organismos de teste. O experimento confirmou os constituintes químicos e a eficácia de algumas plantas selecionadas e fornece uma confirmação científica do uso de plantas tailandesas na medicina tradicional para infecções fúngicas da pele.

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Introduction: dermatophytoses or "tineas" are characterized by being mycoses caused by fungi of the genera Epidermophyton, Trichophyton and Microsporum. These mycotic infections can present themselves as a form of lesions that affect the skin, hair and nails of individuals of both genders and all ages. Objective: to elucidate the epidemiological profile of dermatophytoses in patients examined by a private clinical analysis laboratory in João Pessoa-PB, between 2015 and 2019. Methodology: this is an epidemiological, analytical, retrospective and documentary study, in which data collection took place at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory ­ "HEMATO", located in João Pessoa ­ PB. Results: the profile of those affected was predominantly female (58.5%), 18 to 59 years old (38.4%), white (53.6%) and with lesions, mainly in skin glabrous (38.5%), feet (33.3%) and nails (12.8%). When relating the age group to the injury site, it was noticed that injuries on glabrous skin, feet and nails, were more frequent in individuals aged 18 to 59 years, while injuries to the scalp were mostly found in individuals younger than 18 years old. The most prevalent species were M. canis (31.9%) and T.rubrum (31.9%). When correlating the fungal species with the lesion site, it was noted that M. canis was the main agent responsible for lesions in glabrous skin, scalp and hands, while T. rubrum was predominantly observed in nails and T. mentagrophytes in feet. Conclusion: it is concluded that the data present in this research can promote the development of indicators and public policies for the population most susceptible to dermatophytosis.

Introdução: dermatofitoses ou tineas se caracterizam por serem micoses causadas por fungos dos gêneros Epidermophyton, Trichophyton e Microsporum. Essas infecções micóticas podem se apresentar na forma de lesões que acometem pele, pelo e unhas de indivíduos de ambos os gêneros e todas as idades. Objetivo: elucidar o perfil epidemiológico de dermatofitoses de pacientes atendidos por um laboratório privado de análises clínicas em João Pessoa-PB, entre 2015 a 2019. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, analítico, retrospectivo e documental, em que a coleta de dados ocorreu no Laboratório de Patologia Clínica ­ HEMATO, localizado em João Pessoa ­ PB. Resultados: o perfil de acometidos foi predominantemente de indivíduos do sexo feminino (58,5%), com 18 a 59 anos de idade (38,4%), brancos (53,6%) e com lesões, principalmente, em pele glabra (38,5%), pés (33,3%) e unhas (12,8%). Ao relacionar a faixa etária com o local da lesão, percebeu-se que lesões em pele glabra, pés e unhas, foram mais frequentes em indivíduos de 18 a 59 anos, enquanto que lesões no couro cabeludo foram majoritariamente encontradas em indivíduos menos de 18 anos. As espécies mais prevalentes foram M. canis (31,9%) e T. rubrum (31,9%). Ao correlacionar a espécie fúngica com o local da lesão, notou-se que M. canis foi o principal agente responsável por lesões em pele glabra, couro cabeludo e mãos, enquanto T. rubrum foi predominantemente observado em unhas e T. mentagrophytes em pés. Conclusão: os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa podem fomentar o desenvolvimento de indicadores e políticas públicas para a população mais susceptível às dermatofitoses.

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Resumen: La onicomicosis (OM) es una infección fúngica de las uñas, cuyo principal agente causal es el Tricophytum rubrum. Si bien es una patología infrecuente en niños, se ha observado un aumento en la prevalencia en el último tiempo. Hasta la fecha, existen diversos estudios y guías clínicas de OM en adultos. Sin embargo, la literatura en edad pediátrica es escasa, lo que dificulta el tratamiento en pediatría. En el presente articulo se revisa la literatura actual, los métodos diagnosticos de OM, datos epidemiológicos locales y globales, y se presentan las opciones de tratamiento disponibles conside rando su eficacia y perfil de seguridad en población pediátrica.

Abstract: Onychomycosis (OM) is a fungal infection of the nails, whose main etiologic agent is Trichophytum rubrum. Although, it is an unusual pathology in children, in the last years an increase in its preva lence has been observed. To date, there are several studies and clinical guidelines for OM in adults. However, literature in children is scarce, which makes pediatric treatment difficult. The objective of this publication was to review the current literature in order to establish diagnostic methods for OM, national and international epidemiological data, and to provide treatment options taking into account their efficiency and safety profile in the pediatric population.

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INTRODUCCION: La onicomicosis corresponde a una patología prevalente causada por hongos dermatofitos, levaduras y en menor proporción, hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos (HFND). Se ha reportado un aumento a nivel mundial en la incidencia de onicomicosis por HFND1 , sin embargo, en Chile no hay registros de ello. OBJETIVO: Comparar la epidemiología local de onicomicosis por HFND en una red privada de Santiago de Chile entre dos períodos de tiempo. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de análisis de los registros de laboratorio de la Red de Salud UC-Christus entre los períodos 2008- 2009 y 2016-2017. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron un total de 9.579 muestras en ambos períodos, 4.985 entre 2008-2009 y 4.594 entre 2016-2017, con 3.442 (36%) cultivos positivos para hongos, 1.831 (36,7%) en el primer período y 1.611 (35%) en el segundo. Del total 40 muestras (1,2%) fueron de HFND, destacando que la prevalencia aumentó significativamente entre ambos períodos: 8 (0,4%) y 32 (2,0%) cultivos, respectivamente (p<0,0001). Del total, las especies de HFND más prevalentes fueron: 23 Fusarium sp (57,5%), 8 Scopulariopsis sp (20%) y 7 Acremonium sp (17,5%). En pacientes con cultivo positivo para HFND, se buscaron asociaciones probables en los antecedentes a través de la ficha clínica, sin encontrar resultados significativos. CONCLUCION: Los HFND son la tercera causa de onicomicosis y su prevalencia fue 1,2%. Las especies más frecuentes fueron Fusarium sp, Scopulariopsis sp, Acremonium sp. La prevalencia de HFND aumentó significativamente en un período de 6 años.

INTRODUCTION: Onychomycosis is a frequent nail disease caused mainly by dermatophytes, in less proportion yeast and last non-dermatophyte molds (NDM). NDM onychomycosis is an increasing problem worldwide, though in Chile there is no epidemiological registry about it. OBJETIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the local epidemiology of NDM onychomycosis. MATERIAL Y METHODS: We did a transversal cohort study in the Red de Salud UC-Christus between 2008-2009 and 2016-2017. RESULTS: Of the 9,579 clinically suspected cases of onychomycosis, 4,985 in 2008-2009 and 4,594 in 2016-2017, 3,448 (36%) cultures were positive in total, 1,831 (36.7%) in the first period and 1,611 (35%) in the second. Only 40 cultures (1.2%) were NDM in total, but the prevalence significantly increased between both periods with 8 (0.45%) and 32 (2.0%) cultures, respectively (p y (p<0.0001). Among the total of NDM, the most prevalent species were: 23 Fusarium sp (57.5%), 8 Scopulariopsis sp (20%) and 7 Acremonium sp (17.5%). We searched for possible associations of patients with NDM onychomycosis and morbid history, but found no significant result. COMCLUSION: NDM are the third cause of onychomycosis and its prevalence of 1.2% was predominantly from toe nails. The most frequent species were Fusarium sp, Scopulariopsis sp. and Acremonium sp. The prevalence of NDM increased significantly in a period of 6 years.

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Introducción: las micosis superficiales o dermatomicosis se encuentran entre las enfermedades infecciosas de piel más comunes. Se localizan en las capas superficiales de la piel y sus anexos (pelo y uñas), por esta razón son motivo de consulta dermatológica. De estas micosis, las dermatofitosis, las malasseziosis y las candidiasis cutáneas son las más frecuentes. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de las micosis superficiales de piel lampiña. Metodología: estudio observacional, retrospectivo y de corte transverso, donde se analizaron fichas epidemiológicas de pacientes que acudieron al Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas en el periodo comprendido entre julio del 2017 hasta agosto del 2019, con diagnóstico presuntivo de micosis superficiales de piel lampiña. Resultados: se observaron 341 casos de micosis superficiales de piel lampiña. Entre los agentes causales, los dermatofitos fueron los responsables del 56 % (190/341) de los casos; Malassezia spp. 42 % (142/341) y Candida spp. 2 % 9/341. Se observaron 3 casos de micosis mixtas, donde Candida spp. y dermatofitos fueron los agentes causales. Conclusión: entre las micosis superficiales que afectan piel lampiña, se encuentran en primer lugar los dermatofitos seguidos por las malasseziosis. Este reporte constituye un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la epidemiología de las micosis superficiales en nuestro país.

Introduction: superficial mycoses or dermatomycosis are among the most common skin infectious diseases. These are located in the superficial layers of the skin and its annexes (hair and nails), for this reason it´s a frecuent cause of medical consult. Of these mycoses, dermatophytosis, malasseziosis and cutaneous candidiasis are the most frequent. Objectives: describe the epidemiological characteristics of superficial mycoses of skin. Methodology: observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study, where epidemiological records of patients who were attended at the Dermatological Specialties Center were analyzed in the period from July 2017 to August 2019, with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycoses of skin. Results: 341 cases of superficial mycosis of skin were observed. Among the causative agents, dermatophytes were responsible for 56 % (190/341) of the cases; Malassezia sp. 42 % (142/341) and Candida sp. 2 % (9/341). Three cases of mixed mycosis were observed; Candida spp. and Dermatophytes were the causative agents. Conclusion: among the superficial mycoses of skin, dermatophytes followed by malaseziosis are in the first places. This report constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country.