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O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença que apresenta mecanismos fisiopatológicos multifatoriais e complexos, tendo como base a resistência insulínica (RI) e como consequências as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). A hipomagnesemia tem sido implicada tanto na RI como em complicações micro e macrovasculares, incluindo-se as DCV que são consideradas a causa mais importante de morbimortalidade no DM2. Neste contexto, o presente estudo visa avaliar níveis séricos de magnésio (Mg) em pacientes diabéticos e sua possível associação com complicações crônicas e comorbidades, tendo como ênfase as doenças cardiovasculares; e identificar possível valor do nível sérico a ser considerado em nossa população a fim de rever sua verdadeira aplicabilidade clínica. Trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, envolvendo 99 pacientes com DM2 de ambos os sexos, atendidos em ambulatório público na cidade de Salvador (BA). Utilizou-se como instrumentos de pesquisa questionário de dados sociodemográficos e antropométricos; recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e análise bioquímica do magnésio sérico. Também foram registradas comorbidades e complicações crônicas dos pacientes, tais como hipertensão arterial, doença arterial coronariana, doença arterial obstrutiva periférica, arritmia cardíaca, acidente vascular cerebral, dislipidemia, neuropatia sensitiva periférica, retinopatia e nefropatia diabéticas. Os dados foram expressos por tabelas de forma descritiva e analítica. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, magnésio baixo e normal/alto, e suas variáveis foram comparadas por meio de testes de hipóteses. Nossos achados evidenciaram nível sérico médio de magnésio de 1,97 mg% (IC 1,69 a 2,25 mg%) no total da amostra. Entre aqueles com magnésio baixo, níveis subclínicos estavam presentes em 29 sujeitos (29,3%), e níveis de hipomagnesemia em 34 indivíduos (34,3%). O nível médio do Mg no total da amostra diferiu significativamente (p<0,001) do valor normal ideal, mas não diferiu do considerado subclínico (p 0,311). No grupo com hipomagnesemia houve predomínio do sexo feminino e de pacientes com maior escolaridade. Glicemia de jejum foi mais elevada no grupo Mg baixo, e hemoglobina glicada no grupo Mg normal/alto, mas ambos sem diferença estatística. Níveis baixos de vitamina B12 foram encontrados em 12 pacientes (12,1%) e os níveis mais baixos de magnésio estavam presentes nos pacientes com deficiência de vitamina B12 (1,81±0,24 versus 2,01±0,29) com p=0,027. Antidiabéticos orais foram mais utilizados no grupo com Mg baixo. Não houve diferença entre magnésio sérico, ingestão calórica e magnésio e cálcio alimentares. Pacientes com DCV tiveram média de 2,01 mg% (IC 1,69-2,33 mg%) para o Mg. A doença cardiovascular esteve presente em 47,5% da amostra e pacientes com esta morbidade apresentaram 29,8% de prevalência de hipomagnesemia; infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) foi mais frequente no grupo com Mg normal/alto. Nossos dados apontam que hipomagnesemia em pacientes diabéticos deve ser considerada em níveis clínicos e subclínicos. Níveis baixos de Mg também estiveram associados à vitamina B12 baixa. Pacientes que apresentaram doenças cardiovasculares associadas também tiveram importante prevalência de hipomagnesemia incluindo níveis subclínicos, com exceção nos casos de IAM, em que níveis do magnésio sérico mantiveram-se no intervalo considerado normal ideal evidenciado por significativa diferença estatística (p<0,005).

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a multifactorial disease with complex physiopathological mechanisms, in which insulin resistance (IR) and its consequences, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), form its basis. Hypomagnesemia has been implicated in IR and micro and macrovascular complications, including CVD, which is considered the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in DM2. This study aims to evaluate serum magnesium (Mg) levels in diabetic patients and its possible association with chronic complications and comorbidities (especially cardiovascular diseases) and to find a possible serum level value to be considered in its population to review its true clinical applicability. This cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study involved 99 DM2 patients of all sexes who were served in a public outpatient clinic in Salvador-Ba. A sociodemographic and anthropometric data questionnaire, a 24-hour food recall, and serum magnesium analysis were used as research instruments. The comorbidities and chronic complications of patients, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial obstructive disease, cardiac arrhythmia, cerebrovascular accident, dyslipidemia, peripheral sensory neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and nephropathy, were also recorded. The data were expressed in descriptive and analytical tables. The individuals were divided into two groups, low and normal/high magnesium, and their variables were compared using hypothesis tests. Our findings showed an average serum magnesium level of 1.97 mg% (IC 1.69 to 2.25 mg%) in the whole sample. In those with low magnesium, subclinical levels occurred in 29 subjects (29.3%)and hypomagnesemia, in 34 individuals (34.3%). The median Mg level in the total sample significantly differed (p<0.001) from the ideal normal value, but failed to do in relation to the subclinical value (p=0.311). The hypomagnesemia group showed a predominance of women and patients with higher education. Fasting glucose was higher in the low Mg group and glycated hemoglobin in the normal/high Mg group, both without statistical differences. Low levels of vitamin B12 occurred in 12 patients (12.1%) and the lowest magnesium levels, in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency (1.81±0.24 versus 2.01±0.29) (p=0.027). Oral antidiabetics were more used in the group with low Mg. Serum magnesium, caloric intake, and dietetic magnesium and calcium showed no differences. Patients with CVD had an Mg average of 2.01 mg% (IC 1.69-2.33 mg%). Cardiovascular disease occurred in 47.5% of the sample. Patients with this morbidity had a 29.8% prevalence of hypomagnesemia. Moreover, myocardial infarction occurred more often in the normal/high Mg group. Data suggest that hypomagnesemia in diabetic patients should be considered at clinical and subclinical levels. Low Mg levels were also associated with low vitamin B12. Patients who showed cardiovascular diseases also had a high prevalence of hypomagnesemia, including subclinical levels, except in cases of myocardial infarction, in which serum magnesium levels remained within the normal ideal range, as evinced by its significant statistical difference (p<0.005).

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una enfermedad con mecanismos fisiopatológicos multifactoriales y complejos caracterizada por la resistencia a la insulina (RI) y sus consecuencias, como las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). La hipomagnesemia está asociada con la RI y las complicaciones micro y macrovasculares, incluyendo las ECV, que se consideran la principal causa de morbimortalidad por la DM2. En este contexto, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los niveles séricos de magnesio (Mg) en pacientes diabéticos y la posible asociación con complicaciones crónicas y comorbilidades, con énfasis en las enfermedades cardiovasculares; e identificar un posible valor de nivel sérico para considerar en esta población con el fin de revisar su verdadera aplicabilidad clínica. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico, en el cual participaron 99 pacientes con DM2 de ambos sexos, atendidos en un centro ambulatorio público en la ciudad de Salvador (Bahía, Brasil). Se utilizaron un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos, un recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas y un análisis bioquímico del magnesio sérico. También se registraron las comorbilidades y complicaciones crónicas de los pacientes, como hipertensión arterial, enfermedad arterial coronaria, enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica, arritmia cardíaca, accidente cerebrovascular, dislipidemia, neuropatía sensorial periférica, retinopatía y nefropatía diabética. Los datos se dispusieron en tablas para su análisis y descripción. Los individuos se separaron en dos grupos: bajo magnesio y normal/alto magnesio, y se compararon sus variables mediante pruebas de hipótesis. Los hallazgos evidenciaron un nivel sérico medio de magnesio de 1,97 mg% (IC 1,69 a 2,25 mg%) en el total de la muestra. Los bajos niveles subclínicos de magnesio estaban presentes en 29 sujetos (29,3%), y la hipomagnesemia en 34 individuos (34,3%). El nivel medio de Mg en el total de la muestra tuvo una diferencia significativa (p<0,001) del valor normal ideal, pero no difirió del valor subclínico (p=0,311). En el grupo con hipomagnesemia hubo predominio del sexo femenino y de pacientes con mayor nivel de estudios. La glucemia en ayunas fue más alta en el grupo de bajo Mg, y la hemoglobina glucosilada en el grupo de normal/alto Mg, pero en ninguno de los dos se encontró diferencia estadística. Los bajos niveles de vitamina B12 se encontraron en 12 pacientes (12,1%), y los niveles más bajos de magnesio estaban presentes en los pacientes con deficiencia de vitamina B12 (1,81±0,24 versus 2,01±0,29) con p=0,027. Los antidiabéticos orales se utilizaron más en el grupo con bajo Mg. No hubo diferencia entre el magnesio sérico, la ingesta calórica, el magnesio y el calcio en la dieta. Los pacientes con ECV tuvieron una media de 2,01 mg% (IC 1,69-2,33 mg%) para Mg. La enfermedad cardiovascular estuvo presente en el 47,5% de la muestra, y los pacientes con esta morbilidad tuvieron una prevalencia del 29,8% de hipomagnesemia; el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) fue más frecuente en el grupo con normal/alto Mg. Los resultados demuestran que la hipomagnesemia en los pacientes diabéticos debe considerarse en los niveles clínicos y subclínicos. Los bajos niveles de Mg también estuvieron asociados a bajos niveles de vitamina B12. Los pacientes que presentaron enfermedades cardiovasculares asociadas también tuvieron una alta prevalencia de hipomagnesemia, incluidos los niveles subclínicos, con excepción de los casos de IAM en los que los niveles séricos de magnesio se mantuvieron dentro del intervalo considerado normal ideal, evidenciado por una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,005).

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La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad crónica autoinmune, con una incidencia creciente a nivel mundial. Los avances en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento de los últimos años prolongaron la esperanza de vida, aumentando así el número de adultos con DM1. Se realizó un corte transversal que incluyó 201 personas adultas con diagnóstico de DM1, afiliados activos a la prepaga institucional de un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina a Marzo de 2020. Se consignaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, comorbilidades, presencia de complicaciones, control glucémico y tratamiento farmacológico. Hubo un porcentaje similar de hombres y mujeres (51,2%), con una mediana de edad de 45 años (IIC 31-59). Un tercio de la población era mayor de 65 años. La mediana de evolución desde el diagnóstico fue de 14,5 años, y la mediana de último valor de hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 7,9%. Entre las complicaciones microvasculares más frecuentes se mencionan pie diabético (18%), retinopatía (6%) y nefropatía (2%). Un 4% presentó enfermedad cardiovascular (infarto agudo de miocardio, enfermedad coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular y/o enfermedad vascular periférica). El 88% recibía tratamiento con esquema intensificado de insulina y 6% usaban infusores de insulina. En relación al tratamiento con antidiabéticos orales, solo 11% recibían metformina, mientras que el uso de otros antidiabéticos orales fue inferior al 4%. En conclusión, este estudio proporciona valiosa información sobre las características de los adultos con DM1, dado que no hay demasiados estudios que aborden esta población (AU)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease, with an increasing incidence worldwide. Advances in diagnosis and treatment in recent years have extended life expectancy, thus increasing the number of adults with T1DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 201 adult individuals diagnosed with T1DM, active members of the institutional health plan of a high-complexity hospital in Argentina as of March 2020. The following variables were recorded: age, gender, comorbidities, presence of complications, glycemic control, and pharmacological treatment. There was a similar percentage of men and women (51.2%), with a median age of 45 years (IQR 31-59). One-third of the population was over 65 years old. The median duration since diagnosis was 14.5 years, and the median of the last glycated hemoglobin value was 7.9%. Among the most frequent microvascular complications, diabetic foot (18%), retinopathy (6%), and nephropathy (2%) were mentioned. 4% had cardiovascular disease (acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, stroke, and/or peripheral vascular disease). 88% received treatment with intensified insulin regimens, and 6% used insulin pumps. Regarding treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs, only 11% received metformin, while the use of other oral antidiabetic drugs was less than 4%. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information about the characteristics of adults with T1DM, as there are not many studies that address this population (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: Racial disparity in physical activity in people with diabetes in Brazil remains scarcely investigated. We examined the association between physical activity and diabetes-related complications according to race in the Brazilian population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2019 National Health Survey, a population-based survey of Brazilian adults. We used a self-reported questionnaire to assess physical activity during commuting, leisure-time, domestic, and occupational activities. Diabetes-related complications included vision, kidney, and circulatory impairment, foot ulcers, diabetic coma, and all-cause complications. We used robust Poisson regression models with restricted cubic splines to examine the association between physical activity and diabetes-related complications. RESULTS: We included 2529 adults with diabetes (48.9% women; mean age: 53.5 ± 11.9 years). One-third experienced diabetes-related complications. Black adults performed less leisure-time and more occupational and commuting physical activity than White participants. Black participants showed a higher probability of all-cause (1.61; 95%CI: 1.29, 2.02) and vision complications (1.58; 95%CI: 1.23, 2.04) compared to White participants independent of physical activity status. Only leisure-time physical activity was associated with a reduced probability of all-cause complications (PR: 0.78; 0.71, 0.86) whereas commuting and occupational physical activity were not associated with any diabetes-related complications. Physically inactive, Brown adults showed a higher probability of kidney, circulatory, vision, and all-cause complications than active, White adults. However, physical activity attenuated the probability of these complications in Brown participants. CONCLUSION: The association between physical activity and diabetes-related complications is domain-specific. We revealed a racial disparity in physical activity in people with diabetes in Brazil.

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OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents an increasing public health problem in Peru. This study aims to estimate the national economic burden of this disease for the public funder, the social security, and private sector insurers. METHODS: Direct healthcare costs were estimated for a cohort of 45-to-75-year-old adults diagnosed with T2DM in 2019, over a 20-year period. Disease progression was modeled using PROSIT Models and literature, including acute and chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications. Three scenarios of glycemic control were considered: current levels of 35.8% of the population controlled (HbA1c < 7%) (S1); 100% controlled (S2) and; 100% uncontrolled (S3). The impact of diabetes prevalence on overall costs was evaluated in sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Total national economic burden was estimated at $15,405,448,731; an annual average per patient of $2,158. Total costs would decrease to $12,853,113,596 (-16.6%) in S2 and increase to $16,828,713,495 (+9.2%) in S3. Treating patients with complications and risk factors could cost 6.5 times more, being stroke the complication with the highest impact. Up to a 67.6% increase in total costs was found when increasing T2DM prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM places a heavy burden on the Peruvian healthcare budget that will be even greater if poor glycemic control is maintained.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus representa un desafío significativo para la salud pública; las crisis hiperglucémicas son complicaciones serias que pueden resultar en morbilidad o muerte. Objetivo: Establecer factores asociados a las crisis hiperglucémicas (CH) en adultos diabéticos atendidos en un hospital de Lima. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y analítico de casos y controles en un Hospital General de Lima entre 2015 y 2019. Se seleccionaron 186 historias clínicas (62 casos y 124 controles) mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. El desenlace fueron las CH, definidas como cetoacidosis diabética, el estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico y el estado mixto. Las variables incluyeron edad, sexo, zona de residencia, seguro de salud, tiempo de enfermedad, comorbilidades, infecciones agudas y adherencia a la medicación. Los datos se analizaron con pruebas de Chi Cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher, calculando Odds Ratios crudos (ORc) y ajustados (ORa). Resultados: En el análisis bivariado los factores que se asociaron con las CH fueron; el sexo (p=0,029), edad (p<0,001), tiempo de enfermedad (p=0,001) y adherencia a la medicación (p<0,001). No se halló relación con las variables residencia, seguro de salud, procesos infecciosos agudos y comorbilidades (p>0,05). En el análisis multivariado los factores asociados a las CH fueron la edad (ORa: 2,85; IC95%: 1,41-5,79; p=0,004) y la no adherencia a la medicación (ORa: 3,87; IC95%: 1,84-8,18; p<0,001). Conclusión: Los factores asociados a las CH son la edad y la no adherencia a la medicación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus represents a significant public health challenge; hyperglycemic crises are serious complications that can result in morbidity or death. Objective: To establish factors associated with hyperglycemic crises (HC) in diabetic adults attended in a hospital in Lima. Methods: An observational, retrospective, and analytical case-control study was conducted in a General Hospital in Lima between 2015 and 2019. A total of 186 medical records (62 cases and 124 controls) were selected through simple random sampling. The outcome was HC, defined as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and mixed state. The variables included age, sex, area of residence, health insurance, duration of disease, comorbidities, acute infections, and medication adherence. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square tests and Fisher's exact test, calculating crude (cOR) and adjusted (aOR) Odds Ratios. Results: In the bivariate analysis, factors associated with HC were sex (p=0.029), age (p<0.001), duration of disease (p=0.001), and medication adherence (p<0.001). No relationship was found with variables such as residence, health insurance, acute infectious processes, and comorbidities (p>0.05). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with HC were age (aOR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.41-5.79; p=0.004) and non-adherence to medication (aOR: 3.87; 95% CI: 1.84-8.18; p<0.001). Conclusion: Factors associated with HC are age and non-adherence to medication.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between diabetes and cognitive performance in a nationally representative study in Brazil. We also aimed to investigate the interaction between frailty and diabetes on cognitive performance. A cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) baseline data that included adults aged 50 years and older was conducted. Linear regression models were used to study the association between diabetes and cognitive performance. A total of 8,149 participants were included, and a subgroup analysis was performed in 1,768 with hemoglobin A1c data. Diabetes and hemoglobin A1c levels were not associated with cognitive performance. Interaction of hemoglobin A1c levels with frailty status was found on global cognitive z-score (P-value for interaction=0.038). These results suggested an association between higher hemoglobin A1c levels and lower cognitive performance only in non-frail participants. Additionally, undiagnosed diabetes with higher hemoglobin A1c levels was associated with both poor global cognitive (β=-0.36; 95%CI: -0.62; -0.10, P=0.008) and semantic verbal fluency performance (β=-0.47; 95%CI: -0.73; -0.21, P=0.001). In conclusion, higher hemoglobin A1c levels were associated with lower cognitive performance among non-frail participants. Higher hemoglobin A1c levels without a previous diagnosis of diabetes were also related to poor cognitive performance. Future longitudinal analyses of the ELSI-Brazil study will provide further information on the role of frailty in the association of diabetes and glycemic control with cognitive decline.

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There is no safe and effective prevention for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) mellitus, which makes it highly dependent on its treatment. This systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials investigated the overall effects of dietary supplements of vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and non-essential compounds with antioxidant properties, fatty acids, and amino acids in IDDM. Searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, The Grey Literature Report, and ClinicaTrials.gov, and citations from previous reviews were used to identify reports published through July 2023. The Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) tool was used to analyze the risk of bias and GRADE was used to assess the quality of the results. Fifty-eight studies (n=3,044) were included in qualitative analyses and seventeen (n=723) in meta-analyses. Qualitative analyses showed few positive effects on some metabolic function markers, such as endothelial and renal function and lipid profile. Meta-analyses showed a positive effect of omega-3 on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (RMD=-0.33; 95%CI: -0.53, -0.12, P=0.002; I2=0%; GRADE: low quality; 4 studies) and of vitamin D on fasting C-peptide (FCP) (RMD=0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.9, P=0.023; I2=0%; GRADE: very low quality; 4 studies). Most studies showed bias concern or high risk of bias. A recommendation for dietary supplementation in IDDM cannot be made because of the few positive results within different interventions and markers, the serious risk of bias in the included studies, and the low quality of evidence from meta-analyses. The positive result of vitamin D on FCP is preliminary, requiring further investigation.

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BACKGROUND: To investigate if maternal body mass index, diabetes and hypertension are associated with orofacial clefts. METHODS: Case-control study. Information from 53,188 live births with and without orofacial cleft registered at USA Vital Statistics Natality Birth Data between 2017 and 2021. Case group consisted of all affected live births diagnosed with orofacial clefts (13,297 cases). Comparison group consisted of 39,891 live births without clefts or any other congenital malformation. Information about orofacial cleft cases were compared with the comparison group. The unadjusted and adjusted Odds Ratios were estimated to evaluate the strength of association between mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal diabetes and hypertension and orofacial cleft occurrence, assuming a p value < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (95% C.I.) for statistically significant differences. RESULTS: Mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal diabetes and maternal hypertension are conditions associated with an increased risk of orofacial cleft development in the child (OR = 1.08, p = 0.004, 95% C.I. = 1.024-1.149; OR = 1.32, 95%, p = 0.000, 95% C.I. = 1.202-1.444; and OR = 1.35, p = 0.000, 95% C.I. = 1.239-1.484; respectively). Maternal ethnicity, sex of infant, and cigarette smoking pregnancy remained as covariates after adjustments in all logistic regression models. CONCLUSION: Due to the increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, and also to their association with congenital malformations, such as clefts, it is recommended that mothers planning to become pregnant to follow healthy habits, maintain healthy weight, and be screened for possible diabetes or hypertension prior to conception and early in pregnancy.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Considering the ability of the health and self-management in diabetes questionnaire (HASMID-10) to verify the impact of self-management on diabetes, we highlight its relevance to scientific research and clinical applicability. However, to date, no study has been conducted to scientifically support its use in other languages. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the HASMID-10 into the Brazilian Portuguese. DESIGN AND SETTING: A translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation study conducted at Ceuma University. METHODS: Study was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures and Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments. We included participants of both sexes diagnosed with diabetes, aged between 18 and 64 years, and without cognitive deficits or any other limitations that would prevent them from answering the questionnaire. We assessed participants using the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale and HASMID-10. We assessed reliability using a test-retest model with a 7-day interval between assessments. We used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% confidence interval (CI), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable difference (MDD), Spearman correlation coefficient, and floor and ceiling effects. RESULTS: Sample comprised 116 participants, most of whom were women, overweight, non-practitioners of physical activity, and nonsmokers. We observed significant correlations (P = 0.006; rho = −0.256) between the HASMID-10 and PAID, adequate reliability (ICC = 0.780) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.796). No ceiling or floor effects were observed. CONCLUSION: HASMID-10 has adequate measurement properties and may be used for Brazilians.

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Purpose: To determine the effect of gallic acid or its combination with glibenclamide on some biochemical markers and histology of the cornea of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: Following induction of diabetes, 24 male albino rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. Groups 1 and 2 (control and diabetic) received rat pellets and distilled water; group 3 (gallic acid) received rat pellets and gallic acid (10 mg/kg, orally) dissolved in the distilled water; and group 4 (gallic acid + glibenclamide) received rat pellets, gallic acid (10 mg/kg, orally), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, orally) dissolved in the distilled water. The treatments were administered for three months after which the rats were sacrificed after an overnight fast. Blood and sera were collected for the determination of biochemical parameters, while their eyes were excised for histology. Results: STZ administration to the rats induced insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, microprotenuria, loss of weight, oxidative stress, inflammation, and alteration of their cornea histology, which was abolished following supplementation with gallic acid or its combination with glibenclamide. Conclusions: The study showed the potentials of gallic acid and glibenclamide in mitigating systemic complication and histological changes in the cornea of diabetic rats induced with STZ.

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