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We review the negative impacts of vinasse, a byproduct of alcohol distillation, on Brazil's freshwater ecosystems. We found a total of 37 pollution events between the years 1935 and 2023, with this number almost certainly an underestimate due to underreporting and/or unassessed events. Pollution by vinasse occurred both through accidents (e.g., tank failure) and deliberately (i.e., opening of floodgates), although in many cases the causes remain undetermined. All pollution events caused fish kills, with some records reporting negative effects on other organisms as well (i.e., crustaceans and reptiles). Pollution by vinasse, and associated negative effects, was reported for 11 states, with a notable number of cases in São Paulo. Most cases of vinasse pollution and negative impacts on biodiversity were recorded in rivers, followed by streams and reservoirs. Some of the affected river systems harbour threatened freshwater fishes. Hydrological connectivity means that pollution could have propagated along watercourses. Given these consequences of vinasse pollution on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services, we recommend a number of remedial actions.

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Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is an important index of ocean systems. In this study, spatiotemporal variations in DO were analyzed in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGM) for the period of 1992-2017. Temporal variation involves annual, monthly, and seasonal variations. The spatial scope ranged from the sea surface to 1000 m depth. The results show that: (1) DO decreased from 1992 to 2017 with a brief increase; (2) clear seasonal variation characteristics of DO were presented, and the seasonal average DO was relatively low in summer; (3) the monthly average trends of sea surface DO in different years were relatively consistent; and (4) with increasing water depth from seawater surface to 1000 m, the average DO of 1992 to 2017 tended to decrease and then increase. The results aim at shedding some light on the assessment of DO change in the NGM over the past quarter century.

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The molecule (2S)-naringenin is a scaffold molecule with several nutraceutical properties. Currently, (2S)-naringenin is obtained through chemical synthesis and plant isolation. However, these methods have several drawbacks. Thus, heterologous biosynthesis has emerged as a viable alternative to its production. Recently, (2S)-naringenin production studies in Escherichia coli have used different tools to increase its yield up to 588 mg/L. In this study, we designed and assembled a bio-factory for (2S)-naringenin production. Firstly, we used several parametrized algorithms to identify the shortest pathway for producing (2S)-naringenin in E. coli, selecting the genes phenylalanine ammonia lipase (pal), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4cl), chalcone synthase (chs), and chalcone isomerase (chi) for the biosynthetic pathway. Then, we evaluated the effect of oxygen transfer on the production of (2S)-naringenin at flask (50 mL) and bench (4 L culture) scales. At the flask scale, the agitation rate varied between 50 rpm and 250 rpm. At the bench scale, the dissolved oxygen was kept constant at 5% DO (dissolved oxygen) and 40% DO, obtaining the highest (2S)-naringenin titer (3.11 ± 0.14 g/L). Using genome-scale modeling, gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR) of oxygen-sensitive genes was obtained.

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The dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the hypolimnion of lakes and reservoirs can reach anoxic conditions, which favor the release of phosphorus from the sediment bed to the water column. However, to estimate nutrient release from sediment is extremely important to quantify the duration of anoxia. In low latitude regions, the water-sediment layer is warmer than in temperate regions and eutrophication is usually more severe, potentially accelerating oxygen depletion and extending the anoxia period. Considering that the available equations to quantify the duration of anoxia were developed for temperate lakes, there is a need to effectively quantify this period in lakes and reservoirs located in other climate regions, such as the semiarid. In this study, the dynamics of thermal stratification was analyzed as a function of the Relative Water Column Stability coefficient (RWCS) and then correlated with DO dynamics for nineteen tropical semiarid reservoirs. RWCS values were higher during the rainy season, when anoxia duration was longer and the hypolimnion was thicker with respect to total water depth. Then, two new equations for quantification of anoxia duration, based on the equation originally developed for temperate climate, were adapted for the wet and dry seasons of the tropical semiarid region. The results showed that the proposed equations presented a better performance compared to the original one, which tends to underestimate anoxia in tropical semiarid reservoirs. This work intended to provide simple and locally adjusted tools to better quantify anoxic events and support the water quality and internal phosphorus load modeling for tropical semiarid reservoirs.

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Due to dissolved oxygen (DO) limited nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands (CWs), two representative oxygen-suppling CWs, i.e., tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) and intermittently aerated constructed wetlands (IACWs) were proposed to compare the effect of oxygen supply strategies on the nitrogen removal performance and mechanism. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and COD in IACWs were as high as 90.35-97.14% and 91.14-92.44%, respectively. In terms of TN, TFCWs (83.82%) showed a significantly higher removal efficiency than IACWs, and this result was derived with the flooded/drained phase (FP/DP) ratio of 21 h:3 h in TFCWs, because rhythmic FP and DP formed a high oxygen gradient at different depths of the system, which intensified the nitrification and denitrification simultaneously. The potential nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Nitrospira, Azospira, Haliangium, Bradyrhizobium and Arenimonas) were enriched more significantly in TFCWs compared with IACWs, as well as Bacillus for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, which promoted nitrogen transformation together. Also, the results of molecular ecological network analysis showed that bacterial community structure in IACWs was more complex and robust than in TFCWs, because there were obviously more nodes and links as well as a higher proportion of negative interference. However, the relationship between genera in TFCWs was closer depending on shorter path distances, and the keystone genus (Nitrosomonas) in related to nitrification was considered to play an important role in nitrogen transformation performance.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of an ultrafine bubble generator of own manufacture for oxygenation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) breeding tanks in a recirculating water system. The research was divided into two steps: 1) oxygen saturation test; 2) application of ultrafine bubble production technology for the breeding of Nile tilapia. In the first step, the water of a 2.0 m3 test tank was completely deoxygenated and the ultrafine bubble generator was turned on for 60 min. In the second step, the generator was connected to the water recirculating system for breeding of Nile tilapia to compare the overall performance of this system with other under conventional aeration system. The ultrafine bubble generator could reach 100% oxygen saturation in the test tank (27.8 °C) in approximately 21 min and, at the end of 60 min, the concentration was 21.8 mg L-1 (277.52% saturation). The results showed significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean dissolved oxygen concentration in the treatment with ultrafine bubbles (9.80 ±3.68 mg L-1) and the treatment with conventional aeration (3.47 ± 0.88 mg L-1). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found for the zootechnical performance parameters evaluated. The conclusion was that the ultrafine bubble generator is more efficient to maintain a high dissolved oxygen concentration in the recirculating water in Nile tilapia breeding tanks than the conventional aeration system

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a utilização do gerador de bolhas ultrafinas (fabricação própria) para oxigenação de tanques de criação de tilápia do Nilo em sistema de recirculação de água. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: 1) teste de saturação de oxigênio; 2) aplicação da tecnologia de produção de bolhas ultrafinas na criação da tilápia do Nilo. Na primeira, a água de um tanque teste (2,0 m³) foi completamente desoxigenada e o gerador de bolhas ultrafinas acionado por um período de 60 min. Na segunda, o gerador foi ligado a um sistema de recirculação para criação de tilápia para comparar o desempenho geral desse sistema ao de outro no qual utilizou-se aeração convencional. O gerador de bolhas ultrafinas foi capaz de atingir 100% de saturação de oxigênio no tanque teste (27,8 °C) em aproximadamente 21 min e, ao final de 60 min, a concentração foi 21,8 mg/L (saturação 277,52%). Foi observada diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre a concentração média de oxigênio dissolvido no tratamento com bolhas ultrafinas (9,80 ± 3,68 mg/L) e o tratamento com aeração convencional (3,47 ± 0,88 mg/L). Não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico avaliados. Pode-se concluir que o gerador de bolhas ultrafinas é mais eficiente em manter alta a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido em tanques de criação de tilápia em sistema de recirculação de água quando comparado ao sistema convencional de aeração

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The aim of this work was to assess effect of saturated constructed wetland-Microbial fuel cell system on dissolved oxygen gradient, electricity generation and ammonium removal. Two laboratory-scale systems, one planted with Schoenoplectus californicus (SCW1-MFC) and other without plant (SCW2-MFC), were fed discontinuously with synthetic wastewater over 90 days. Both systems were operated at different organic loading rate (12 and 28 g COD/m2d) and ammonium loading rate (1.6 and 3.0 g NH4+- N/m2 d) under open circuit and close circuit mode. The results indicate that between lower and upper zones of wetlands the average values were in the range of 1.22 ± 0.32 to 1.39 ± 0.27 mg O2/L in SCW1-MFC and 1.28 ± 0.24 to 1.56 ± 0.31 mg O2/L in SCW2-MFC. The effect of operating mode (closed and open circuit) and vegetation on DO was not significant (p > 0.05). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies, fluctuated between 90 and 95% in the SCW1-MFC and 82 and 94% in the SCW2-MFC system. Regarding NH4+- N, removal efficiencies were above 85% in both systems reaching values maximus 98%. The maximum power density generated was 4 and 10 mW/m2 in SCW1-MFC, while SCW2-MFC recorded the highest values (12 and 22 mW/m2).

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This paper proposes and develops a protocol for measuring the aerobic granulation potential of sludge, aiming to provide an affordable and simple alternative that can facilitate the development of aerobic granulation technology. In this sense, the protocol comprises a set of parameters and considerations that interact to create a controlled environment and stimulate cell population clustering. All of this is done in the context of procedural simplicity, low cost, and the speed at which results are obtained. The protocol is essentially a three-stage method: preparation of the substrate, adaptation of the inoculum, and implementation of the protocol. Simple parameters were measured to evaluate the granulation process: SVI, settling velocity, and morphological parameters. The protocol was validated according to optimal ranges and criteria previously established in the literature. For this purpose, an activated sludge inoculum from a domestic wastewater treatment plant was submitted to the protocol, obtaining an optimal response of the biomass (SVI5 =13.90 mL g-1, settling velocity= 25,79 m h-1, Diameter > 0.2 mm) in a relatively short time (7 d). The results show that this protocol can constitute a tool for evaluation and decision-making using traditional laboratory equipment and is applicable at different scales.

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Resumen Al implementar la tecnología biofloc, la aireación es uno de los problemas para obtener buenos resultados productivos, por tanto, el objetivo fue comparar la eficiencia de la tubería PVC y manguera difusora, como sistema de aireación en cultivos con biofloc y dos niveles de proteína. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial con cuatro tratamientos, tres réplicas cada uno, con los dos sistemas de aireación y dos niveles de proteína bruta (PB) en el alimento balanceado en producciones de camarón Litopenaeus vannamei, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: para el tratamiento uno (T1) se utilizó tubería PVC y 28% de PB; para T2, manguera difusora y 22% de PB; para T3, manguera difusora y 28% de PB; para T4, tubería PVC y 22% de PB, todos producidos con biofloc. Las variables peso, talla, alimentación y el factor tratamiento influencian significativamente en la concentración de oxígeno disuelto (OD, mg/l) en la tarde, T1 es el que mejor se comportó en la tarde y T3 en la mañana. El tratamiento con menor sedimentación a los 20 y 30 minutos en la prueba de cono Imhoff fue T4 y el de mayor sedimentación fue el T3. No hubo diferencia significativa en la supervivencia entre tratamientos, los niveles de proteína sí influencian en las concentraciones del OD. El uso de tubería PVC aporta en el incremento de peso y de la concentración de OD en relación al sistema de manguera difusora con el 22% y 28% de proteína bruta.

Abstract When implementing biofloc technology, aeration is one of the problems to obtain good productive results, therefore, the objective was to compare the efficiency of PVC pipe and diffuser hose, as an aeration system in crops with biofloc and two levels of protein. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was applied with four treatments with three replicates each, with the two aeration systems and with two levels of crude protein (CP) in the balanced feed in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp productions, distributors of the following way, for treatment one (T1) PVC pipes and 28% PB were achieved; for T2, diffuser hose and 22% PB; for T3, diffuser hose and 28% PB; for T4, PVC pipe and 22% PB, produced with biofloc. The variables weight, height, feeding and the treatment factor significantly influence the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/l) in the afternoon. T1 is the one that behaves best in the afternoon and T3 in the morning, the treatment with the lowest sedimentation at 20 and 30 minutes in the Imhoff cone test was T4 and the highest sedimentation was T3. There was no significant difference in survival between treatments, protein levels did influence OD concentrations. The use of PVC pipe provides an increase in weight and DO concentration in relation to the diffuser hose system with 22% and 28% crude protein.

Resumo Ao implementar a tecnologia de bioflocos, a aeração é um dos problemas para obter bons resultados produtivos, portanto, objetivou-se comparar a eficiência do tubo de PVC e da mangueira difusora, como sistema de aeração em lavouras com bioflocos e dois níveis de proteína. Foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial com quatro tratamentos com três repetições cada, com os dois sistemas de aeração e com dois níveis de proteína bruta (PB) na ração balanceada em produções de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei, distribuidores da seguinte forma, para tratamento com tubo de PVC (T1) e PB de 28%; para T2, mangueira difusora e PB 22%; para T3, mangueira difusora e PB 28%; para T4, tubo de PVC e PB 22%, produzido com biofloco. As variáveis peso, altura, alimentação e o fator de tratamento influenciam significativamente na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD, mg/l) no período da tarde, T1 é o que apresenta melhor desempenho no período da tarde e T3 no período da manhã, tratamento com menor sedimentação aos 20 e 30 minutos no teste do cone de Imhoff foi T4 e a maior sedimentação foi T3. Não houve diferença significativa na sobrevivência entre os tratamentos, os níveis de proteína influenciaram as concentrações de DO. A utilização de tubo de PVC proporciona um aumento de peso e concentração de OD em relação ao sistema de mangueiras difusoras com 22% e 28% de proteína bruta.

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Coastal aquatic ecosystems such as estuaries and coastal lagoons are important atmospheric methane sources that must be better constrained. This work presents a detailed characterization of the methane cycle in a tropical coastal lagoon (La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico) and its tributary river over three distinct seasons, along a transect from the river to the sea connection. In addition to several physicochemical parameters, the dissolved methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations were measured with high resolution in the sediments and the water column, combined with production/uptake rates. Methane and carbon dioxide cycles were further constrained by determining atmospheric flux over the entire river and lagoon sections. The results indicate that La Mancha is a highly contrasted ecosystem. The river section is characterized by a strong pycnocline, relatively high methane concentration, and active methanogenesis and methanotrophy, discharging into a relatively homogeneous lagoon section where the methane and carbon cycles are less active. Overall, both the river and the lagoon were a net source of methane and carbon dioxide, with an annual emission of 2.9 metric tons of methane and 2757 metric tons of carbon dioxide. The spatial structure of the main components of the methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen cycles was established, and it was observed that depthwise heterogeneities predominated in the river section. In contrast, lengthwise heterogeneities dominated in the lagoon section.

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