RESUMO
This study assessed the occurrence of five antibiotics, three hormones, caffeine, and long and short-chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and feedstuff samples obtained from aquaculture cages in Três Marias reservoir in Brazil. This is the first work to evaluate the presence of PFAS in surface water used for aquaculture in Brazil. Solid-phase extraction and low temperature partitioning extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed to process and analyze surface water samples and feedstuff, respectively. The ecotoxicological risk quotient was calculated for target compounds detected in water. Ciprofloxacin and caffeine were detected in all surface water samples. Pharmaceutical drugs ranged from 0.7 ng L-1 (trimethoprim) to 389.2 ng L -1 (ß-estradiol). Estrone (10.24 ng g-1) and ß-estradiol (66.20 ng g-1) were also found in feedstuff. Four PFASs (PFOA, PFDoA, PFTeDA, and PFBS) were detected (9.40-15.2 µg L-1) at levels higher than reported in studies conducted worldwide. Ecotoxicological risk assessment indicated high risks for caffeine and PFOA, PFDoA, and PFTeDA with RQ values from 10 to 103. These findings reveal risks to biodiversity, ecosystem integrity and human health considering possible intake of these contaminants by fish consumption due to potential bioaccumulation of these substances. Hence, it is critical to conduct more studies in this direction in Brazil and other low and middle-low-income countries.
Assuntos
Ácidos Alcanossulfônicos , Ciclídeos , Fluorocarbonos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Animais , Água/análise , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Antibacterianos/análise , Ácidos Alcanossulfônicos/análise , Cafeína/análise , Ecossistema , Estradiol/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Fluorocarbonos/análiseRESUMO
A freshwater snail assay was employed to assess the embryotoxicity of solvents including acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dimethyl-sulfoxide, glycerin, metals/metalloids including mercuric chloride (HgCl2), cadmium chloride (CdCl2,), antimony salts Sb+3 and Sb+5, drugs including colchicine, hydroxyurea, cyclophosphamide, an industrial chemical sodium azide (SA), an anionic surfactant dodecyl sodium sulfate-(DSS), H2O2 and sodium chloride (NaCl). The assay consists of exposing Biomphalaria glabrata egg masses (EM) to the substances for 96-hr and following up embryo/snail development for lethality, abnormal morphology (teratogenicity), and day of hatching up to day 10 or 14 after spawning. Based upon concentration-response relationships, LC50%s (embryolethality), EC50%s (teratogenicity) and IC50%s (hatching retardation) and 95%CIs were determined for tested chemicals. The LOECs indicated that HgCl2 (37 nM) and CdCl2 (140 nM) are potent embryotoxic agents in snails. Teratogenic indices (TI = LC50/EC50) for almost all tested chemicals were lower than or close to unity suggesting that these compounds were not teratogenic in this assay. The snail assay may be adequately performed in a cost-effective standardized protocol which enables testing a number of environmental chemicals over a broad concentration range. The snail assay needs to undergo further validation to be recognized for an internationally harmonized hazard identification in ecotoxicity risk assessment.