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Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are tools for promoting healthy eating habits. For the population of children under two years old in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), there is a lack of reviews analyzing the quality of these guidelines. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate publicly available FBDGs for the population under two years old in LAC until mid-2023. Guidelines aimed at caregivers of children were included, sourced from government websites in LAC countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) portal. Documents targeted at healthcare professionals were excluded. For qualitative analysis, the Agree II guidelines assessment tool and the FAO guide principles for developing healthy and sustainable diets were used. The results showed that more recently released and revised FBDGs with a greater number of pages obtained better scores in both assessments. Additionally, out of the 32 LAC countries, only 13 had these FBDGs available on websites for public access. As a limitation, this study faced challenges in standardizing the searches on government websites. The authors emphasize the need to develop FBDGs for the population under two years old that align with current health and sustainability needs and promote health education.

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In the Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs), food classification is based on food groups and nutrient sources. Much research has already investigated multiple aspects of consumer understanding of the information described in these documents. However, no study has evaluated consumer understanding of all food items contained in the groups described in the FBDGs. This study aimed to assess Brazilian consumers' understanding of food classification according to food groups in the concepts of the FBDGs. Therefore, an instrument, Consumer Understanding of Food Groups (UFG), was constructed and validated to assess consumer understanding of food groups. The instrument comprised 44 items approved by experts (agreement > 80%). A total of 894 Brazilians from all regions participated in this study. The results suggest that 48.9% of the participants believe it is easier to classify food according to food groups. The classification of food groups is based on the origin of the food (animal and vegetable). Although consumers easily recognize foods according to their origin, we still identify asymmetries regarding including food items from the animal kingdom and species from the plant kingdom. This exploratory study highlights important information that can contribute to improving the FBDGs. It is essential to consider consumers' understanding and guide them regarding choices from a technical point of view.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the dietary guidelines presented as the Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). The FBDG classify foods according to their origin, nature, nutrient source, food group, and processing level. Food science and technology (FST) ranks food according to its origin, perishability, nutrient source, processing, food group, and formulation. This paper aimed to compare the convergence points for food classification according to the FBDG and FST. This study was carried out in two phases. The first step was identifying the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). For each of the FBDG, food items were grouped as fruits, vegetables, cereals, sugars, fat and oils, legumes, foods from animals, dairy products, and others. The second step aimed to identify and describe the different food classification systems. The search was performed on PubMed®, Science Direct, and Web of Science and websites of international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Codex Alimentarius. Our results show that the points of convergence between the classifications were the classification in terms of origin (animal and vegetable), nutrient sources, and food groups. However, inconsistencies were observed for the distribution of food items in each group in the 98 surveyed FBDG. As for nature, there was a convergence for in natura, minimally processed, and processed foods. However, the criteria adopted for minimally processed and processed foods described in the FBDG differ from those considered by the FST. FST also does not recognize the classification of foods concerning the level of processing.

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Food guides are official documents that guide consumers' food choices. They inform the qualitative classification of food groups and messages on how to adopt a healthy diet. The classifications and nomenclatures adopted in these documents vary according to cultural, nutritional, and scientific criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the understanding of Brazilian consumers regarding food classification according to the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population (FGBP) concepts. An instrument was constructed to assess consumer understanding. It was named "Understanding of the Level of Processing of Food" (ULPF) and validated according to the concepts of constructs presented by psychometrics such as the Delphi methodology. The instrument was composed of 36 items approved by experts (concordance > 80% and with good internal consistency). A total of 2333 Brazilians from all regions participated in the study. The results suggest that food classification according to the level of processing was difficult for participants to understand. About 85% of them did not understand or did not know the definitions and classification of food and preparations according to food and science technology (FST) and the FGBP. More than 50% of the participants believed that it was easier to classify food according to food groups.

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Las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA) son un instrumento nacional de educación nutricional destinadas a la población general. En el contexto de alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, relacionadas con dietas inadecuadas, buscan contribuir a alcanzar mejores estándares de alimentación. En el contexto americano, de alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, las GABA forman parte de un conjunto de políticas gubernamentales para combatir estos problemas. El objetivo de este ensayo fue realizar un análisis comparativo de las GABA en nueve países americanos: Canadá, Chile, Estados Unidos, México, Paraguay, Colombia, Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina. Para la comparación se seleccionaron siete dimensiones generales: política, metodología, participación, mensajes, aspectos socioculturales, aspectos ambientales, y de implementación y evaluación, a partir de las recomendaciones para la elaboración de las GABA de organismos internacionales (FAO-OMS). Los resultados revelaron brechas en las guías de los países estudiados, destacando Brasil como uno de los países que pone mayor atención a la participación y a la incorporación de factores socioculturales en la producción de su documento. Mientras que Chile elude elementos como el género, el acceso y disponibilidad, la diversidad cultural, la sostenibilidad y los entornos alimentarios. Con guías alimentarias que abordan escasamente la propuesta FAO-OMS, es de esperar que en una futura actualización se consideren las dimensiones propuestas en un formato de desarrollo basado en la participación ciudadana, intersectorial y de expertos/as, fortaleciendo los aspectos socioculturales y ambientales(AU)

The Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (GABA) are a national instrument of nutritional education aimed at the general population. In the context of the high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases, related to inadequate diets, they seek to contribute to achieving better food standards. In the American context, with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, GABAs are part of a set of government policies to fight against these problems. The objective of this trial was to perform a comparative analysis of GABA in nine American countries: Canada, Chile, the United States, Mexico, Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Seven general dimensions were selected for comparison: policy, methodology, participation, messages, sociocultural aspects, environmental aspects and, implementation and evaluation-, based on the recommendations for the elaboration of the GABA of international organizations (FAO-WHO). The results revealed gaps in the guidelines of the countries studied, highlighting Brazil as one of those that pay the most attention to participation and the incorporation of sociocultural factors in the production of its document. While Chile avoids elements such as gender, access and availability, cultural diversity, sustainability and food environments. With dietary guidelines that barely address the FAO-WHO proposal, it is expected that in a future update, the proposed dimensions will be considered in a development format based on citizen, intersectoral and expert participation, strengthening socio-cultural and environmental aspects(AU)

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Resumo Este artigo analisa as dimensões sociais e culturais da alimentação abordadas nas diretrizes alimentares da segunda edição do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (GAPB), contrapondo-o com a sua primeira edição. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo. Empregamos a análise de discurso Pecheutiana. O universo de estudo são a primeira e a segunda edição do GAPB. A análise dos dados utilizou três etapas: identificação de textos similares e diferentes dos materiais; elucidação das dimensões sociais e culturais da alimentação nos materiais; e análise sistemática com contraposição dos discursos emergentes em ambos os GAPBs. Enfatizamos que na segunda edição os referenciais teóricos - estudos epidemiológicos, clínicos, sociológicos, antropológicos e saberes populares - e a utilização da classificação de alimentos NOVA favoreceram o desenvolvimento de diretrizes alimentares mais holísticas que abordam os padrões de alimentação e refeição, as práticas culinárias, o ato de comer e a comensalidade. Conclui-se que a segunda edição do GAPB possibilita aos profissionais de saúde e à população uma compreensão do alimento enquanto parte concreta da vida dos indivíduos e coletividade, extrapolando sua dimensão fisiológica e biológica.

Abstract This article analyzes the social and cultural dimensions of food addressed in the dietary guidelines of the second edition of the Dietary Guideline for the Brazilian Population (DGBP) in contrast to its first edition. This is a qualitative study. We employ the Pecheutian discourse analysis. The study universe is the first and second edition of DGBP. Data analysis used three steps: identification of similar and different texts of these materials; elucidation of the social and cultural dimensions of food in these materials; and systematic analysis with contrasting emerging discourses in both DGBPs. We emphasize that in the second edition the theoretical references—epidemiological, clinical, sociological, anthropological studies, and popular knowledge—and the use of the NOVA food classification favored the development of more holistic dietary guidelines that address food and eating patterns, culinary practices, the act of eating and the commensality. It is concluded that the second editions of DGPB allows health professionals and the population an understanding of food as something concrete in the life of individuals and collectivity, extrapolating its physiological and biological dimension.

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Fruits and vegetables are essential for healthy life. We examined the fruits and vegetables consumption by 240 caregivers and their children aged 1-17 years in peri-urban Lima, and the ways that they were incorporated into local cuisine. A randomized cross-sectional household survey collected information on the weight of all foods eaten the previous day (24 h) including fruits and vegetables, their preparation and serving sizes. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low and very variable: fruit intake was mean 185.2 ± 171.5 g day-1 , median 138 g day-1 for caregivers and 203.6 ± 190.6 g day-1 and 159 g day-1 for children, vegetable intake was mean 116.9 ± 94.0 g day-1 median 92 g day-1 for caregivers, mean 89.3 ± 84.7 g day-1 median 60 g day-1 for children. Only 23.8% of children and 26.2% of caregivers met the recommended ≥400 g of fruit or vegetable/day. Vegetables were mainly eaten either as ingredients of the main course recipe, eaten by about 80% of caregivers and children, or as salads eaten by 47% of caregivers and 42% of children. Fruits were most commonly eaten as whole fresh fruits eaten by 68% of caregivers and 75% of children. In multivariate analysis of the extent to which different presentations contributed to daily fruit and vegetable consumption, main courses contributed most to determining vegetable intake for caregivers, and for children, main course and salads had similar contributions. For fruit intake, the amount eaten as whole fruit determined total fruit and total fruit plus vegetable intake for both caregivers and children. Local cuisine should be considered in interventions to promote fruit and vegetable consumption. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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The Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) are educational tools that help people to select appropriate foods for good nutrition and health. Most countries have FBDG's, but its dissemination and implementation have shown weaknesses. This paper presents the development process and validation of the 2012 FBDG for the Chilean population. The latest scientific evidence was reviewed and new messages were validated with METAPLAN, a qualitative-quantitative method for problem analysis applied to information gathered with 48 focus groups from Arica, Santiago and Chillán-Concepción. The messages promote consumption of healthy foods, focusing on critical nutrients (sugar, saturated fats, sodium) and energy intake reduction. Final version of the messages considered comments and suggestions from participants and from two expert panels. Its implementation should include promotion strategies that involve the Ministry of Health, Education, Agriculture, universities, industry and mass media, in order to achieve changes in feeding behavior in the most vulnerable segments of the Chilean population.

Las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA), son instrumentos educativos que ayudan a la población a seleccionar alimentos apropiados para una buena nutrición y salud. La mayoría de los países tienen GABA, pero su difusión e implementación presentan grandes debilidades. Se presenta el proceso para la formulación y validación de las GABA 2012 para la población chilena. Se revisó la evidencia científica reciente y se validaron los mensajes con el Metaplán, método para el análisis de problemas, con 48 grupos focales en Arica, Santiago y Chillán-Concepción. Los mensajes promueven el consumo de alimentos saludables, un menor consumo de energía y de nutrientes críticos. En los mensajes definitivos se incorporó los comentarios y sugerencias de los participantes y de 2 paneles de expertos. Su implementación debería incorporar estrategias de promoción de los Ministerios de Salud, Educación, Agricultura, universidades, la industria y los medios masivos, para lograr cambios en el comportamiento alimentario de los segmentos más vulnerables de la población chilena.

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Al formular las guías alimentarias 2005 para la población chilena se consideró tanto la situación epidemiológica actual como la experiencia obtenida de las primeras guías alimentarias del país publicadas en 1997. Las guías actuales incluyen mensajes técnicos elaborados por un comité de expertos, y una propuesta elaborada con el apoyo de comunicadores sociales, para hacerlos más atractivos y comprensibles a la población. Este artículo plantea las oportunidades que ofrecen los programas gubernamentales, el desarrollo de productos más saludables por la industria alimentaria y el interés de los medios por la alta prevalencia de obesidad, para la difusión de los mensajes de las guías. Señala como desafío la necesidad de incorporar estrategias de marketing social, utilizadas con éxito en países desarrollados, para mejorar la efectividad de las intervenciones en las que se utilizan las Guías Alimentarias. El marketing social es considerado un enfoque útil para los nutricionistas y profesionales de salud en sus actividades en salud pública.

The food based dietary guidelines (FBDG) from Chile development in 2005, considered the update epidemiological data and experiences from de first version published in 1997. The actual FBDG includes technical communication prepared by a committee of experts who were supported by mass media communication professionals in order to make the information more attractive and understandable by general population. This article pretend to point out the strategy dissemination of the FBDG, found in government programs, food industry healthy alternative products, and the interest of mass media because of the high prevalence of obesity, and also to identify challenging social marketing strategies implemented in developed countries which nutritionist and health professionals using FBDG could apply in nutritional interventions.

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