RESUMO
We report a case of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient in Argentina. Spores were visualized in feces using Calcofluor White and modified trichrome stainings. PCR and sequencing identified E. bieneusi genotype D in fecal samples and liver samples, confirming extraintestinal dissemination of the parasite.
Assuntos
Enterocytozoon , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Criança , Argentina/epidemiologia , Enterocytozoon/genética , Transplantados , Fezes , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype D (HBV/D) is the most extensively distributed genotype worldwide with distinct molecular and epidemiological features. This report provides an up-to-date review on the history of HBV/D subgenotyping and misclassifications, along with large-scale analysis of over 1000 HBV/D complete genome sequences, with the aim of gaining a thorough understanding of the global prevalence and geographic distribution of HBV/D subgenotypes. We have additionally explored recent paleogenomic findings, which facilitated the detection of HBV/D genomes dating back to the late Iron Age and provided new perspectives on the origins of modern HBV/D strains. Finally, reports on distinct disease outcomes and responses to antiviral therapy among HBV/D subgenotypes are discussed, further highlighting the complexity of this genotype and the importance of HBV subgenotyping in the management and treatment of hepatitis B.
RESUMO
The distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Saudi Arabia is largely unknown. To the best of our knowledge there are no data available about HBV genotypes in southwestern region of the country. This study aimed to determine the epidemiologic distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic hepatitis B patients in southwestern region, and to verify possible correlations between these genotypes and the clinical symptoms. A total of 160 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection were enrolled in this study. Sera were tested for liver function tests, hepatitis B virus markers and DNA load by standard procedures. HBV genotyping was performed by 2-tube nested PCR for determination of six genotypes (A-F). Genotype D was the most common, found in 135 (84.4%) patients, followed by A (18; 11.3%) and E (7; 4.3%). The rate of HBeAg positivity in genotype D patients was significantly lower compared with that in genotype A and E patients (p=0.01). There was no significant association between HBV genotypes and age, gender, liver function tests, or HBV DNA load. Genotypes D and E were predominant in chronic hepatitis B patients in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Awareness of hepatitis B virus serologic and genotypic patterns might help in the formulation of management plans, predicting clinical outcomes and updating prevention strategies.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Genótipo , Hepatite B Crônica/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Arábia Saudita/epidemiologiaRESUMO
O sarampo é uma doença exantemática viral, altamente infecciosa, causada por um vírus da família Paramyxoviridae, gênero Morbillivirus que, apesar de estar disponível uma vacina, segura e eficaz contra a doença, esta ainda constitui uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade infantil em muitos países em desenvolvimento. Embora exista apenas um tipo antigênico do vírus do sarampo, estudos de caracterização genética dos vírus de tipo selvagem permitiram a identificação oito subtipos (A-H) e 24 genótipos. O Brasil eliminou a transmissão autóctone do vírus do sarampo a partir do ano 2000. A partir de então foram confirmados vários casos de sarampo importados ou relacionados a importações, principalmente do genótipo D4. A epidemiologia molecular dos vírus do sarampo baseada nas análises da região C-terminal da nucleoproteína tem demonstrado uma diversidade limitada entre as cepas circulantes, dificultando dessa forma a determinação da origem dos vírus usando apenas essa região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente os genótipos D4 dos vírus do sarampo detectados no Brasil no período de 2003 a 2012, e para tal, as sequências da proteína H completa e do gene N parcial foram analisadas. Os casos positivos para o genótipo D4 foram previamente identificados pela amplificação dos 450nt da região C-terminal da proteína N por RT-PCR, as sequências completas do gene H destas amostras foram diretamente amplificadas por RT-PCR a partir das amostras clínicas e posteriormente sequenciado.As análises filogenéticas da sequência de nucleotídeos do gene N e do gene H completomos traram que os vírus do sarampo genótipo D4 detectados no Brasil podem ser resultado de várias importações de diferentes variantes do mesmo genótipo que circulam na Europa. Foram identificadas mutações nas sequências de aminoácidos tantodo gene N parcial como do gene H completo dos genótipos D4 dos vírus do sarampo detectados no Brasil...
Measles is a highly infectious viral exanthem of the family Paramyxoviridae, genusMorbillivirus. Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, measles infectioncontinues to be an important cause of infantile morbidity and mortality in developingcountries. Although there is only one antigenic type of the measles virus, geneticcharacterisation of the wild-type virus identified 8 subtypes (A-H), with a total of 24genotypes being recognised. From 2000, the indigenous transmission of the measlesvirus has been eliminated in Brazil. Since then, several cases of imported measles, orcases associated with importations, were confirmed, principally of genotype D4. Themolecular epidemiology of the measles virus based on analyses of the C-terminal regionof the nucleoprotein has demonstrated a limited diversity between circulating strains,making it difficult to determine the origin of the virus by this genomic region alone. Theobjective of this study was to genetically characterise the D4 genotype of measlesviruses detected in Brazil from 2003 to 2012 by analysing sequences from the completeH gene and partial N gene of the virus. Cases positive for measles genotype D4 werepreviously identified by the amplification of a 450nt of the C-terminal region of the Nprotein by RT-PCR. The complete H gene from these samples was amplified by RTPCRdirectly from clinical samples and subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic analysisof the nucleotide sequences of the N gene and the complete H gene demonstrated thatthe measles D4 genotype detected in Brazil may have been a result of severalimportations of different variants of the same genotype circulating in Europe...