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Objective. In recent years, electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) applied to inner speech classification have gathered attention for their potential to provide a communication channel for individuals with speech disabilities. However, existing methodologies for this task fall short in achieving acceptable accuracy for real-life implementation. This paper concentrated on exploring the possibility of using inter-trial coherence (ITC) as a feature extraction technique to enhance inner speech classification accuracy in EEG-based BCIs.Approach. To address the objective, this work presents a novel methodology that employs ITC for feature extraction within a complex Morlet time-frequency representation. The study involves a dataset comprising EEG recordings of four different words for ten subjects, with three recording sessions per subject. The extracted features are then classified using k-nearest-neighbors (kNNs) and support vector machine (SVM).Main results. The average classification accuracy achieved using the proposed methodology is 56.08% for kNN and 59.55% for SVM. These results demonstrate comparable or superior performance in comparison to previous works. The exploration of inter-trial phase coherence as a feature extraction technique proves promising for enhancing accuracy in inner speech classification within EEG-based BCIs.Significance. This study contributes to the advancement of EEG-based BCIs for inner speech classification by introducing a feature extraction methodology using ITC. The obtained results, on par or superior to previous works, highlight the potential significance of this approach in improving the accuracy of BCI systems. The exploration of this technique lays the groundwork for further research toward inner speech decoding.

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Although schizophrenia has traditionally been interpreted as a disorder of thought, contemporary perspectives suggest that it may be more appropriate to conceptualize it as a disorder of language connectivity. The linguistic anomalies present in schizophrenia possess distinctive characteristics that, despite certain connections, are not comparable to aphasic disorders. It is proposed that these anomalies are the result of dysfunctions in verbal self-monitoring mechanisms, which may influence other neuropsychological dimensions. This study set out to examine the neuropsychological dimensions associated with alterations in the neural networks of verbal self-monitoring in schizophrenic language, based on the scientific evidence published to date. Exhaustive searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify magnetic resonance studies that evaluated verbal self-monitoring mechanisms in schizophrenia. Of a total of 133 articles identified, 22 were selected for qualitative analysis. The general findings indicated alterations in frontotemporoparietal networks and in systems such as the insula, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, and hippocampus. Despite the heterogeneity of the data, it is concluded that language plays a fundamental role in schizophrenia and that its alterations are linked with other neuropsychological dimensions, particularly emotional and perceptual ones.

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This article reflects on the analyzes and comments of Marioka (2023), Fadeev (2023) and Machková (2023) on the book New Perspectives on Inner Speech (Fossa, 2022a). First, I focus on responding and expanding the ideas presented by the authors, to later integrate the elements highlighted by them. By integrating the reflections and comments of the authors, it is evident that in inner speech there is an intersection between two continua. On the one hand, the control-lack of control continuum and, on the other hand, the diffuse-clear continuum. The level of clarity and control varies permanently during each act of internal speech, accounting for a phenomenon that advances from infinite interiority to infinite exteriority, and vice versa. This complex interaction of two continua - based on the level of control and the level of sharpness - defies empirical applications and demands methodological innovation in research centers interested in the Inexhaustible Experience of the Inner Voice.

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The objective of this work was to develop a comprehensive model of inner mental activity's trajectories. For this purpose, a review of updated research was conducted on the wandering mind topic - a phenomenon that has been recently conceptualized and that has become a focus of interest in cognitive sciences - alongside early psychological postulates on the inner speech phenomenon that were brought back to the surface of scientific literature. In summary, this article presents a reformulation of the spontaneous thought model by Andrews-Hanna et al. (2017), broadening its scope to approach inner mental activity in all its forms and transitions. It is concluded that modern cognitive research has overlooked the full complexity of different types and forms of consciousness' expressions, understanding them as isolated phenomena and sub-dimensioning their trajectories during the flow of experience. This, mainly, due to a scarce incorporation of temporality and morphology to current theoretical models. It is proposed that cognitive acts described in modern research (spontaneous, controlled, involuntary, etc.) are, in synthesis, different symbolic and expressive natures of inner mental activity or thought phenomenon, which current literature has failed to understand as a whole. This article constitutes a contribution to future theoretical and experimental research that seeks out to explore the nature of thought and its development during a cognitive act.

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Abstract Recent studies have suggested that emotion regulation (ER) strategies, such as reappraisal and suppression, rely on the use of verbal thinking. Outside the field of ER, verbal thinking, particularly in the form of inner speech, has been largely linked to behavior and cognitive regulation. However, no article has yet directly addressed the potential role of inner speech in ER. In this study, 180 participants completed a survey that included measures of inner speech usage (Inner Speech Questionnaire), ER difficulties (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale), ER strategy use (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) and symptoms (HADS). Correlational analyses and hierarchical linear regression models were used to explore the potential relationship between inner speech and ER variables. A positive relationship was found between Inner Speech usage and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale overall score. This relationship was, however, heavily mediated by level of symptomatology. As for the ER strategies, only reappraisal presented a significant positive relationship, of medium size, with inner speech usage, which was independent of the level of symptoms. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the current conceptualization of reappraisal as well as its implications for clinical practice.

Resumen Estudios recientes han sugerido que estrategias de regulación emocional (RE) como la re-interpretación y supresión dependen del pensamiento verbal. Fuera del campo de la RE, el pensamiento verbal, como habla interna, ha sido vinculado con la regulación cognitivo/conductual. Sin embargo, a la fecha ningún estudio ha explorado el rol del habla interna en la RE. En esta investigación, 180 sujetos completaron cuestionarios de uso de habla interna (Inner Speech Questionnaire, ISQ), dificultades en la RE (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS), uso de estrategias de RE (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ) y sintomatología (HADS). Se realizaron análisis correlacionales y modelos de regresión lineal para explorar la relación entre habla interna y variables de RE. Una relación positiva fue encontrada entre frecuencia de uso de habla interna y la puntuación global de la escala de dificultades en RE -relación altamente mediada por el nivel de sintomatología. Respecto a las estrategias de RE, solo la reinterpretación presentó una relación positiva y significativa, de tamaño medio, con la frecuencia de uso de habla interna -con independencia del nivel de síntomas. Los resultados de este estudio son discutidos en relación a la conceptualización actual de la re-interpretación así como su relevancia para la práctica clínica.

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Este texto constituye una propuesta teórica sobre la dimensión expresiva del habla interna. Se describe el fenómeno de interés enfatizando la propuesta de Karl Bühler respecto a la expresividad del lenguaje, los estudios de Heinz Werner sobre una dimensión fisionómica-organísmica del lenguaje humano y la aproximación teórico-empírico de Lev Vygotsky respecto al fenómeno del habla interior en la experiencia humana. Se concluye que en algunos pasajes de la obra de Vygotsky están las claves para una comprensión del habla interna expresiva, específicamente en la influencia de la esfera afectivo-volitiva en el desarrollo del pensamiento y de la palabra. Finalmente, se propone una integración de la concepción monológica vygotskyana del lenguaje interior, la noción werneriana del lenguaje fisionómico-organísmico y la propuesta bühleriana de la dimensión expresiva del lenguaje humano, para una comprensión integradora de la expresividad del lenguaje interior.

Cet article est une proposition théorique sur la dimension expressive de la discours intérieur. Le phénomène d'intérêt est décrit à partir de la proposition de Karl Bühler en ce qui concerne l'expressivité du langage ; des études de Heinz Werner sur la dimension physionomique-organiciste du langage humain ; et de l'approche théorique et empirique de Lev Vygotski sur le phénomène du discours intérieur dans l'expérience humaine. On conclut que, dans certains passages de l'œuvre de Vygotsky, plus précisément l'influence de la sphère affective-volitive dans le développement de la pensée et de la langue sont essentiels à la compréhension du discours intérieur expressive. Enfin, on propose une intégration de la conception monologique du discours intérieur de Vygotski, de la notion physionomique-organiciste de Werner du langage, et de la dimension expressive du langage humain de Bühler, pour une compréhension globale de l'expressivité du discours intérieur.

Este artigo é uma proposta teórica sobre a dimensão expressiva do discurso interior. Neste são descritos o fenômeno a partir da proposta de Karl Bühler em relação à expressividade da linguagem; dos estudos de Heinz Werner sobre a dimensão fisionômica-organicista da linguagem humana; e da abordagem teórica e empírica de Lev Vygotsky sobre o fenômeno do discurso interior. Conclui-se que em algumas passagens da obra de Vygotsky são fundamentais para compreender o discurso interior expressivo especificamente a influência da esfera afetiva-volitiva no desenvolvimento do pensamento e da palavra. Por último, propõe-se uma integração da concepção monológica do discurso interior vygotskiano, da noção werneriana sobre a dimensão fisionômico-organicista da linguagem e da proposta bühleriana da dimensão expressiva da linguagem humana, para uma compreensão abrangente da expressividade do discurso interior.

This article is a theoretical proposal about the expressive dimension of inner speech, a phenomenon that emphasizes the Karl Buhler's proposal in relation to the expressiveness of the language; the Heinz Werner´s studies about a physiognomic-organismic dimension of human language and the theoretical and empirical approach of Lev Vygotsky about the phenomenon of inner speech in human experience. It is concluded that some passages of Vygotsky's work are the keys to the comprehension of the expressive inner speech, specifically the influence of affective-volitional sphere in the development of thought and language. Finally, is proposed an integration of Vygotsky's monological conception of the inner speech, the Wernerian notion of physio-organismic language and the Bühlerian proposal of the expressive dimension of human language, for an integrative comprehension of the expressiveness of the inner speech.

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BACKGROUND: Inner speech is a common human experience. Recently, there have been studies linking this experience with cognitive functions, such as problem solving, reading, writing, autobiographical memory, and some disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In addition, inner speech is recognised as the main source of auditory hallucinations. OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study is to establish the factor structure of Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) in a sample of the Colombian population. Furthermore, it aims at establishing a link between VISQ and abnormal perceptions. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study in which 232 college students were assessed using the VISQ and the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS). RESULTS: Through an exploratory factor analysis, a structure of three factors was found: Other Voices in the Internal Speech, Condensed Inner speech, and Dialogical/Evaluative Inner speech, all of them with acceptable levels of reliability. Gender differences were found in the second and third factor, with higher averages for women. Positive correlations were found among the three VISQ and the two CAPS factors: Multimodal Perceptual Alterations and Experiences Associated with the Temporal Lobe. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with previous findings linking the factors of inner speech with the propensity to auditory hallucination, a phenomenon widely associated with temporal lobe abnormalities. The hallucinations associated with other perceptual systems, however, are still weakly explained.

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Introducción: Hablar consigo mismo es una experiencia humana habitual. En los últimos años han surgido estudios que asocian esta experiencia con funciones cognitivas como la solución de problemas, la lectura, la escritura, la memoria autobiográfica, y con algunos trastornos como la ansiedad y la depresión. Además se reconoce al habla interna como la principal fuente de las alucinaciones auditivas. Objetivos: El presente estudio tiene como propósito principal establecer la estructura factorial del Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) en una muestra de población colombiana. Además buscamos establecer la relación entre el VISQ y la propensión a las percepciones anómalas. Método: Estudio instrumental transversal en el cual participaron 232 estudiantes universitarios quienes respondieron el VISQ y la Escala de Percepciones Anómalas de Cardiff (CAPS). Resultados: A través de un análisis factorial exploratorio se encontró una estructura de tres factores: Otras Personas en el Habla Interna, Habla Interna Condensada y Habla Interna Dialógica/ Evaluativa, con índices aceptables de fiabilidad de las puntuaciones (ordinal entre.75-.86) Se hallaron diferencias entre géneros en el segundo y tercer factor con promedios más altos para las mujeres. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre los tres factores del VISQ y los dos factores del CAPS: Alteraciones Perceptuales Multimodales y Experiencias Asociadas al Lóbulo Temporal. Conclusiones: Los resultados son consistentes con hallazgos previos que relacionan los factores del habla interna con la propensión a la alucinación auditiva, fenómeno ampliamente asociado a alteraciones del lóbulo temporal. Las alucinaciones asociadas a otros sistemas perceptivos, sin embargo, son aun débilmente explicadas.

Background: Inner speech is a common human experience. Recently, there have been studies linking this experience with cognitive functions, such as problem solving, reading, writing, autobiographical memory, and some disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In addition, inner speech is recognised as the main source of auditory hallucinations. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to establish the factor structure of Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) in a sample of the Colombian population. Furthermore, it aims at establishing a link between VISQ and abnormal perceptions. Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which 232 college students were assessed using the VISQ and the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS). Results: Through an exploratory factor analysis, a structure of three factors was found: Other Voices in the Internal Speech, Condensed Inner speech, and Dialogical/Evaluative Inner speech, all of them with acceptable levels of reliability. Gender differences were found in the second and third factor, with higher averages for women. Positive correlations were found among the three VISQ and the two CAPS factors: Multimodal Perceptual Alterations and Experiences Associated with the Temporal Lobe. Conclusions: The results are consistent with previous findings linking the factors of inner speech with the propensity to auditory hallucination, a phenomenon widely associated with temporal lobe abnormalities. The hallucinations associated with other perceptual systems, however, are still weakly explained.

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This work is a semiotic phenomenological approach of writing in personal journal blogs to define and verify their potential as continuous and sustained movement toward personal change or self-innovation. The analysis juxtaposes, by quantitative and qualitative methods, chronological self-referential text data (semiotics) with the meaning of internal conversation disclosed in discourse (phenomenology). We take a specific blog domain for posts from random bloggers that would present self-referent terms as "I feel", "I think", "I believe", "my life", etc. Then we selected those posts with dense self-descriptions and expression of disparate personal thoughts and feelings. Approximately 150 posts were analyzed, resulting in a final sample of 12 homogeneous posts from a heterogeneous group of bloggers, nine females and three males, all native English speakers. We conclude that personal blog texts help convey psychological well-being through dialogical self-clarification, facilitate the emergence of new perspectives or self-actualizing, and can lead to self-innovation.(AU)

O presente trabalho recorre à fenomenologia semiótica para analisar diários pessoais em blogs com o objetivo de definir e verificar suas potencialidades como movimento contínuo e sustentado para mudanças pessoais e autoinovação. A análise justapõe, por métodos quanti e qualitativos, dados cronológicos e linguísticos de textos autorreferenciados (semiótica) com o sentido de conversas internas reveladas em discurso (fenomenologia). Foi tomado um domínio específico para postagens aleatórias de blogueiros que apresentassem termos autorreferentes, como "eu sinto" "eu penso", "eu acredito", "minha vida" etc. A partir disso, foram selecionadas postagens com autodescrições densas e díspares de pensamentos e sentimentos pessoais. Foram analisadas, aproximadamente, 150 postagens heterogêneas das quais retirou-se 12 postagens homogêneas, sendo 9 escritas por mulheres e 3 por homens, todos falantes nativos da língua inglesa. Concluiu-se que o texto de blog pessoal enseja bem-estar psicológico por meio de autoclarificações dialógicas, além de facilitar a emergência de novas perspectivas ou autoatualização podendo, assim, conduzir à autoinovação.(AU)

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This work is a semiotic phenomenological approach of writing in personal journal blogs to define and verify their potential as continuous and sustained movement toward personal change or self-innovation. The analysis juxtaposes, by quantitative and qualitative methods, chronological self-referential text data (semiotics) with the meaning of internal conversation disclosed in discourse (phenomenology). We take a specific blog domain for posts from random bloggers that would present self-referent terms as "I feel", "I think", "I believe", "my life", etc. Then we selected those posts with dense self-descriptions and expression of disparate personal thoughts and feelings. Approximately 150 posts were analyzed, resulting in a final sample of 12 homogeneous posts from a heterogeneous group of bloggers, nine females and three males, all native English speakers. We conclude that personal blog texts help convey psychological well-being through dialogical self-clarification, facilitate the emergence of new perspectives or self-actualizing, and can lead to self-innovation.

O presente trabalho recorre à fenomenologia semiótica para analisar diários pessoais em blogs com o objetivo de definir e verificar suas potencialidades como movimento contínuo e sustentado para mudanças pessoais e autoinovação. A análise justapõe, por métodos quanti e qualitativos, dados cronológicos e linguísticos de textos autorreferenciados (semiótica) com o sentido de conversas internas reveladas em discurso (fenomenologia). Foi tomado um domínio específico para postagens aleatórias de blogueiros que apresentassem termos autorreferentes, como "eu sinto" "eu penso", "eu acredito", "minha vida" etc. A partir disso, foram selecionadas postagens com autodescrições densas e díspares de pensamentos e sentimentos pessoais. Foram analisadas, aproximadamente, 150 postagens heterogêneas das quais retirou-se 12 postagens homogêneas, sendo 9 escritas por mulheres e 3 por homens, todos falantes nativos da língua inglesa. Concluiu-se que o texto de blog pessoal enseja bem-estar psicológico por meio de autoclarificações dialógicas, além de facilitar a emergência de novas perspectivas ou autoatualização podendo, assim, conduzir à autoinovação.

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