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This work evaluated structured lipids (SLs) through chemical and enzymatic interesterification (CSLs and ESLs). Blends of soybean oil and peanut oil 1:1 wt% were used, with gradual addition of fully hydrogenated crambe to obtain a final behenic acid concentration of 6, 12, 18, and 24 %. Chemical catalysis used sodium methoxide (0.4 wt%) at 100 °C for 30 min, while enzymatic catalysis used Lipozyme TL IM (5 wt%) at 60 °C for 6 h. Major fatty acids identified were C16:0, C18:0, and C22:0. It was observed that with gradual increase of hard fat, the CSLs showed high concentrations of reaction intermediates, indicating further a steric hindrance, unlike ESLs. Increased hard fat also altered crystallization profile and triacylglycerols composition and ESLs showed lower solid fat, unlike CSLs. Both methods effectively produced SLs as an alternative to trans and palm fats, view to potential future applications in food products.
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Óleo de Palmeira , Óleo de Soja , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Óleo de Soja/química , Esterificação , Óleo de Amendoim/química , Ácidos Graxos trans/química , Ácidos Graxos trans/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , Lipídeos/química , Triglicerídeos/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Lipase/química , Lipase/metabolismo , HidrogenaçãoRESUMO
Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), the stable fly, is a hematophagous insect of great veterinary importance, because it is a mechanical vector of diverse pathogens in livestock. The saliva of blood-feeding insects presents important pharmacologically active molecules that impair blood clotting, promote vasodilation and modulate the host immune system response, crucial processes for successful feeding. These properties also enable pathogens' transmission. In the present work, we describe an efficient protocol to dissect S. calcitrans salivary glands, their morphological characteristics and lipid profile. The mean length of the tubular gland is 3.23 mm with a bulbous posterior end and a narrow anterior end. Histological analysis revealed a monolayer of large polygonal epithelial cells with voluminous nuclei and high lipid content in their cytoplasm. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the epithelium is rich in mitochondria, free ribosomes, Golgi complex cisternae, presenting a great extension of rough endoplasmic reticulum that contains an electron-dense material. Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography showed that neutral fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine are predominant in the fly salivary glands. Lysophosphatidylcholine, an important signalling biomolecule involved in different metabolic processes, including host's immunomodulation and pathogens proliferation and differentiation, is also present.
Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), a moscadosestábulos, é um inseto hematófago de grande importância veterinária, uma vez que é vetor mecânico de diversos patógenos que infectam animais da pecuária. A saliva de insetos que se alimentam de sangue apresenta importantes moléculas farmacologicamente ativas que impedem coagulação sanguínea, promovem vasodilatação e modulam o sistema imune do hospedeiro, processos cruciais para uma alimentação bem sucedida. Tais propriedades também permitem a transmissão de patógenos. No presente trabalho, nós descrevemos um protocolo eficiente para dissecar as glândulas salivares de S. calcitrans, suas características morfológicas e perfil lipídico. O comprimento médio da glândula tubular é 3.23 mm com uma porção posterior bulbosa e porção anterior estreita. Análises histológicas revelaram uma monocamada de células epiteliais largas e poligonais com núcleos volumosos e alto conteúdo lipídico em seus citoplasmas. Análises ultraestruturais mostraram um epitélio rico em mitocôndria, ribossomos livres, cisternas do complexo de Golgi, apresentando uma grande extensão de retículo endoplasmático que contém um material eletrodenso. A análise lipídica mostrou que ácidos graxos neutros e fosfatidilcolina predominam nas glândulas salivares da mosca. Lisofosfatidilcolina, uma importante biomolécula sinalizadora envolvida em diferentes processos metabólicos, incluindo imunomodulação do hospedeiro e proliferação e diferenciação de patógenos, também se encontra presente.
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One of the reasons to suggest olive oil consumption for a healthy life is its potential to induce robust lipidomic remodeling through membrane modification by dietary lipids. This remodeling might, in turn, modulate essential lipid-protein interactions while maintaining accurate transmembrane protein/domain orientation. Oleic acid, the primary compound in olive oil, has been suggested as a modulator of ion channel function. In this study, we explored whether this lipid could rescue the trafficking of mutated transmembrane proteins. In our initial approach, we supplemented the cell culture medium of HEK-293 cells expressing cyclic nucleotide channels tagged using green fluorescent protein (CNG-GFP) with olive oil or oleic acid. In addition to wild-type channels, we also expressed R272Q and R278W mutant channels, two non-functional intracellularly retained channels related to retinopathies. We used fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp in the inside-out configuration to assess changes in the cell localization and function of the tested channels. Our results demonstrated that olive oil and oleic acid facilitated the transport of cyclic nucleotide-gated R272Q mutant channels towards the plasma membrane, rendering them electrophysiologically functional. Thus, our findings reveal a novel property of olive oil as a membrane protein traffic inductor.
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Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) play a crucial role in central cellular processes in animals, including membrane function, development, and disease. Disruptions in UFA homeostasis can contribute to the onset of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Consequently, there is a high demand for analytical techniques to study lipid compositions in live cells and multicellular organisms. Conventional analysis of UFA compositions in cells, tissues, and organisms involves solvent extraction procedures coupled with analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, MS and/or NMR spectroscopy. As a nondestructive and nontargeted technique, NMR spectroscopy is uniquely capable of characterizing the chemical profiling of living cells and multicellular organisms. Here, we use NMR spectroscopy to analyze Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the determination of their lipid compositions and fatty acid unsaturation levels both in cell-free lipid extracts and in vivo. The NMR spectra of lipid extracts from WT and fat-3 mutant C. elegans strains revealed notable differences due to the absence of Δ-6 fatty acid desaturase activity, including the lack of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acyl chains. Uniform 13C-isotope labeling and high-resolution 2D solution-state NMR of live worms confirmed these findings, indicating that the signals originated from fast-tumbling lipid molecules within lipid droplets. Overall, this strategy permits the analysis of lipid storage in intact worms and has enough resolution and sensitivity to identify differences between WT and mutant animals with impaired fatty acid desaturation. Our results establish methodological benchmarks for future investigations of fatty acid regulation in live C. elegans using NMR.
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Introduction. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is considered one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. It is a high-risk factor for developing early cardiovascular disease and it also affects bone health. Objective. To describe demographic characteristics and biochemical parameters of a population of children with type 1 diabetes, evaluated in the pediatric diabetes unit of a tertiary Spanish hospital. Materials and methods. In this retrospective study, we determined metabolic, lipid, and bone parameters in 124 children with type 1 diabetes who were monitored in the pediatric diabetes unit of the Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet in Zaragoza (Spain) from May 2020 to July 2021. Results. Children with type 1 diabetes have worse metabolic control of the disease at puberty, but their lipid control is considered acceptable. We found an inverse correlation between bone formation markers and disease duration, as well as with metabolic control. Conclusion. Bone formation markers are inversely correlated with the percentage of glycated hemoglobin and diabetes evolution time. Patients' lipid and bone profiles are more favorable when metabolic control of the disease is achieved.
Introducción. La diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 se considera una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes de la infancia. Es un factor de gran riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular temprana y afecta también la salud ósea. Objetivo. Describir las características demográficas y los parámetros bioquímicos de una población de niños con diabetes de tipo 1, supervisados en la unidad pediátrica de diabetes de un hospital español de tercer nivel. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio retrospectivo, se determinaron los parámetros de control metabólico, lipídico y óseo en 124 niños con diabetes de tipo 1, a los que se hizo seguimiento en la Unidad Pediátrica de Diabetes del Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, desde mayo del 2020 hasta julio del 2021. Resultados. Los niños con diabetes de tipo 1 presentan peor control metabólico de la enfermedad en la pubertad, pero su control lipídico se puede considerar aceptable. Existe una correlación inversa de los marcadores de formación ósea con el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, así como con el control metabólico. Conclusión. Los marcadores de formación ósea se encuentran correlacionados de forma inversa con el porcentaje de hemoglobina glicosilada y con el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes. En estos pacientes, el perfil lipídico y el óseo son más favorables cuando existe un buen control metabólico de la enfermedad.
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Osso e Ossos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Controle Glicêmico , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Criança , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Pré-Escolar , OsteogêneseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) comprise major causes of death worldwide, leading to extensive burden on populations and societies. Alterations in normal lipid profiles, i.e., dyslipidemia, comprise important risk factors for CVDs. However, there is lack of comprehensive evidence on the genetic contribution to dyslipidemia in highly admixed populations. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to blood lipid traits in the Brazilian population was based on genome-wide associations using data from the São Paulo Health Survey with Focus on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition). METHODS: A total of 667 unrelated individuals had genetic information on 330,656 SNPs available, and were genotyped with Axiom™ 2.0 Precision Medicine Research Array. Genetic associations were tested at the 10- 5 significance level for the following phenotypes: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), HDL-c/LDL-c ratio, triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol, and non-HDL-c. RESULTS: There were 19 significantly different SNPs associated with lipid traits, the majority of which corresponding to intron variants, especially in the genes FAM81A, ZFHX3, PTPRD, and POMC. Three variants (rs1562012, rs16972039, and rs73401081) and two variants (rs8025871 and rs2161683) were associated with two and three phenotypes, respectively. Among the subtypes, non-HDL-c had the highest proportion of associated variants. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present genome-wide association study offer new insights into the genetic structure underlying lipid traits in underrepresented populations with high ancestry admixture. The associations were robust across multiple lipid phenotypes, and some of the phenotypes were associated with two or three variants. In addition, some variants were present in genes that encode ncRNAs, raising important questions regarding their role in lipid metabolism.
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Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lipídeos/sangue , Lipídeos/genética , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/genética , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/genética , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/genética , Dislipidemias/genética , Dislipidemias/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , FenótipoRESUMO
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil inclusion in diets on feeding behaviour, digestibility, performance, and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty non-castrated Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 5 months and initial body weight of 34.88 ± 3.19 kg were used in a 40-day feeding trial. The lambs were distributed in five experimental diets with the inclusion of increasing soybean oil (SO) levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg DM. The SO inclusion promoted a linear reduction in DM intake (p < 0.001), crude protein (CP, p < 0.001), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, p < 0.001), and total digestible nutrients (TDN, p = 0.004). There was an increasing quadratic effect on the intake of ether extract (EE; p = 0.002) and decreasing for neutral detergent fiber (p = 0.005). The soybean oil inclusion promoted the greater apparent digestibility of CP (p = 0.016), EE (p = 0.005), NDFom (p < 0.001), and TDN (p < 0.001); on the other hand, the apparent digestibility of NFC (p = 0.005) was decreased. The average daily gain decreased (p < 0.001) with SO inclusion. The SO inclusion increased feeding time (p = 0.004), reduced the efficiency of DM rumination (p = 0.001), and reduced the concentration of blood N-ureic (p < 0.001). Considering the productive parameters, SO can be included in diets and it is recommended that we include SO of up to 41 g/kg DM in diets for fattening lambs as the ideal maximum level. The strategy implemented to adapt lambs to increasing levels of high-fat diet mitigated the detrimental effects of lipids on the rumen, with high-density energy intake being the constraining factor on performance.
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BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrine condition and combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have been demonstrated to be the first-line treatment to women who do not intend to become pregnant. The combination of COCs and PCOS may or may not amplify the risks of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether surrogates for obesity may be influenced by the use of COCs containing different formulations in women with PCOS. METHOD: From January 2024 a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar and Pubmed databases using PCOS, COC, and obesity terms. Hand search of randomized clinical trials in the references of obtained manuscripts was also performed. After the exclusion of reviews and articles that did not fulfill eligibility criteria, compared the results obtained before and after the use of COCs in 13 randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMD) and standard errors (SE). Risk of bias was examined using the Rob2 tool. RESULT: Thirteen heterogeneous RCTs reported no difference in waist circumference with the use of different COC formulations (p = 0.714). On the contrary, body fat mass increased with the use of pill (p = 0.013). Waist triglyceride index and lipid accumulation product tended to be higher after the use of COCs (p = 0.073 and p = 0.064, respectively). CONCLUSION: Combined oral contraceptives with different formulations might increase fat mass accumulation in women with PCOS. Lipids may also be increased in PCOS users. Because some concerns about the quality and heterogeneity identified in various RCTs, caution should be taken before a definitive conclusion regarding the use of COCs and obesity.
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Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Obesidade , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Humanos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/complicações , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Obesidade/complicações , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/uso terapêutico , Circunferência da Cintura , AdultoRESUMO
The present investigation has evaluated the use of effluents from a secondary municipal wastewater treatment plant for biomass production and potential of the biomass for biodiesel production. Cultivations of Chlorella vulgaris using wastewater, wastewater with supplementation, and WC medium were carried out. Effect of wastewater collected in different months on biomass productivity (BP) and lipid composition was studied. Methods based on NMR and GC-MS techniques were applied for determining the composition of the lipids and their fatty acid profile including poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lipids extracted are comprised of both neutral (tri acyl glycerides, TAG; free fatty acids, FFA) and polar (glyco glycero/phospho) lipids. The TAG content of the extracted lipids was determined in the range of 22.5-41.3% w/w. The NMR and GC-MS compositional results of microalgal lipids of biomasses cultivated in wastewater without nutrient supplementation, collected in different months, showed potential for biodiesel production. The fatty acid profiles of neutral and polar lipids, which are mainly comprised of saturated and unsaturated long alkyl chain (C16-C22) fatty acids, are potential sources for the biodiesel and food industry. The concentration of nitrates (45-78 mg L-1) in wastewater without supplementation, collected in different months, was found to be optimum to enable cultivation of biomasses with reasonably good BP of 21.5-28.1 mg L-1 day-1. Similar results have been obtained in the present work as well as reported in the literature in the case of WC medium (nitrate, 69 mg L-1) with BP of 25.5-28.2 mg L-1 day-1, thus highlighted the significance of the presented work.
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Biocombustíveis , Chlorella vulgaris , Águas Residuárias , Chlorella vulgaris/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Águas Residuárias/química , Biomassa , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Ácidos GraxosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is associated with fractures, despite preserved Bone Mineral Density (BMD). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BMD and trabecular bone score (TBS) with the reallocation of fat within muscle in individuals with eutrophy, obesity, and T2D. METHODS: The subjects were divided into three groups: eutrophic controls paired by age and sex with the T2D group (n = 23), controls diagnosed with obesity paired by age, sex, and body mass index with the T2D group (n = 27), and the T2D group (n = 29). BMD and body fat percentage were determined using dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry. TBS was determined using TBS iNsight software. Intra and extramyocellular lipids in the soleus were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: TBS was lower in the T2D group than in the other two groups. Glycated hemoglobin (A1c) was negatively associated with TBS. Body fat percentage was negatively associated with TBS and Total Hip (TH) BMD. TH BMD was positively associated with intramuscular lipids. A trend of negative association was observed between intramuscular lipids and TBS. CONCLUSION: This study showed for the first time that the reallocation of lipids within muscle has a negative association with TBS. Moreover, these results are consistent with previous studies showing a negative association between a parameter related to insulin resistance (intramuscular lipids) and TBS.