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The relationship between metabolic disorders and oxidative stress is still controversial in the child population. The present cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the associations between obesity, cardiometabolic traits, serum level of carbonylated proteins (CPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in children from Mexico City (normal weight: 120; obesity: 81). Obesity resulted in being positively associated with CAT (ß = 0.05 ± 0.01, p = 5.0 × 10-3) and GPx (ß = 0.13 ± 0.01, p = 3.7 × 10-19) enzyme activity. A significant interaction between obesity and sex was observed in MDA and SOD enzymatic activity (PMDA = 0.03; PSOD = 0.04). The associations between obesity, MDA level, and SOD enzyme activity were only significant in boys (boys: PMDA = 3.0 × 10-3; PSOD = 7.0 × 10-3; girls: p ≥ 0.79). In both children with normal weight and those with obesity, CP levels were positively associated with SOD enzyme activity (PNormal-weight = 2.2 × 10-3; PObesity = 0.03). In conclusion, in Mexican children, obesity is positively associated with CAT and GPx enzyme activity, and its associations with MDA levels and SOD enzyme activity are sex-specific. Therefore, CP level is positively related to SOD enzyme activity independently of body weight.

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OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether a twice-daily instillation of 0.45% preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine (FKT) or 0.4% benzalkonium chloride-preserved ketorolac tromethamine (BACKT), every 12 h for 30 days may affect tear film parameters and the meibography in healthy dogs. Additionally, we assessed whether the same treatments irritated the ocular surface, affected goblet cell density (GCD), and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSB) in the conjunctiva of the same dogs. PROCEDURES: Experimental and masked comparison study. In 11 healthy dogs baseline values of the lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, non-invasive tear breakup time (NI-TFBT), and the meibomian gland (MG) loss were assessed by OSAvet®. For each dog, one eye received 40 µL of BACKT, while the other received 40 µL FKT, every 12 h for 30 consecutive days. Tear parameters and meibography were repeated 15, 30, and 60 days post-treatments. Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were monitored at the same time points. At baseline and Day 30, a conjunctival biopsy was collected for GCD and OSB determination. RESULTS: Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were not observed. At Day 15, the MG loss increased only in FKT-treated eyes (p < .001). On Day 30, both treatment groups showed increased MG loss, shortened NI-TFBT, and reduced GCD and catalase (p < .05). At Day 30, BACKT-treated eyes showed lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p = .006) and higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = .02). Differences between treatments were not observed for any parameter at any time point (p > .05). 60 days after treatment, OSAvet® parameters tended to return to values assessed at baseline; however, significant differences remained for MG loss (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Twice-daily instillation of KT, containing or not BAC, for 30 consecutive days shortened NI-TFBT, decreased GCD, and increased the MG loss in healthy dogs. KT should be used with caution when prescribed for long periods, particularly in patients with tear film abnormalities. However, future controlled studies using KT, BAC, and other topical NSAIDs are indicated to further support this finding.

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Lipid peroxidation occurs when substances, such as reactive oxygen species, attack lipids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are the main targets. Several products are formed, including primary products such as lipid hydroperoxides and secondary products such as malondialdehyde (MDA), the most used lipid peroxidation biomarker. As MDA levels are elevated in several diseases, MDA is an essential indicator for assessing pathological states. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay is the most widely used method for MDA determination. However, it lacks specificity. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique that has been used to quantify MDA in biological samples. This technique has advantages such as the low amount of biological sample required, absence or low volume of organic solvent, short analysis time, separation of interferents, sample preparation step with only protein precipitation, and the possibility of direct detection of the MDA, without derivatization. To our knowledge, this review article is the first to show the CE background for analyzing MDA in biological samples. Therefore, given the potential of MDA in evaluating pathological states, this article demonstrates the potential of CE to become a reference method for MDA determination in clinical analysis laboratories, which will play a significant role in diagnosing and monitoring diseases.

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INTRODUCTION: Objective: To investigate the potential beneficial effects of resveratrol (RVT) against ischemia-reperfusion injury of myocardial tissue during surgical treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. METHODS: Four groups were established - control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sham (I/R+solvent/dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), and I/R+RVT. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm model was used as the experimental protocol. RESULTS: In the I/R and I/R+DMSO groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in myocardial tissue were found to be significantly increased compared to the control group. The MDA level in myocardial tissue was significantly decreased in the I/ R+RVT group compared to the I/R group. In I/R and I/R+DMSO groups, glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels in myocardial tissue were found to be significantly decreased compared to the control group. The GSH level in the myocardial tissue was significantly increased in the I/R+RVT group compared to the I/R group. In the light microscope, isotropic and anisotropic band disorganized atypical cardiomyocytes in the I/R group and degenerative cardiomyocytes and edematous areas in the I/R+DMSO group were observed. Degenerative cardiomyocytes and edematous areas were decreased in the I/R+RVT group. When heart tissue sections incubated with cleaved caspase-3 primary antibodies were examined under the light microscope, apoptotic cardiomyocytes were present in I/R and I/R+DMSO groups. A decrease in the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes was observed in the I/R+RVT group. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicate that RVT exhibits protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the myocardium as a distant organ as a result of abdominal aorta clamping.

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Crataegus oxyacantha is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transplacental genotoxicity effect of aqueous (AE) and hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of leaves C. oxyacantha in a rat model and the quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver. Three different doses of the AE and HE of the C. oxyacantha leaf were administered orally (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) to Wistar rats during 5 days through the pregnancy term (16-21 days), and sampling in rats occurred every 24 h during the last 6 days of gestation, while only one sample was taken in neonates at birth. A sample of the mother's and the neonate's liver was taken for the determination of MDA. The results show that, at the hepatic level, the evaluated doses of extracts C. oxyacantha in pregnant rats and their pups did not show cytotoxicity. However, the AE and HE generated cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in the short term. On the other hand, only the AE showed a teratogenic effect. Based on these results, the AE and HE of the C. oxyacantha leaf should not be administered during pregnancy.

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This study aimed to investigate the level of lipid and protein oxidation in poultry breasts with severe white striping (WS; striation thickness > 1 mm) and nonaffected meats (N; normal breast) during storage under refrigeration (1°C for 14 d) and freezing (-18°C for 90 d). WS presented higher lipid content, although no difference in protein content was detected, compared to normal broiler breast (N). Regarding oxidative damages, a reduction in malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels, alongside the interaction of these compounds with other compounds in raw, roasted, and reheated breasts was observed under refrigerated storage (14 d). Freezing storage promotes an increase in carbonyls proteins, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels at 45 d of storage in poultry meats and subsequent decrease, indicating the evolution of oxidative reactions. Regardless of the type of storage, in general, breasts with WS myopathy have higher levels of lipid and protein oxidation.

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Introduction: In the hyperbaric pressure environment the partial pressure of each gas component increases, which increases oxygen partial pressure. This causes the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress. Objective: To determine the effects of hyperbaric pressure on the oxidative stress status in healthy subjects. Methods: 29 healthy men performed standardized hyperbaric chamber dive to a depth of 30 meters of water (msw) for 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected before compression, immediately after decompression and 1 hour after decompression. The levels of Malondialdehyde, Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase were measured in blood samples. Results: Malondialdehyde activity increased immediately after decompression and recovered at 1 hour after decompression. Superoxide Dismutase enzyme activity decreased immediately after decompression as well as 1 hour after decompression. Catalase enzyme activity increased immediately after decompression, which was significant at 1 hour after decompression. Conclusion: Changes in the biological markers Malondialdehyde, Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase suggest the appearance of oxidative stress under the influence of a hyperbaric pressure environment.

Introducción: En la condición de presión hiperbárica, la presión parcial de los componentes del aire se encuentra aumentada, incluida la del oxígeno. Esto se considera la causa de formación de radicales libres y el estado de estrés oxidativo. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la presión hiperbárica sobre estado del estrés oxidativo en individuos sanos. Métodos: 29 hombres sanos realizaron buceo estandarizado en cámara hiperbárica, a una profundidad de 30 metros de agua, durante un tiempo total de 30 minutos. Se recogieron muestras de sangre antes de la compresión, inmediatamente después de la descompresión y una hora después. Se midieron los niveles de malondialdehído, catalasa y superóxido dismutasa en muestras de sangre. Resultados: La acción del malondialdehído se incrementó inmediatamente después del buceo y se recuperó en 1 hora. La acción de enzima superóxido dismutasa se encontró disminuida al término y 1 hora después, mientras la enzima catalasa se demostró lo contrario y aumentó significativamente en la primera hora. Conclusión: El cambio de los marcadores biológicos malondialdehído, catalasa y superóxido dismutasa sugiere estado de estrés oxidativo bajo la influencia de presión hiperbárica.

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Exposure to 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM2.5) in automotive repair shops is associated with risks to health. We evaluated the effects of occupational exposure to PM2.5 among auto repair-shop workers. Blood and urine samples were collected from 110 volunteers from Barranquilla, Colombia: 55 active workers and 55 controls. PM2.5 concentrations were assessed at each of the sampling sites and chemical content was analyzed by SEM-EDS electron microscopy. The biological samples obtained were peripheral blood (hematological profiling, DNA extraction) and urine (malondialdehyde concentration). Telomere length was assessed by qPCR and polymorphisms in the glutathione transferase genes GSTT1 and GSTM1 by PCR-RFLP, with confirmation by allelic exclusion. White blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM%) and platelet (PLT) counts and the malondialdehyde concentration were higher (4.10 ± 0.93) in the exposed group compared to the control group (1.56 ± 0.96). TL was shorter (5071 ± 891) in the exposed individuals compared to the control group (6271 ± 805). White blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts were positively associated with exposure. Age and TBARS were correlated with TL in exposed individuals. The GSTT1 gene alleles were not in Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium. The GSTM1 gene alleles were in H-W equilibrium and allelic exclusion analysis confirmed the presence of heterozygous GSTM1 genotypes. SEM-EDS analysis showed the presence of potentially toxic elements, including Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Rh, Zn, and Cu. Auto repair shop workers showed effects that may be associated with exposure to mixtures of pollutants present in PM2.5. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes had independent modulatory effects.

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We used uncontrolled maternal diabetes as a model to provoke fetal growth restriction in the female in the first generation (F1) and to evaluate reproductive outcomes and the possible changes in metabolic systems during pregnancy, as well as the repercussions at birth in the second generation (F2). For this, nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced severely diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were mated to obtain female pups (F1), which were classified as adequate (AGA) or small (SGA) for gestational weight. Afterward, we composed two groups: F1 AGA from nondiabetic dams (Control) and F1 SGA from severely diabetic dams (Restricted) (n minimum = 10 animals/groups). At adulthood, these rats were submitted to the oral glucose tolerance test, mated, and at day 17 of pregnancy, blood samples were collected to determine glucose and insulin levels for assessment of insulin resistance. At the end of the pregnancy, the blood and liver samples were collected to evaluate redox status markers, and reproductive, fetal, and placental outcomes were analyzed. Maternal diabetes was responsible for increased SGA rates and a lower percentage of AGA fetuses (F1 generation). The restricted female pups from severely diabetic dams presented rapid neonatal catch-up growth, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance status before and during pregnancy. At term pregnancy of F1 generation, oxidative stress status was observed in the maternal liver and blood samples. In addition, their offspring (F2 generation) had lower fetal weight and placental efficiency, regardless of gender, which caused fetal growth restriction and confirmed the fetal programming influence.

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Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre los niveles de estrés laboral y la producción de malondialdehído (MDA), como producto de la peroxidación lipídica, en los trabajadores de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo en Chiclayo. Materiales y métodos: Investigación descriptiva, de tipo correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 72 trabajadores, de los cuales 37 eran docentes y 35, administrativos. Se midió espectrofotométricamente el MDA presente en el plasma mediante la reacción con ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA). Para determinar el estrés se utilizó la Escala de Estrés Laboral, elaborada por Ivancevich y Matteson en 1989, y adaptada por Suárez en 2013. El instrumento consta de 25 ítems y está compuesto por siete dimensiones: clima organizacional, estructura organizacional, territorio organizacional, tecnología, influencia del líder, falta de cohesión y respaldo del grupo. Resultados: En la investigación participaron 23 hombres y 49 mujeres. La edad media fue de 45,1 años y la desviación estándar de 11,33, con un mínimo de 25 y máximo de 68 años. El estrés laboral elevado se observó en mayor porcentaje en las dimensiones influencia del líder (19,40 %), estructura organizacional (16,70 %) y territorio organizacional (16,70 %). El 54 % (39) de los trabajadores presentaron niveles altos del MDA, es decir, valores superiores en plasma a 3,94 µM. De ellos, 17 fueron hombres y 22, mujeres. Al evaluar, con Rho de Spearman al 95 % de significancia, la correlación entre los valores de MDA con el sexo, trabajar en otro centro laboral y la atención de hijos en el hogar, resultaron valores de p = 0,08, p = 0,61 y p = 0,33, respectivamente; por lo tanto, no hubo significancia estadística. Conclusiones: Del total de trabajadores evaluados, el 54 % presentó alta concentración de malondialdehído plasmático. Aunque no hubo correlación estadísticamente significativa, las dimensiones con alto nivel de estrés, según la prueba aplicada, influencia del líder, estructura organizacional y territorio organizacional mostraron niveles de estrés en el orden de 19,40 %, 16,70 % y 16,70 %, respectivamente.

Objective: To establish the relationship between occupational stress levels and the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), as a product of lipid peroxidation, among workers of Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo in Chiclayo. Materials and methods: A descriptive, correlational research. The sample consisted of 72 workers, 37 of whom were professors and 35 administrative staff members. Plasma MDA was measured spectrophotometrically by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. To determine stress, the Occupational Stress Scale, developed by Ivancevich and Matteson in 1989 and adapted by Suárez in 2013, was used. The instrument had 25 items and seven dimensions: organizational climate, organizational structure, organizational territory, technology, leadership influence, lack of cohesion and group support. Results: Twenty-three men and 49 women participated in the research. The mean age was 45.1 years and the standard deviation was 11.33, with a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 68 years. The highest percentage of high occupational stress was observed in the dimensions leadership influence (19.40 %), organizational structure (16.70 %) and organizational territory (16.70 %). A total of 39 workers (54 %), 17 of whom were men and 22 were women, had high levels of MDA-i.e., plasma values higher than 3.94 µM. Spearman's Rho at 95 % confidence interval showed that the correlation between MDA values and sex, working in another workplace and childcare at home were p = 0.08, p = 0.61 and p = 0.33, respectively; therefore, there was no statistical significance. Conclusions: Out of all workers, 54 % had high plasma levels of MDA. Although no statistically significant correlation was found, the dimensions leadership influence, organizational structure and organizational territory showed high stress levels on the order of 19.40 %, 16.70 % and 16.70 %, respectively.