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Las infecciones por Chlamydia trachomatis han aumentado su prevalencia, especialmente en jóvenes embarazadas. Esto adquiere relevancia en pediatría por el elevado riesgo de transmisión vertical al neonato y su potencial gravedad en el lactante. Estas infecciones requieren de un alto índice de sospecha, por cuadro clínico atípico y signos radiológicos inespecíficos. Los métodos diagnósticos convencionales presentan limitaciones para su detección. Las técnicas moleculares son las recomendadas por su elevada sensibilidad, especificidad y rapidez, lo cual permite una terapéutica adecuada y oportuna. En este estudio, desarrollado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de un hospital de alta complejidad durante 12 años, se describieron las características de la población, su presentación clínica y evolución. La detección microbiológica se realizó por métodos moleculares. Se incluyeron 29 pacientes (p) con infección por C. trachomatis (3,9% del total de muestras enviadas),13 p con infección respiratoria y 16 p con compromiso ocular. La mediana de edad fue de 19 días al momento del diagnóstico y el 65% de las gestantes tenía <25 años. Veinticuatro p (83%) eran recién nacidos a término y 23 p (79%) previamente sanos. Nueve p (31%) presentaron fiebre al momento del ingreso y 12 (41%) eosinofilia. De los 13 p con enfermedad respiratoria, 9 (69%) consultaron por tos y 11 (85%) con hipoxemia, con requerimientos de oxígeno en 8 (61%), asistencia respiratoria mecánica en 3 (23%) y uno (16%) requirió ECMO. Los hallazgos radiológicos mostraron un patrón intersticial inespecífico. Nueve p (31%) presentaron coinfección y uno falleció asociado a influenza A (AU)

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections has increased, especially among young pregnant women. This is of particular relevance in pediatrics due to the high risk of motherto-child transmission and the potential severity of the infection in infants. A high index of suspicion is required for these infections due to the atypical clinical features and non-specific radiological signs. The usefulness of conventional diagnostic methods is limited. Molecular techniques are recommended because of their high sensitivity, specificity, and speed, allowing for adequate and timely treatment. In this 12-year study conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary-care hospital, patient characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcome are described. Microbiological detection was performed using molecular methods. Twenty-nine patients with C. trachomatis infection (3.9% of the total samples submitted), of whom 13 had respiratory tract infection and 16 ocular involvement, were included. The median age at diagnosis was 19 days and 65% of the mothers were <25 years old. Twenty-four p (83%) were term newborns and 23 patients (79%) were previously healthy. On admission, 9 patients (31%) had fever and 12 (41%) had eosinophilia. Of the 13 patients with respiratory tract involvement, 9 (69%) consulted for cough and 11 (85%) had hypoxemia, requiring oxygen in 8 (61%), mechanical ventilation in 3 (23%), and ECMO in 1 (16%). Radiological findings showed a nonspecific interstitial pattern. Nine patients (31%) presented with coinfection, one of whom died due to an associated influenza A infection (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the inflammatory markers studied in umbilical cord blood and to analyze the performance of the three markers most frequently studied for the prediction of early-onset neonatal sepsis. DATA SOURCES: An integrative review from 1995 to 2021 was performed, with a search in the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and gray literature databases, using the terms "neonates," "newborns," "neonatal sepsis," "early-onset neonatal sepsis," "neonatal infection," "inflammatory markers," "biomarkers," "cord blood," "fetal blood." STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONS: Study evaluation was limited to primary studies, prospective, observational or intervention, descriptive or analytical, that assessed the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis using inflammatory markers in umbilical cord blood, in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Qualitative studies, reports, review studies, and case series were excluded. Only studies with a punctuation ≥ 6 in the Newcastle-Ottawa scale were included. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: Sixteen studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 were the most frequently studied markers. The best performance for C-reactive protein was observed at a 0.2 mg/L cutoff, with a sensitivity of 82% and a negative predictive value of 99%. Procalcitonin presented the best performance at a 0.5 ng/mL cutoff with 87.5% sensitivity and 98.7% negative predictive value. Interleukin-6 presented the best performance at a 108.5 ng/mL cutoff, with 95% sensitivity and 97.4% negative predictive value. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of markers in the umbilical cord for the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis, could contribute to a more assertive therapy for the neonate and anticipate sepsis screening. Since the cost is less and technically easier, C-reactive protein is recommended for routine use.

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Brazil has the highest SARS-CoV-2 case-fatality rate in pregnant women in the Americas. In this study, clinical and virological findings of five mildly symptomatic pregnant women and their infected fetuses/newborns treated at a referral hospital for COVID19-pregnant women in Midwestern Brazil are reported. Mother and fetal samples were tested by RT-qPCR, ECLIA and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. From the five cases, one resulted in spontaneous abortion, one was stillborn, two were preterm births and one full-term birth. Maternal and fetal placenta, newborn and stillborn secretions were SARS-CoV-2+; one neonate developed ground-glass opacities in his lungs. One neonate's umbilical cord was IgG+ and all were IgM negative upon hospital discharge. Genomes recovered from two placentas belong to the B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 lineages and present nonsynonymous mutations associated with virus fitness and infectivity; other not frequently reported mutations (B.1.1.33: NSP3 V2090G, M A2S and ORF3ab S253P and Y264N; B.1.1.28: NSP3 E995D, NSP12 R240K, NSP14H1897Y and in ORF7b V21F) were found in proteins involved in viral replication, viral induction of apoptosis, viral interference on interferon and on NF-Κß pathways. Phylogeny indicates the south of Brazil as the possible origin of these lineages circulating in Mato Grosso State. These findings contribute to describe SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes in pregnant women and their fetuses, at any stage of gestation and even in mild symptomatic cases.

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Background: Extracellular heat-shock proteins (eHsp) are highly conserved molecules that play an important role in inflammatory diseases and have been quantified in plasma from patients with infectious diseases, including sepsis. There is a constant search for dependable biochemical markers that, in combination with conventional methods, could deliver a prompt and reliable diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Objective: We sought to assess the level of eHsp-27, eHsp-60, eHsp-70, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in plasma of healthy neonates at term and infants with early-onset neonatal sepsis. Methods: This study included 34 newborns that were classified as healthy neonates at term (blood samples from the umbilical cord, n = 23) or infants with early-onset neonatal sepsis (blood samples obtained from umbilical artery by standard sterile procedures before starting a systemic antibiotic intervention, n = 11). All blood samples were centrifuged, and the plasma recovered to determine eHsp-27, eHsp-60, eHsp-70, and TNFα levels by ELISA. Results: Our results indicate that the level of eHsp-27 in healthy neonates at term was 0.045 ± 0.024 pg/ml. This value decreased 2.5-fold in infants with early-onset neonate sepsis (0.019 ± 0.006 pg/ml, p = 0.004). In contrast, the levels of eHsp-60 and eHsp-70 in healthy neonates at term were 13.69 ± 5.3 and 4.03 ± 2.6 pg/ml, respectively. These protein levels increased significantly 1.8- and 1.9-fold in the plasma of infants with early-onset neonatal sepsis (p ≤ 0.001). The level of TNFα in healthy neonates at term was 2.94 ± 0.46 pg/ml, with a 3.0-fold increase in infants with early-onset neonatal sepsis (8.96 ± 0.72 pm/ml, p ≤ 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of eHsp compared with that of C-reactive protein were 73.3, 60.0, 47.8, and 33.3%, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a consistent increase of eHsp-60 and eHsp-70 in the plasma of infants diagnosed with early-onset neonatal sepsis. These proteins showed higher sensitivity and specificity than C-reactive protein and blood culture test.

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OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to determine the incidence of late onset sepsis and the most frequent microorganisms causing it in the neonatal unit at Hospital Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study. We reviewed all positive blood cultures and cultures of cerebrospinal fluid drawn from inborn patients beyond 72 h of life, admitted to the neonatal unit from January 2015 to December 2019. RESULTS: The incidence of late onset sepsis was 7.4% of admitted patients and 10.04 per 1000 live births. During our study period, 234 episodes of late onset sepsis occurred in 204 patients. The incidence was higher in very low birth weight infants, reaching 36.2% and even higher in extremely low birth weight infants (40.7%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and then Klebsiella spp. were the most frequent causative microorganisms. The most frequent cause of late onset sepsis in very low birth weight infants was gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella spp., was the most frequent causative microorganism). CONCLUSIONS: Late onset neonatal sepsis is prevalent in our neonatal unit. It is important to know which are the most prevalent causative microorganisms to be able to choose adequate antibiotic coverage and to design strategies to prevent infection.

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Infections represent an important problem in neonates because of the high mortality. An increase in neonatal infections has been found in Cuban hospitals in recent years. The aim of this study was to provide evidence on the clinical and microbiological behavior of Gram-negative bacilli that cause neonatal infections in hospitals of Havana, Cuba. It was carried out as a descriptive cross-sectional investigation from September 2017 to July 2018 in The Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kouri" (IPK). Sixty-one Gram-negative bacilli isolated from neonates with infections in six Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospitals of Havana were analyzed for their species and antimicrobial susceptibility. Late-onset infections were more common than early-onset ones and included urinary tract infection in the community (87%) and sepsis in hospitals (63.3%). Catheter use (47%) and prolonged stay (38%) were the most frequent risk factors. Species of major pathogens were Escherichia coli (47%) and Klebsiella spp. (26%). The isolated Gram-negative bacilli showed high resistance rates to third-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, while being more susceptible to carbapenems, fosfomycin, colistin and amikacin. The present study revealed the clinical impact of Gram-negative bacilli in neonatology units in hospitals of Havana. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibilities to the isolates from neonates is necessary for selection of appropriate empirical therapy and promotion of the rational antibiotic use.

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OBJECTIVES: To test our hypothesis that routine year-round testing of specimens from multiple body sites and genotyping of detected virus would describe seasonal changes, increase diagnostic yield, and provide a better definition of clinical manifestations of human parechovirus (PeV-A) infections in young febrile infants. STUDY DESIGN: PeV-A reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was incorporated in routine evaluation of infants aged ≤60 days hospitalized at Nationwide Children's Hospital for fever and/or suspected sepsis-like syndrome beginning in July 2013. We reviewed electronic medical records of infants who tested positive for PeV-A between July 2013 and September 2016. Genotyping was performed with specific type 3 RT-PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: Of 1475 infants evaluated, 130 (9%) tested positive for PeV-A in 1 or more sites: 100 (77%) in blood, 84 (65%) in a nonsterile site, and 53 (41%) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Five infants (4%) were CSF-only positive, 31 (24%) were blood-only positive, and 20 (15%) were nonsterile site-only positive. PeV-A3 was the most common type (85%) and the only type detected in CSF. Although the majority (79%) of infections were diagnosed between July and December, PeV-A was detected year-round. The median age at detection was 29 days. Fever (96%), fussiness (75%), and lymphopenia (56%) were common. Among infants with PeV-A-positive CSF, 77% had no CSF pleocytosis. The median duration of hospitalization was 41 hours. Four infants had bacterial coinfections diagnosed within 24 hours of admission; 40 infants had viral coinfections. CONCLUSIONS: Although most frequent in summer and fall, PeV-A infections were encountered in every calendar month within the 3-year period of study. More than one-half of patients had PeV-A detected at more than 1 body site. Coinfections were common. PeV-A3 was the most common type identified and the only type detected in the CSF.

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Introducción: La infección neonatal constituye una de las enfermedades más comunes debido a la susceptibilidad de estos pacientes. Esta infección puede llegar a la sepsis neonatal e incrementar la mortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la infección neonatal tardía. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo y transversal de registros de neonatos ingresados en el servicio de neonatología del Hospital William Soler Ledea entre los años 2017-2019 con diagnóstico de infección. Se excluyeron aquellos registros de neonatos infectados intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Las variables estudiadas fueron: epidemiológicas, factores de riesgo, clínicas y paraclínicas. Se emplearon técnicas de estadísticas descriptivas como porcentajes, razón, media o promedio. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 1078 registros de pacientes para una tasa de infección de 59,4 × 100 ingresos. Los factores de riesgo prenatales y connatales obtuvieron razón de prevalencia < 1. Los factores de riesgo posnatales con mayor prevalencia fueron el sexo masculino (57,6 por ciento) y el cateterismo venoso central (53,6 por ciento). De 83 a 88 por ciento de los neonatos infectados presentaron alteraciones del perfil hematopoyético. Las infecciones respiratorias, de piel y de partes blandas se presentaron en 36 por ciento de los neonatos y fueron las bacterias grampositivas los principales microorganismos aislados. Hubo 11 pacientes fallecidos para una tasa de mortalidad del 22,9 por ciento. Conclusiones: La morbilidad por infección tardía es notable, predominan los factores de riesgo posnatales y el sexo masculino; la prematuridad y el bajo peso tuvieron la mayor representación en los fallecidos(AU)

Introduction: Neonatal infection is one of the most common diseases due to the sensitivity of these patients. This infection can lead to neonatal sepsis and increase mortality. Objective: Determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of late neonatal infection. Methods: Retrospective and cross-sectional descriptive study of records on neonates admitted to the neonatology service of William Soler Ledea Hospital in the period 2017-2019 with a diagnosis of infection. Records of infected infants undergoing surgery were excluded. The variables studied were: epidemiological, risk factors, clinical and paraclinical. Descriptive statistical techniques such as percentages, ratio, mean or average were used. Results: The sample consisted of 1078 patient´s records, with an infection rate of 59.4 × 100 admissions. Prenatal and conatal risk factors obtained prevalence ratio < 1. The postnatal risk factors with the highest prevalence were male sex (57.6 percent) and central venous catheterization (53.6 percent). From 83 to 88 percent of infected neonates had alterations in the hematopoietic profile. Respiratory, skin and soft tissue infections occurred in 36 percent of the neonates and gram-positive bacteria were the main isolated microorganisms. There were 11 patients who died representing a mortality rate of 22.9 percent. Conclusions: Morbidity due to late infection is remarkable, postnatal risk factors predominate and male sex; prematurity and low weight had the highest representation in the deceased ones(AU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: la infección neonatal es un síndrome clínico que constituye una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal. Objetivo: determinar la relación existente entre algunos factores maternos y neonatales y la ocurrencia de las infecciones de inicio precoz probada en el servicio de neonatología del Hospital General Docente Universitario Carlos M. de Céspedes en el periodo de enero del 2014 a diciembre de 2019. Métodos: se realizó una investigación analítica de casos y controles cuya muestra estaba constituida por 450 neonatos diagnosticados con infección precoz probada y 900 controles con una relación de 1 caso por 2 controles. Resultados: en relación a las variables maternas la edad de la madre, con O.R 1.74, un IC. 95% (1.28- 2.34) con p. 0,003, la edad gestacional menor de 31 semanas un O.R:2.14. y una p:0.006, la infección vaginal un OR:5.19, y p:0.000, la infección urinaria OR: 4.99, y p:0.000; el parto distócico como factor de riesgo un OR:0.98, una p:0.923, el resto de las variables maternas como tiempo de roturas de membranas mayor de 18 horas, el líquido amniótico anormal (fétido y/o purulento), el tiempo total de parto prolongado y el politacto p<0.05; la corioamnionitis clínica e histológica con p<0.05; el peso del neonato menor de 1000 gramos y de 1000-1499 gramos con p:0.004 y 0.02 respectivamente, el sexo masculino con OR:1.82 y p:0.000 y el puntaje de Apgar menor de 7 al primer y quinto minuto de vida p<0.05 Conclusiones: las variables maternas excepto parto distócico fueron significativas, y las variables neonatales estudiadas resultaron significativas.

SUMMARY Introduction: Neonatal infection is a clinical syndrome that constitutes an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: to determine the relationship between some maternal and neonatal factors and the occurrence of early-onset infections tested in the neonatology service of the General University Teaching Hospital Carlos M. de Céspedes in the period from January 2014 to December 2019. Methods: an analytical investigation of cases and controls was carried out whose sample consisted of 450 neonates diagnosed with proven early infection and 900 controls with a ratio of 1 case to 2 controls. Results: in relation to maternal variables, the age of the mother, with O.R 1.74, an IC. 95% (1.28-2.34) with p:0.003, the gestational age less than 31 weeks an O.R: 2.14, and a p: 0.006, vaginal infection an OR: 5.19, and p: 0.000, urinary infection OR: 4.99, and p: 0.000; dystocic delivery as a risk factor an OR: 0.98 y p: 0.923, the rest of the maternal variables such as membrane rupture time greater than 18 hours, abnormal amniotic fluid (fetid and / or purulent), the total time of prolonged labor and the politact p <0.05; clinical and histological chorioamnionitis with p <0.05; the weight of the neonate less than 1000 grams and 1000-1499 grams with p: 0.004 and 0.02 respectively, the male sex with OR: 1.82 and p: 0.000 and the Apgar score less than 7 at the first and fifth minute of life p <0.05. Conclusions: the maternal variables except dystocic delivery were significant, and the neonatal variables studied were significant.

RESUMO Introdução: A infecção neonatal é uma síndrome clínica que é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Objetivo: determinar a relação entre alguns fatores maternos e neonatais e a ocorrência de infecções de início precoce testadas no serviço de neonatologia do Hospital Geral Universitário Carlos M. de Céspedes no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019. Métodos: Foi realizada uma investigação analítica de casos e controles cuja amostra consistia em 450 recém-nascidos diagnosticados com infecção precoce comprovada e 900 controles com razão de 1 caso a 2 controles. Resultados: em relação às variáveis maternas a idade da mãe, com O.R. 1,74, ic. 95% (1,28- 2,34) com p.0,003, idade gestacional inferior a 31 semanas por O.R:2,14. e p:0.006, infecção vaginal a OR:5.19, e p:0.000, a infecção do trato urinário OR: 4,99, e p:0.000; parto distópico como fator de risco or:0.98, p:0.923, o resto das variáveis maternas como tempo de ruptura da membrana maior que 18 horas, fluido amniótico anormal (fétido e/ou purulento), tempo total de entrega prolongada e politácto p<0,05; cooamnionite clínica e histológica com p<0,05; peso neonato inferior a 1000 gramas e 1000-1499 gramas com p:0.004 e 0,02, respectivamente, o sexo masculino com OR:1.82 e p:0.000 e o Escore de Apgar inferior a 7 ao primeiro e quinto minuto de vida p<0,05. Conclusões: variáveis maternas exceto parto distópico foram significativas, e as variáveis neonatais estudadas foram significativas.

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INTRODUCTION: GBS colonization is an important risk factor for maternal and neonatal infection morbidity and mortality. Intrapartum antibiotics may prevent vertical transmission of GBS from colonized mothers to their babies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cefazolin prophylactic regimen for GBS disease, comparing it to the established penicillin-based protocols, given the opportunity provided by the temporary unavailability of first-choice antibiotics in Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis was conducted at the Hospital Femina Obstetrics Service between January and December 2015. Ninety-eight pregnant women received standard penicillin (70 patients) or ampicillin (28 patients) antibiotic prophylaxis, and 251 pregnant women received an alternative prophylaxis with cefazolin during the study period. Risk factor, Maternal and neonatal outcomes were evaluated and compared between groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in maternal (RR = 0.71; IC 95%:0.30-1.68; p = 0.709) and neonatal (RR = 0.84; IC 95%:0.61-1.15; p = 0.271) outcomes between those patients using the alternative antibiotic prophylaxis in comparison to the standard antibiotics, with the dependent variable of maternal and neonatal outcomes grouped and controlled for potential confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The antibiotics used as alternatives to penicillin and ampicillin for the prevention of maternal-fetal GBS disease are poorly studied, and this study indicate that cefazolin can be an optimal choice, offering safety in the use of this antibiotic in situations where penicillins are contraindicated or unavailable.

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