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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile -based learning (MBL) in improving nursing students' knowledge and skills when performing procedures in the operating room. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with control group, pre- and post-intervention assessment was conducted. A total of 128 nursing students from India were recruited by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the intervention (use of a telephone application containing videos on hand washing, surgical gown donning, gloving, and assisting during intubation) and conventional education groups. A validated Structured Knowledge Questionnaire and an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scale was used to assess nursing students' competencies in relation to operating room procedures and a mobile-based learning satisfaction opinion questionnaire was administered. Results: The findings showed that the improvement in the mean knowledge and skills score was greater in the intervention group than in the control group (p<0.001). The administration of the MBL was rated as highly satisfactory by 93.8% of the students exposed to this learning method. Conclusion: The MBL intervention was effective in improving nursing students' knowledge and skills in the evaluated operating room procedures.

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Objetivo: Promover a reflexão sobre os efeitos da transformação digital na enfermagem perioperatória. Métodos: Estudo reflexivo baseado em dados da literatura associado a prática do autor na enfermagem perioperatória e no projeto de automação. Resultados: evidenciou-se um misto de competências para enfermagem perioperatória, como atividades relacionadas a busca pelo hospital digital, uso da inteligência artificial e robótica. Conclusão: a reflexão deste tema incentiva o enfermeiro na busca de pesquisa, desenvolvimento digital e novos conhecimentos na área digital associados à sua prática clínica. (AU)

Objective: To promote reflection on the effects of digital transformation in perioperative nursing. Methods: Reflective study based on literature data associated with the author's practice in perioperative nursing and automation project. Results: a mix of skills for perioperative nursing was evidenced, such as activities related to the search for the digital hospital, use of artificial intelligence and robotics. Conclusion: the reflection on this theme encourages nurses to search for research, digital development and new knowledge in the digital area associated with their clinical practice. (AU)

Objetivo: Promover la reflexión sobre los efectos de la transformación digital en la enfermería perioperatoria. Métodos: Estudio reflexivo basado en datos de la literatura asociados a la práctica del autor en enfermería perioperatoria y proyecto de automatización. Resultados: se evidenció una mezcla de habilidades para la enfermería perioperatoria, como actividades relacionadas con la búsqueda del hospital digital, uso de inteligencia artificial y robótica. Conclusión: la reflexión sobre este tema anima al enfermero a buscar investigación, desarrollo digital y nuevos conocimientos en el área digital asociados a su práctica clínica. (AU)

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Introducción. La nueva era de la cirugía es cada vez más dependiente de la tecnología, y un ejemplo de ello es el uso generalizado de electrocauterio como parte primordial de la práctica quirúrgica. El humo quirúrgico es un subproducto de la disección y la coagulación de los tejidos producidas por los equipos de energía, que representa múltiples riesgos potenciales para la salud del grupo quirúrgico, sin embargo, se han minimizado los peligros causados por la exposición de manera frecuente y acumulativa a este aerosol. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis crítico, desde una posición reflexiva de la información disponible, estableciendo los posibles riesgos relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico. Discusión. Es visible la necesidad imperativa de establecer directrices nacionales, pautas normativas y recomendaciones estandarizadas para cumplir con las exigencias dadas por los sistemas de gestión en salud ocupacional y seguridad del trabajo, cuyo objetivo principal es hacer efectivo el uso de mascarillas quirúrgicas apropiadas, la implementación de programa de vigilancia epidemiológica ambiental en sala de cirugía, la priorización del uso constante de aspiradores y sistemas de evacuación, y la ejecución de programas educativos de sensibilización dirigidos al personal implicado. De igual manera, se abre la inquietud de la necesidad de nuevos estudios para definir con mayor precisión el peligro de este aerosol. Conclusión. Se recomienda de manera responsable utilizar todas las estrategias preventivas existentes para intervenir en salas de cirugía los riesgos minimizados y olvidados del humo quirúrgico.

Introduction. The new era of surgery is increasingly dependent on technology, and an example of this is the widespread use of electrocautery as a primary part of surgical practice. Surgical smoke is a byproduct of the dissection and coagulation of tissues produced by energy equipment, which represents multiple potential health risks for the surgical group; however, the dangers caused by cumulative exposure have been minimized. Methods. A critical analysis was carried out from a reflective position of the available information, establishing the possible risks related to exposure to surgical smoke. Discussion. The imperative need to establish national normative guidelines and standardized recommendations to comply with the demands given by the occupational health and work safety management systems, whose main objective is to make effective the use of appropriate surgical masks, implementation of environmental epidemiological surveillance program in the operating room, prioritizing the constant use of vacuum cleaners and evacuation systems, and carrying out educational awareness programs aimed at the personnel involved. Likewise, there is concern about the need for new studies to more precisely define the danger of this aerosol. Conclusion. It is recommended to responsibly use all existing preventive strategies to intervene in operating rooms to minimize the forgotten risks of surgical smoke.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los tiempos quirúrgicos estándar de los cuatro procedimientos más comunes en cirugía general (hernioplastia inguinal unilateral, hernioplastia inguinal bilateral, hernioplastia umbilical y colecistectomía) de un hospital de segundo nivel y calcular la probabilidad de extensión de cada uno de los procedimientos. La eficiencia es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado en el ámbito económico, pues hace referencia a la necesidad de menor cantidad de factores para la producción de un determinado nivel de bienes y servicios, por ello, es de vital importancia incluirlo en el ámbito quirúrgico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los registros de quirófano de un hospital de segundo nivel del año 2017 al 2019 del servicio de Cirugía General. A partir de esta información, se estandarizó el tiempo necesario para cada procedimiento mediante la media de cada uno (hernioplastia umbilical, hernioplastia inguinal unilateral o bilateral y colecistectomía). Se calculó la probabilidad de extensión de las cirugías tomando en consideración los datos obtenidos y el intervalo de confianza. Resultados: Para el procedimiento de hernioplastia inguinal unilateral se obtuvo una media de 76 min (IC 95,00 %: 72-80 min, DE 23); en hernioplastia inguinal bilateral, una media de 104,38 min (IC 95,00 %: 91-116 min, DE 41,7); en hernioplastia umbilical, una media de 59,31 min (IC 95,00 %: 54-63 min, DE 29,9), y en colecistectomía, una media de 85,735 min (IC 95,00 %: 83-88 min). La probabilidad de que se programen tres cirugías y todas estén a tiempo (límite superior del IC) es de 92,69 %, la probabilidad de que se programen tres cirugías y todas se prolonguen es de 0,0016 % (límite inferior del IC). Conclusiones: Es posible realizar la planeación de las cirugías programadas mediante el uso de tiempos quirúrgicos estandarizados. Se requiere contar con estadística actualizada de los procedimientos quirúrgicos (promedios del tiempo de realización de cada procedimiento), ya que es posible detectar y supervisar de manera más precisa la dinámica de quirófano mediante la detección de las áreas de oportunidad, de esta manera, se eficientizará el tiempo de quirófano para beneficio de los sistemas de salud y los pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the standard surgical times of the four most common general surgery procedures (unilateral inguinal hernioplasty, bilateral inguinal hernioplasty, umbilical hernioplasty and cholecystectomy) in a second-level hospital and to estimate the probability of extending the time of each of the procedures. Efficiency is a widely studied subject in economics. It involves the need for fewer elements in the production of a certain level of goods and services. Therefore, it is extremely important to consider it in the field of surgery. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study. It used the operating room records from 2017 to 2019 of the General Surgery service in a second-level hospital. Based on this information, the time required for each procedure was standardized using the mean for each one (umbilical hernioplasty, unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernioplasty and cholecystectomy). The probability of extending surgical times was estimated based on the obtained data and confidence interval. Results: The mean for unilateral inguinal hernioplasty was 76 min (95.00 % CI: 72-80 min, SD 23), for bilateral inguinal hernioplasty 104.38 min (95.00 % CI: 91-116 min, SD 41.7), for umbilical hernioplasty 59.31 min (95.00 % CI: 54-63 min, SD 29.99) and for cholecystectomy 85.735 min (95.00 % CI: 83-88 min). The probability of scheduling three surgical interventions and completing all of them on time (upper limit of the CI) is 92.69 %, and the probability of scheduling three surgical interventions and extending the time of all of them is 0.0016 % (lower limit of the CI). Conclusions: Planning scheduled operations using standardized surgical times is feasible. Updated statistics on surgical procedures (average time for each procedure) are required since it is possible to more accurately detect and supervise operating room dynamics by identifying opportunity areas. This will make operating room time more efficient for the benefit of health care systems and patients.

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Introducción: La categorización de las urgencias quirúrgicas es una necesidad en razón al continuo desequilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de servicios quirúrgicos en la mayoría de las instituciones donde se encuentra habilitada la prestación del servicio. Hay abordajes en el tema, con estrategias de priorización de los casos quirúrgicos, que consideran escalas y flujogramas, pero su ausente validez externa y las particularidades de las instituciones y aseguradores, han limitado una generalización de los resultados. Métodos: Se efectúa una conceptualización del triaje de las urgencias quirúrgicas con planteamientos críticos y reflexivos soportados en la evidencia. Se identifican, asimismo, las posibles oportunidades para la investigación. Discusión: Los beneficios potenciales de un triaje quirúrgico en situaciones de urgencia, son extensivos a todos los actores del sistema de salud, disminuyen la posibilidad de desenlaces y repercusiones económicas negativas para las instituciones y los aseguradores. La teoría de las colas ofrece el soporte para un entendimiento del tema y contribuye en las soluciones. Su adopción es escasa como parte de una estrategia local de priorización quirúrgica en un contexto de urgencia. Conclusión:La creación de estrategias que establezcan el triaje para el paciente con una urgencia quirúrgica están influenciadas por la participación continua y efectiva de los actores involucrados en el proceso y en su impacto en los desenlaces clínicos

Introduction: Categorizing surgical emergencies is necessary due to the continued imbalance between the supply and demand of surgical services in most institutions where the service is enabled. There are approaches to the subject, with strategies for prioritizing surgical cases, which consider scales and flowcharts, but their lack of external validity and the particularities of the institutions and insurers have limited the generalization of the results. Methods: A conceptualization of the triage of surgical emergencies is carried out with critical and reflective approaches supported by evidence. Potential research opportunities are also identified. Discussion: The potential benefits of surgical triage in emergent situations are extensive to all health system actors, reducing the possibility of adverse outcomes and economic repercussions for institutions and insurers. Queuing theory offers support for understanding the issue and contributes to solutions. However, its adoption is scarce in an emergency as part of a local surgical prioritization strategy. Conclusion: The creation of strategies that establish triage for the patient with a surgical emergency is influenced by the continuous and effective participation of the actors involved in the process and its impact on clinical outcomes

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Abstract Background and objectives: Contribution margin per hour (CMH) has been proposed in healthcare systems to increase the profitability of operating suites. The aim of our study is to propose a simple and reproducible model to calculate CMH and to increase cost-effectiveness. Methods: For the ten most commonly performed surgical procedures at our Institution, we prospectively collected their diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement, variable costs and mean procedural time. We quantified the portion of total staffed operating room time to be reallocated with a minimal risk of overrun. Moreover, we calculated the total CMH with a random reallocation on a first come-first served basis. Finally, prioritizing procedures with higher CMH, we ran a simulation by calculating the total CMH. Results: Over a two-months period, we identified 14.5 hours of unutilized operating room to reallocate. In the case of a random ''first come -first serve'' basis, the total earnings were 87,117 United States dollars (USD). Conversely, with a reallocation which prioritized procedures with a high CMH, it was possible to earn 140,444 USD (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Surgical activity may be one of the most profitable activities for hospitals, but a cost-effective management requires a comprehension of its cost profile. Reallocation of unused operating room time according to CMH may represent a simple, reproducible and reliable tool for elective cases on a waiting list. In our experience, it helped improving the operating suite cost-effectiveness.

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Abstract Introduction: Prevention, identification, analysis and reduction of adverse events (AEs) are all activities designed to increase safety of care in the clinical setting. Closed claims reviews are a strategy that allows to identify patient safety issues. This study analyzes adverse events resulting in malpractice lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia between 2013-2019. Objective: To analyze adverse events in closed medicolegal lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund between 2013-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Convenience sampling was used, including all closed claims in which anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia were sued during the observation period. Variables associated with the occurrence of AEs were analyzed. Results: Overall, 71 claims were analyzed, of which 33.5% were due to anesthesia-related AEs. Adverse events were found more frequently among ASA I-II patients (78.9%), and in surgical procedures (95.8%). The highest number of adverse events occurred in plastic surgery (29.6%); the event with the highest proportion was patient death (43.7%). Flaws in clinical records and failure to comply with the standards were found in a substantial number of cases. Conclusions: When compared with a previously published study in the same population, an increase in ethical, disciplinary and administrative claims was found, driven by events not directly related to anesthesia. Most of the anesthesia-related events occurred in the operating room during surgical procedures in patients and procedures categorized as low risk, and most of them were preventable.

Resumen Introducción: La prevención, identificación, análisis y reducción de los eventos adversos (EA), son actividades direccionadas a incrementar la seguridad de la atención en el entorno clínico. El estudio de los casos cerrados es una estrategia que permite identificar problemas relacionados con la seguridad del paciente. En este estudio se analizan eventos adversos conducentes a procesos medicolegales cerrados contra anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia entre 2013-2019. Objetivo: Analizar los eventos adversos en procesos medicolegales cerrados de anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento entre 2013-2019. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se analizó una muestra a conveniencia en la que se incluyeron todos los casos cerrados en los que anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia fueron objeto de reclamaciones en el período de observación. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con la presentación del EA. Resultados: Se analizaron 71 reclamaciones, de las cuales el 33,5 % fueron por EA relacionado con anestesia. Los eventos adversos se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes ASA I-II (78,9 %), y en procedimientos quirúrgicos (95,8 %). El mayor número de eventos adversos se presentó en cirugía plástica (29,6 %); el evento de mayor proporción fue el fallecimiento del paciente (43,7 %). En un importante número de casos se demostró fallos en el registro de la historia clínica e incumplimiento de normas. Conclusiones: En relación con un estudio publicado previamente en la misma población, se encuentra un incremento en los procesos éticos, disciplinarios y administrativos, motivados por eventos sin una relación directa con el acto anestésico. La mayoría de eventos adversos relacionados con anestesia se presentan en procedimientos quirúrgicos, en salas de cirugía, en pacientes y procedimientos catalogados como de bajo riesgo, y son en su mayoría prevenibles.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Contribution margin per hour (CMH) has been proposed in healthcare systems to increase the profitability of operating suites. The aim of our study is to propose a simple and reproducible model to calculate CMH and to increase cost-effectiveness. METHODS: For the ten most commonly performed surgical procedures at our Institution, we prospectively collected their diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement, variable costs and mean procedural time. We quantified the portion of total staffed operating room time to be reallocated with a minimal risk of overrun. Moreover, we calculated the total CMH with a random reallocation on a first come-first served basis. Finally, prioritizing procedures with higher CMH, we ran a simulation by calculating the total CMH. RESULTS: Over a two-months period, we identified 14.5 hours of unutilized operating room to reallocate. In the case of a random "first come-first serve" basis, the total earnings were 87,117 United States dollars (USD). Conversely, with a reallocation which prioritized procedures with a high CMH, it was possible to earn 140,444 USD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Surgical activity may be one of the most profitable activities for hospitals, but a cost-effective management requires a comprehension of its cost profile. Reallocation of unused operating room time according to CMH may represent a simple, reproducible and reliable tool for elective cases on a waiting list. In our experience, it helped improving the operating suite cost-effectiveness.

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Abstract The study describes basic nursing care during the perioperative. Introduces the origins of perioperative nursing, general care that must be practiced with patient in this context. During the preoperative, care related with risk assessment and preparation of patient from the emotional and physical point of view are important. The trans-operative is related with the anesthesia used, surgical position, preparation of the skin, maintenance of normothermia, among many others. The postoperative depends on the type of anesthesia and surgical procedure, emphasizing on airway permeability, hemodynamic stability, pain, and symptomatology being presented by patients until they are stable and suitable for transfer to another service or their home.

Resumen Se describen los cuidados de enfermería básicos durante el perioperatorio. Se presentan los orígenes de la enfermería perioperatoria, los cuidados generales que se deben tener con el paciente en este contexto. En el preoperatorio es importante los cuidados relacionados con la valoración del riesgo, la preparación del paciente desde el punto de vista emocional y físico. Durante el transoperatorio se relacionan con la anestesia utilizada, la posición quirúrgica, la preparación de la piel, el mantenimiento de la normotermia, entre muchos otros. En el posoperatorio dependen del tipo de anestesia y procedimiento quirúrgico, realizando énfasis en la permeabilidad de la vía aérea, la estabilidad hemodinámica, el dolor, y la sintomatología que va presentando el paciente hasta que este estable y apto para trasladarse a otro servicio o para su casa.

Resumo São descritos os cuidados básicos de enfermagem durante o período perioperatório. São apresentadas as origens da enfermagem perioperatória, bem como os cuidados gerais que devem ser tomados com o paciente nesse contexto. No pré-operatório, são importantes os cuidados relacionados à avaliação de risco e o preparo do paciente do ponto de vista emocional e físico. Durante o transoperatório, estão relacionados à anestesia utilizada, à posição cirúrgica, ao preparo da pele, à manutenção da normotermia, entre muitos outros. No pós-operatório, dependem do tipo de anestesia e procedimento cirúrgico, enfatizando a permeabilidade da via aérea, estabilidade hemodinâmica, dor e os sintomas que o paciente apresenta até que esteja estável e apto a se transferir para outro serviço ou para sua casa.

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