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INTRODUCTION: The revised international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (ISNCSCI) have facilitated the documentation of non-spinal cord injury-related impairments, such as chronic peripheral nerve injuries and muscle weakness due to immobility. This advancement addresses potential biases in muscle strength examinations. Utilizing electrically evoked contractions from paralyzed muscles, enhanced by electrodiagnosis, holds promise in identifying false-negative diagnoses of non-responsiveness to neuromuscular electrical stimulation. This concept prompts the exploration of polyneuromyopathy arising from nonuse in paralyzed muscles. CASE SERIES PRESENTATION: To substantiate our hypothesis, we recruited nine participants for a case series aimed at elucidating the potential benefits of incorporating the stimulus electrodiagnostic test (SET) to mitigate non-responsiveness during preparation for functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted cycling. In our convenience sample (n = 5), we conducted neurological mapping based on ISNCSCI and applied SET on the quadriceps. The SET guided optimal dosimetry for evoking contractions and revealed responses similar to those observed in peripheral neuropathies, with α coefficients equal to or lower than 2.00. This observation is likely attributable to nonuse of paralyzed muscles, indicative of an ongoing polyneuropathy in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). DISCUSSION: Among the nine initially recruited subjects, seven exhibited responsiveness to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (78% responsiveness), with two participants excluded based on exclusion criteria. In the final five reported cases, all displayed α coefficient values indicating impaired neuromuscular accommodation, and one presented no α coefficient within the normal range. The inclusion of electrodiagnosis appears effective in averting non-responsiveness, suggesting the presence of ongoing polyneuropathies in paralyzed muscles.

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BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) can lead to significant functional impairments, yet little is understood about the recovery phase and long-term consequences for patients in low- and medium-income countries. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional status and identify factors influencing outcomes among patients with GBS in Colombia. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with GBS patients enrolled in the Neuroviruses Emerging in the Americas Study between 2016 and 2020. The investigation encompassed access to health services and functional status assessments, utilizing the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), GBS Disability Score (GDS), Barthel Index (BI), and International Classification of Functioning (ICF). Univariate analysis, principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and linear regression were employed to explore factors influencing functional status. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (mean age = 50[±22] years) with a median time from diagnosis of 28 months (IQR = 9-34) were included. Notably, 22% and 16% of patients did not receive rehabilitation services during the acute episode and post-discharge, respectively. Most patients demonstrated independence in basic daily activities (median BI = 100, IQR = 77.5-100), improvement in disability as the median mRS at follow-up was lower than at onset (1 [IQR = 0-3] vs. 4.5 [IQR = 4-5], p < 0.001), and most were able to walk without assistance (median GDS = 2, IQR = 0-2). A shorter period from disease onset to interview was associated with worse mRS (p = 0.015) and ICF (p = 0.019). Negative outcomes on GDS and ICF were linked to low socioeconomic status, ICF to the severity of weakness at onset, and BI to an older age. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores that the functional recovery of GBS patients in Colombia is influenced not only by the natural course of the disease but also by socioeconomic factors, emphasizing the crucial role of social determinants of health.

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Abstract Background The distinction between sensory neuronopathies (SN), which is by definition purely sensory, and sensory polyneuropathies (SP) and sensory multineuropathies (SM) is important for etiologic investigation and prognosis estimation. However, this task is often challenging in clinical practice. We hypothesize that F-wave assessment might be helpful, since it is able to detect subtle signs of motor involvement, which are found in SP and SM, but not in SN. Objective The aim of the present study was to determine whether F-waves are useful to distinguish SN from SP and SM. Methods We selected 21 patients with SP (12 diabetes mellitus, 4 transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy, 4 others), 22 with SM (22 leprosy), and 26 with SN (13 immune-mediated, 10 idiopathic, 3 others) according to clinical-electrophysiological-etiological criteria. For every subject, we collected data on height and performed 20 supramaximal distal stimuli in median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves, bilaterally, to record F-waves. Latencies (minimum and mean) and persistences were compared across groups using the Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni tests. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results All groups were age, gender, and height-matched. Overall, there were no significant between-group differences regarding F-wave latencies. In contrast, F-wave persistence was able to stratify the groups. Peroneal F-wave persistence was higher, bilaterally, in the SN group compared to SM and SP (p < 0.05). In addition, F-waves persistence of the ulnar and tibial nerves was also helpful to separate SN from SP (p < 0.05). Conclusion F-wave persistence of the peroneal nerves might be an additional and useful diagnostic tool to differentiate peripheral sensory syndromes.

Resumo Antecedentes A distinção entre neuronopatias sensitivas (SN) e polineuropatias sensitivas (SP) e multineuropatias sensitivas (SM) é importante para a investigação etiológica e para o prognóstico. Contudo, esta tarefa é desafiadora na prática clínica. Hipotetizou-se que a avaliação das ondas-F pode ser útil, por ser capaz de detectar envolvimento motor nas SP e SM, mas não nas SN. Objetivo Determinar se as ondas-F podem ajudar a distinguir entre SN, SP e SM. Métodos Selecionou-se 21 pacientes com SP (12 diabetes mellitus, 4 ATTR-FAP e 4 com outras neuropatias), 22 com SM (22 hanseníases) e 26 com SN (13 imunomediadas, 10 idiopáticas e 3 com outras neuronopatias), de acordo com critérios clínicos, etiológicos e eletrofisiológicos. Para cada indivíduo, foi aferida a altura e foram aplicados 20 estímulos distais supramáximos nos nervos mediano, ulnar, fibular e tibial, bilateralmente, para registrar as ondas-F. Uma comparação foi feita, por grupo, das latências (mínimas e médias) e persistências pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Bonferroni. Valores de p < 0.05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados Todos os grupos foram pareados por idade, sexo e altura. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos quanto às latências das ondas-F. A persistência da onda-F foi capaz de estratificar os grupos, sendo as dos nervos fibulares bilateralmente maiores no grupo SN que nos grupos SM e SP (p < 0.05). Adicionalmente, a persistência das ondas-F dos nervos ulnares e tibiais também foi útil para distinguir SN de SP (p < 0.05). Conclusão A persistência das ondas-F dos nervos fibulares pode ser uma ferramenta adicional e útil para diferenciar síndromes sensitivas periféricas.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Conventional electrodiagnostic studies (EDX) are frequently used to support the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathic pain. However, routine EDX has poor diagnostic yield for identifying small fiber neuropathy, which may be cause of neuropathic pain in some patients. This study aimed to assess the gain in diagnostic yield brought by adding pain-related evoked potentials with concentric electrode (CN-PREP) and nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) assessments to EDX. METHODS: Transversal observational accuracy study which included patients referred to routine EDX in a tertiary-care hospital who reported chronic neuropathic pain in their lower limbs. Besides routine EDX, subjects underwent CN-PREP and NWR assessments. Diagnostic yield and tolerability were examined and compared between test studies. RESULTS: The study enrolled 100 patients (54% female), with 57 ± 12 years. EDX was altered in 47% of all patients. The addition of CN-PREP alone, and NWR combined with CN-PREP increased diagnostic yield to 69% and 72%, respectively. CN-PREP proved to be well tolerable, while NWR was associated with higher test-related pain intensity and discontinuation rate (9% vs. 0%). Considering EDX as the reference test, CN-PREP sensitivity was 85.1% and specificity 58.5%. CONCLUSION: Combining CN-PREP with the routine EDX for patients with neuropathic pain is feasible and results in increased diagnostic yield. Conversely, the addition of NWR to the aforementioned tests provides little improvement to this yield and is less tolerable to the patient. Further studies are needed to determine the actual sensitivity and specificity of CN-PREP when compared to the gold-standard for small fiber neuropathy diagnosis, i.e. intraepidermal nerve fiber density assessment.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Estudos convencionais de eletrodiagnóstico (EDX) são frequentemente usados para apoiar o diagnóstico de dor neuropática periférica. No entanto, o EDX de rotina tem baixo rendimento diagnóstico para identificar neuropatia de pequenas fibras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ganho no rendimento diagnóstico pela adição de avaliações de potenciais evocados relacionados à dor com eletrodo concêntrico (CN-PREP) e reflexo de retirada nociceptiva (NWR) ao EDX. MÉTODOS: Estudo de precisão observacional transversal que incluiu pacientes encaminhados para EDX de rotina com dor neuropática crônica em membros inferiores. Além do EDX de rotina, os indivíduos foram submetidos às avaliações CN-PREP e NWR. O rendimento diagnóstico e a tolerabilidade foram examinados e comparados entre os estudos de teste. RESULTADOS: O estudo envolveu 100 pacientes (54% mulheres), com 57 ± 12 anos. O EDX estava alterado em 47%. A adição de CN-PREP sozinho e NWR combinado com CN-PREP aumentou o rendimento diagnóstico para 69% e 72%, respectivamente. O CN-PREP provou ser bem tolerável, enquanto o NWR foi associado a maior intensidade de dor relacionada ao teste e taxa de descontinuação (9% vs. 0%). Considerando o EDX como teste de referência, a sensibilidade do CN-PREP foi de 85,1% e a especificidade de 58,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação do CN-PREP com o EDX de rotina para pacientes com dor neuropática é viável e resulta em maior rendimento diagnóstico. Já a adição de NWR aos testes mencionados fornece pouca melhora nesse rendimento e é menos tolerável para o paciente. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar a real sensibilidade e especificidade do CN-PREP quando comparado ao padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de neuropatia de pequenas fibras, ou seja, a avaliação da densidade de fibras nervosas intraepidérmicas.

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Background: Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an uncommon metabolic disease, being the most common of the acute porphyrias. The most frequent symptom is acute abdominal pain, although can be accompanied by seizures, neuro-psychiatric alterations or symmetrical motor neuropathies, which in some patients can progress to respiratory musculature paralysis. Objective: To describe an atypical presentation of acute porphyria to be considered as differential diagnoses in abdominal pain. Clinical case: We present a case of a patient with AIP, presenting acute abdomen, seizures, later developed neuropsychiatric compromise and symmetrical motor neuropathy, and was admitted to mechanical ventilation. Due to the severity of the neurological involvement, he received hemin arginate, presenting with transient hypertransaminemia, an adverse event not previously reported. The evolution was favorable, with mechanical ventilation and hospital discharge withdrawn. Conclusions: The diagnosis of AIP should be considered in cases of acute abdominal pain associated with neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms, particularly young women. The administration of hemin is considered the standard of treatment, and even late could have beneficial effects.

Introducción: la porfiria aguda intermitente (PAI) es una enfermedad metabólica infrecuente, siendo la más común de las porfirias agudas. El síntoma más frecuente es el dolor abdominal agudo, aunque también pueden acompañarse de convulsiones, alteraciones neuro-psiquiátricas o neuropatías motoras simétricas, y que en algunos pacientes puede progresar a la parálisis de la musculatura respiratoria. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una forma atípica de presentación de una porfiria aguda, a fin de considerar como diagnósticos diferenciales en dolor abdominal. Caso clínico: paciente con PAI, que presenta abdomen agudo, convulsiones, posteriormente compromiso neuro-psiquiátrico y neuropatía motora simétrica, ingresando a ventilación mecánica. Por la gravedad del compromiso neurológico recibió arginato de hemina, cursando con hipertransaminemia transitoria, evento adverso no reportado previamente. La evolución fue favorable, retirándosele la ventilación mecánica y el alta hospitalaria. Conclusiones: se debe considerar el diagnóstico de PAI en casos de dolor abdominal agudo asociado a síntomas neurológicos y/o psiquiátricos, particularmente en mujeres jóvenes. La administración de hemina es considerada el estándar de tratamiento, y aun en forma tardía podría tener efectos beneficiosos.

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ABSTRACT Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is considered an important tool to prevent muscle mass and strength loss in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). This study aimed to evaluate physical therapists' profile and knowledge of NMES and identify the main barriers to its use in ICUs. This observational cross-sectional study was conducted via a structured questionnaire created by the authors. It consisted of 12 objective questions to analyze physical therapists' knowledge of NMES use in critically ill patients. Physical therapists were invited to participate in this study during an international symposium on NMES. In total, 56 physical therapists, with a mean age of 33.5±7.2 years and working an average of 9.7±7 years after graduation, completed the survey. Overall, 34 respondents worked in ICUs, of which only four (12%) reported regular NMES use in their ICUs. We found a low average of correct answers to our questionnaire (25%; 3/12). The main barriers reported to using NMES in ICUs were lack of knowledge (28; 50%) and equipment (24; 43%). The number of correct answers expert and non-expert physical therapists was not statistically significant (p=0.68). Thus, we observed participants' poor knowledge of NMES use in critically ill patients. Respondents showed that NMES has been underused in their ICUs. Lack of knowledge and equipment seems to be the main barriers for the use of NMES in ICUs.

RESUMO A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular transcutânea (EENM) é considerada uma importante ferramenta para prevenir a perda de força e massa muscular em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil e conhecimento dos fisioterapeutas sobre a EENM e identificar as principais barreiras para sua utilização na UTI. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal, por meio de um questionário estruturado elaborado pelos autores. O questionário foi composto por 12 questões objetivas que visavam analisar o nível de conhecimento dos fisioterapeutas sobre o uso da EENM em pacientes críticos. Os fisioterapeutas foram convidados a participar do estudo durante um simpósio internacional sobre EENM. Cinquenta e seis fisioterapeutas completaram a pesquisa, a média de idade foi de 33,5±7,2 anos e o tempo médio de graduação de 9,7±7 anos. Trinta e quatro entrevistados trabalhavam na UTI, e destes apenas 4 (12%) relataram que a EENM era realizada rotineiramente em suas UTIs. Observou-se baixo nível de conhecimento sobre o uso da EENM em pacientes críticos no questionário, com média de 25% de acertos (3/12). Ao comparar os fisioterapeutas especialistas e não especialistas, o número de acertos não foi estatisticamente significativo (p=0,68). As principais barreiras relatadas para a utilização da técnica foram a falta de conhecimento 28 (50%) e a falta de equipamentos 24 (43%). Os entrevistados demonstraram que a EENM tem sido subutilizada em suas UTIs.

RESUMEN La electroestimulación neuromuscular transcutánea (TENS) es una herramienta importante para prevenir la pérdida de fuerza y masa muscular en pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el perfil y el conocimiento de los fisioterapeutas sobre la TENS, así como identificar las principales barreras para su uso en la UCI. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional transversal mediante un cuestionario estructurado desarrollado por los autores. El cuestionario constaba de 12 preguntas objetivas cuyo objetivo era analizar el nivel de conocimiento de los fisioterapeutas sobre el uso de la TENS en pacientes críticos. Se invitó a los fisioterapeutas a participar en el estudio durante un simposio internacional sobre TENS. Cincuenta y seis fisioterapeutas completaron la encuesta, la edad media fue de 33,5±7,2 años, y el tiempo medio desde la graduación fue de 9,7±7 años. Treinta y cuatro encuestados trabajaban en la UCI, y de estos solo 4 (12%) informaron que la TENS se realizaba de forma rutinaria en las UCI donde trabajaban. Los resultados del cuestionario mostraron un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre el uso de la TENS en pacientes críticos, con un promedio de 25% de respuestas correctas (3/12). En la comparación entre los fisioterapeutas especialistas y los no especialistas, el número de respuestas correctas no fue estadísticamente significativo (p=0,68). Las principales barreras reportadas para el uso de esta técnica fueron la falta de conocimiento 28 (50%) y la falta de equipamiento 24 (43%). Los encuestados demostraron que esta técnica es infrautilizada en las UCI.

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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) se ha asociado recientemente con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y su vacunación. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los datos sociodemográficos y la presentación clínica del SGB asociado con la infección y la vacunación contra covid--19. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos Medline, Embase y LILACS. Se incluyeron reportes de casos publicados entre los años 2021 y 2022. De los artículos seleccionados se extrajo edad, sexo, comorbilidades, laboratorio de la vacuna, tiempo de inicio de síntomas, manifestaciones clínicas, método diagnóstico, tratamiento recibido y desenlace. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 93 artículos, en los que se reporta un total de 131 casos: 82 asociados con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y 49 asociados con la vacunación contra el covid-19. La población más afectada fue el sexo masculino y se encontró entre los 31 y los 65 años. Las principales manifestaciones descritas fueron: paresia de extremidades, compromiso de la sensibilidad, arreflexia, compromiso de los pares craneales. DISCUSIÓN: El cuadro clínico del SGB presentó características similares a la presentación clásica. La disautonomía y la falla respiratoria son las principales complicaciones mortales de esta entidad. CONCLUSIÓN: El SGB se puede presentar de manera postinfecciosa o parainfecciosa. Se debe sospechar cuando se consulta por cuadro clínico de neuropatía desmielinizante con antecedentes de inmunización o síntomas concomitantes sugestivos de covid-19. Se necesitan más estudios para establecer una asociación entre el virus y el SGB.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) has recently been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The objective of this review is to describe the sociodemographic data and the clinical presentation of GBS associated with infection and vaccination against COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was performed in the Medline, Embase and LILACS databases. Case reports published in 2021-2022 are included. From the selected articles, age, sex, comorbidi-ties, vaccine brand, symptom onset time, clinical manifestations, diagnostic method, treatment received and outcome were extracted. RESULTS: 93 articles were selected, reporting a total of 131 cases: 82 associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 49 associated with vaccination against COVID-19. The most affected population was the male sex and was between 31 and 65 years old. The main manifestations described were: limb paresis, compromised sensitivity, areflexia, compromised cranial nerves. DISCUSSION: The clinical picture of GBS presented characteristics similar to the classic presentation. Dys-autonomia and respiratory failure are the main fatal complications of this entity. CONCLUSION: GBS can present in a postinfectious, parainfectious manner. It should be suspected when consulting for a clinical picture of demyelinating neuropathy with a history of immunization or concomitant symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. More studies are needed to establish an association between the virus and GBS.

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Antecedentes: El Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES) de inicio tardío es raro y afecta a adultos mayores. Reporte del caso: Se reporta a una mujer de 71 años con debilidad generalizada y pérdida de fuerza muscular, que aumentó súbitamente luego de un accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico. La paciente presentó evolución tórpida por seis meses. El diagnóstico de LES de inicio tardío fue confirmado con anticuerpos antinucleares (+) y cumplimiento de criterios para LES y neurolupus, teniendo una mejoría significativa a las dos semanas de tratamiento. Luego de realizar una revisión sistemática rápida se encontraron pocos casos similares con neuropatía periférica. Conclusión: Es necesario considerar al LES de inicio tardío con neuropatía periférica en adultos mayores con debilidad muscular, como una presentación clínica atípica y la necesidad de exámenes confirmatorios.

Background: Late-onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is rare and affects older adults. Case report: A 71-year-old woman is reported with generalized weakness and muscle strength loss, which increased suddenly after a hemorrhagic stroke. The patient presented a torpid evolution for six months. The diagnosis of late-onset SLE was confirmed with antinuclear antibodies (+) and compliance with criteria for SLE and neurolupus, with significant improvement after two weeks of treatment. We made a rapid systematic review and found few similar cases with peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider late-onset SLE with peripheral neuropathy in older adults with muscle weakness, as an atypical clinical presentation and the need for confirmatory tests.

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Objetivo: Diante da alta prevalência do Diabetes Mellitus, o estudo se propõe a identificar os fatores associados ao maior risco de desenvolver úlceras nos membros inferiores. Métodos: O trabalho foi exploratório-descritivo, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por pacientes com Diabetes acima de 18 anos de um serviço de saúde particular e um público. A coleta de dados ocorreu através de anamnese, exame físico e procura em prontuário. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo Programa SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Obteve-se 102 participantes no estudo, destes, 67,6% apresentaram critérios diagnósticos para Polineuropatia Simétrica Distal. Os fatores associados ao risco de ulceração foram: o envelhecimento, a maior duração da Diabetes, hipertensão, doença arterial periférica e a presença de sintomas típicos da Polineuropatia. Conclusão: É necessário investir na prevenção de úlceras em indivíduos com Diabetes através de educação em saúde e acompanhamento por profissionais da saúde (AU)

Objective: Given the high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus, the study aims to identify the factors associated with a higher risk of developing ulcers in the lower limbs. Methods: The work was exploratory-descriptive, transversal and with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of patients with Diabetes over 18 years of age from a private and a public health service. Data collection occurred through anamnesis, physical examination and search in medical records. Statistical analysis was perform using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: 102 study participants were obtained, of wich 67,6% had diagnostic criteria for Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy. Factors associated with the risk of ulceration were: aging, longer duration of diabetes, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease and the presence of typical symptoms of polyneuropathy. Conclusion: It is necessary to invest in the prevention of ulcers in individuals with Diabetes, through health education and monitoring by health professionals.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic neuropathies, Polyneuropathies, Foot ulcer, Diabetic foot (AU)

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RESUMO: Objetivo: Diante da alta prevalência do Diabetes Mellitus, o estudo se propõe a identificar os fatores associados ao maior risco de desenvolver úlceras nos membros inferiores. Métodos: O trabalho foi exploratório-descritivo, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por pacientes com Diabetes acima de 18 anos de um serviço de saúde particular e um público. A coleta de dados ocorreu através de anamnese, exame físico e procura em prontuário. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo Programa SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Obteve-se 102 participantes no estudo, destes, 67,6% apresentaram critérios diagnósticos para Polineuropatia Simétrica Distal. Os fatores associados ao risco de ulceração foram: o envelhecimento, a maior duração da Diabetes, hipertensão, doença arterial periférica e a presença de sintomas típicos da Polineuropatia. Conclusão: É necessário investir na prevenção de úlceras em indivíduos com Diabetes através de educação em saúde e acompanhamento por profissionais da saúde. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Objective: Given the high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus, the study aims to identify the factors associated with a higher risk of developing ulcers in the lower limbs. Methods: The work was exploratory-descriptive, transversal and with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of patients with Diabetes over 18 years of age from a private and a public health service. Data collection occurred through anamnesis, physical examination and search in medical records. Statistical analysis was perform using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: 102 study participants were obtained, of wich 67,6% had diagnostic criteria for Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy. Factors associated with the risk of ulceration were: aging, longer duration of diabetes, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease and the presence of typical symptoms of polyneuropathy. Conclusion: It is necessary to invest in the prevention of ulcers in individuals with Diabetes, through health education and monitoring by health professionals. (AU)

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