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INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by periods of inflammatory activity and remission, which vary from the rectum to the proximal colon. Currently, mucosal healing is a long-term goal in the management of inflammatory bowel disease, with colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy being the recommended tools for evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of both examinations in determining the presence of inflammatory activity in the follow-up of patients with UC. METHODS: Retrospective observational study analyzing colonoscopies performed as part of the follow-up of UC patients between January 2021 and July 2023 by gastroenterologists from the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program at the Clínica Universidad de los Andes. The study compared endoscopic and histological activity observed in the rectosigmoid region with that found in the rest of the colon. Sensitivity and specificity were determined using concordance and correlations tests. RESULTS: A very good concordance and correlation were observed regarding endoscopic findings, with a Kappa index of 0.97 and a Spearman coefficient of 0.97. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of sigmoidoscopy for endoscopic activity was 1, and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 0.96. In relation to histological activity, the concordance had a Kappa index of 0.93 and a Spearman coefficient of 0.93, with a PPV of sigmoidoscopy for histological activity being 1 and an NPV of 0.91. CONCLUSION: This cohort suggests that sigmoidoscopy is a cost-effective option for evaluating mucosal healing in UC patients in symptomatic and biomarker remission. However, complete colonoscopy should be considered in cases of discrepancies with the clinical picture or in colorectal cancer surveillance.
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For ulcerative colitis (UC), the variability in inflammatory activity along the colon poses a challenge in management. The focus on achieving endoscopic healing in UC is evident, where the UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and Mayo Endoscopic Subscore are commonly used for evaluation. However, these indices primarily consider the most severely affected region. Liu et al recent study validates the Toronto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Global Endoscopic Reporting (TIGER) score offering a comprehensive assessment of inflammatory activity across diverse segments of the colon and rectum and a reliable index correlating strongly with UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and moderately with Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES). Despite recommendation, certain aspects warrant further investigation. Fecal calprotectin, an intermediate target, correlates with TIGER and should be explored. Determining TIGER scores defining endoscopic remission and response, evaluating agreement with histological activity, and assessing inter-endoscopist agreement for TIGER require scrutiny. Exploring the correlation between TIGER and intestinal ultrasound, akin to MES, adds value.
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Colite Ulcerativa , Humanos , Colite Ulcerativa/diagnóstico por imagem , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Colonoscopia , Mucosa Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Reto/patologia , Fezes , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Introduction: Colonoscopy enables detailed endoscopic evaluation of the interior of the colon. Changes observed via colonoscopy may be subtle or pronounced and can sometimes mimic those of other diseases, such as deep intestinal endometriosis. The diagnosis of endometriosis in the distal sigmoid and rectum by colonoscopy has been described in previous case reports. Objective: We aimed to correlate the endoscopic changes found in the distal sigmoid and rectum with the presence of endometrial deposits confirmed by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). Methods: We included 50 female patients referred to the endoscopy department at our institution for colonoscopy, rectosigmoidoscopy, or TRUS, who exhibited one or more symptoms associated with endometriosis. Results: The colonoscopic findings were normal in 36 patients but showed alterations in 14 patients. Among the latter, TRUS revealed involvement of the sigmoid and/or rectal wall in 11 patients. Conclusions: The endoscopic changes in the distal sigmoid or rectum described in this study were strongly associated with endometrial deposits confirmed using TRUS. (AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Endometriose/diagnóstico por imagem , Reto , Colo Sigmoide , Ultrassonografia , EndoscopiaRESUMO
Introducción. En la actualidad, el trauma de recto continúa siendo una situación clínica compleja y temida por ser potencialmente mortal. Su detección y manejo temprano es la piedra angular para impactar tanto en la mortalidad como en la morbilidad de los pacientes. Hoy en día, aún existe debate sobre la aproximación quirúrgica ideal en el trauma de recto y las decisiones de manejo intraoperatorias se ven enormemente afectadas por la experiencia y preferencias del cirujano. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de PubMed, Clinical Key, Google Scholar y SciELO utilizando las palabras claves descritas y se seleccionaron los artículos más relevantes publicados en los últimos 20 años; se tuvieron en cuenta los artículos escritos en inglés y español. Discusión. El recto es el órgano menos frecuentemente lesionado en trauma, sin embargo, las implicaciones clínicas que conlleva pasar por alto este tipo de lesiones pueden ser devastadoras para el paciente. Las opciones para el diagnóstico incluyen el tacto rectal, la tomografía computarizada y la rectosigmoidoscopía. El manejo quirúrgico va a depender de la localización, el grado de la lesión y las lesiones asociadas. Conclusión. El conocimiento de la anatomía, el mecanismo de trauma y las lesiones asociadas permitirán al cirujano realizar una aproximación clínico-quirúrgica adecuada que lleve a desenlaces clínicos óptimos de los pacientes que se presentan con trauma de recto.
Introduction. Currently, rectal trauma continues to be a complex clinical and potentially fatal situation. Its early detection and management is the cornerstone to avoid both mortality and morbidity of patients. Today there is still debate about the ideal surgical approach in rectal trauma, and intraoperative management decisions are greatly affected by the experience and preferences of the surgeon. Methods. A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Clinical Key, Google Scholar and SciELO databases using the keywords described. The most relevant articles published in the last 20 years were selected. Articles written in English and Spanish were considered.Discussion. The rectum is the organ less frequently injured in trauma; however, the clinical implications of overlooking this injury can be devastating for the patient. Options for diagnosis include digital rectal examination, computed tomography and rectosigmoidoscopy. Surgical management will depend on the location, degree of the injury and the associated injuries. Conclusion. Knowledge of the anatomy, the mechanism of trauma and the associated injuries will allow the surgeon to make an adequate clinical-surgical approach that leads to optimal clinical outcomes in patients presenting with rectal trauma.
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Humanos , Reto , Traumatismo Múltiplo , Sigmoidoscopia , Ferimentos e Lesões , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Cirurgia Colorretal , DiagnósticoRESUMO
Introduction: Pelvic anatomy remains a challenge, and thorough knowledge of its intricate landmarks has major clinical and surgical implications in several medical specialties. The peritoneal reflection is an important landmark in intraluminal surgery, rectal trauma, impalement, and rectal adenocarcinoma. Objectives: To investigate the correlation between the lengths of the middle rectal valve and of the peritoneal reflection determined with rigid sigmoidoscopy and to determine whether there are any differences in the location of the peritoneal reflection between the genders and in relation to body mass index (BMI) and parity. Design: We prospectively investigated the location of the middle rectal valve and of the peritoneal reflection via intraoperative rigid sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Results: We evaluated 38 patients with a mean age of 55.5 years old (57.5% males) who underwent colorectal surgery at the coloproctology service of the Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. There was substantial agreement between the lengths of the middle rectal valve and of the peritoneal reflection (Kappa = 0.66). In addition, the peritoneal reflection was significantly lower in overweight patients (p = 0.013 for women and p < 0.005 for men) and in women with > 2 vaginal deliveries (p = 0.009), but there was no significant difference in the length of the peritoneal reflection between genders (p = 0.32). Conclusion: There was substantial agreement between the lengths of the peritoneal reflection and of the middle rectal valve, and the peritoneal reflection was significantly lower in overweight patients and in women with more than two vaginal deliveries. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cavidade Peritoneal/anatomia & histologia , Reto/irrigação sanguínea , Reto/anatomia & histologia , Perfil de Saúde , Índice de Massa Corporal , Caracteres Sexuais , Sigmoidoscopia , Parto ObstétricoRESUMO
Few authors have proposed therapeutic protocols to manage retained rectal foreign bodies (RFBs). All patients with retained RFBs in hospitals across Trinidad and Tobago over 5 years were identified. Hospital records were retrieved and manually reviewed to extract the following data: demographics, history, foreign body retrieved, clinical signs at presentation, management strategy, duration of hospitalization, and morbidity and mortality. There were 10 patients with RFBs over the study period. The annual incidence of this phenomenon was 0.15 per 100,000 population. All patients were men at a mean age of 50.6 years (range: 27-83; SD = 15.3) who presented after a voluntary delay of 1.4 days (range: 0.5-2.5; SD = 0.7). Only one patient gave an accurate history on presentation, but all eventually admitted to self-insertion for sexual gratification. At presentation, one patient had a spontaneous rectal perforation (10%). The remaining nine patients had attempts at bedside transanal extraction, which was unsuccessful in 89% (8/9) of cases. The RFB was pushed beyond the grasp of forceps, making removal under anesthesia unsuccessful in 62.5% (5/8) cases. These patients required more invasive extraction methods including transanal minimally invasive surgery (1), laparoscopic-assisted advancement with transanal retrieval (1), and open surgery with transmural extraction and anastomoses (3). A management algorithm is proposed for the management of RFBs. Important points in this algorithm are the importance of clinician-patient rapport, early surgical referral, avoidance of bedside extraction in the emergency room, early examination under anesthesia, and the inclusion of emerging therapies such as transanal minimally invasive surgery.
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Algoritmos , Corpos Estranhos/epidemiologia , Corpos Estranhos/cirurgia , Reto , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sigmoidoscopia , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Identifying persons at high risk for advanced colorectal neoplasia can aid in the prevention of colon cancer. Previous studies have shown that some patients can present with proximal advanced neoplasia with no distal findings. AIMS: To determine the factors related to advanced neoplasia and advanced proximal colorectal neoplasia in a Latin American population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational, analytic study was conducted. It included patients that underwent colonoscopy at the Policlínico Peruano Japonés within the time frame of January and July 2012. Advanced neoplasia was defined as the presence of lesions ≥ 10mm with a villous component, high-grade dysplasia, or carcinoma. The splenic flexure was the limit between the proximal and distal colon. RESULTS: A total of 846 patients were included in the study. Advanced neoplasia was detected in 108 patients (12.8%) and advanced proximal neoplasia in 55 patients (6.7%), 42 (76.4%) of whom had no neoplasia in the distal colon. Factors related to advanced neoplasia found in the multivariate analysis were age, at the intervals of 50-59 (p=0.019), 60-69 (p=0.016), and ≥ 70 years (0.002) and male sex (p=0.003). In the evaluation of advanced proximal neoplasia, the multivariate analysis identified the 60-69 year age interval (p=0.039) and advanced distal neoplasia (p=0.028) as factors related to advanced proximal disease. The ROC curve established the age cut-off point at 60 years for initially performing colonoscopy, rather than sigmoidoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Age and sex are related to advanced neoplasia, whereas age and advanced distal neoplasia are related to advanced proximal neoplasia.
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Adenoma/patologia , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/etiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colonoscopia , Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Peru , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
O carcinoma colorretal (CCR), segunda neoplasia mais frequente na população mundial, apresenta alta incidência.Há diferença significativa nos resultados do tratamento precoce, justificando esforços para rastreamento,prevenção e detecção precoce. Em estudo descritivo de série de casos, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembrode 2006, aspectos epidemiológicos, endoscópicos e anatomopatológicos das lesões polipóides e neoplasiascolorretais são descritos. O papel da colonoscopia na prevenção e detecção precoce do CCR é avaliado. Foram realizadas 1962 colonoscopias em 1491 indivíduos, dos quais 408 foram considerados para fins de análise,sendo 70% assintomáticos. A prevalência de neoplasias colorretais foi de 50% em homens e de 42,4% em mulheres e foi detectada em 48% dos indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais. Nas 408 pessoas foram realizadas 679colonoscopias; 959 lesões polipóides foram extirpadas, das quais 463 (48,3%) eram neoplásicas, incluindo 13 adenocarcinomas. Displasia foi detectada em 36% das lesões menores que 5 mm. No cólon proximal, 21% daslesões eram neoplásicas e 2% neoplasias avançadas, incluindo seis casos de adenocarcinoma sem evidência delesão em cólon distal. Dentre os 232 indivíduos que apresentavam lesões neoplásicas (benignas e/ou malignas avançadas), 130 (56%) eram apenas no cólon proximal. Em rastreamento apenas com a retossigmoidoscopia, aausência de diagnóstico de lesões neoplásicas benignas seria de 62,3% nas mulheres (76 casos) e de 48,3% nos homens (29 casos). Em relação ao adenocarcinoma, a falta de diagnóstico seria de 50% para ambos os sexos.Por possibilitar a identificação e a remoção das lesões neoplásicas, a colonoscopia configura-se como método que permite interferir diretamente na história natural desta forma de câncer.
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), the second most frequent malignancy worldwilde, , has high incidence andvariable response to treatment, which justifies efforts targeting prevention, screening, and early detection.This is a descriptive case series, from January 2002 to December 2006, in which the epidemiologic, endoscopicand histopathological features of colorectal polypoid and neoplastic lesions are described. The role ofcolonoscopy in the prevention and early detection of CRC is assessed. 1,962 colonoscopies were performed in1,491 individuals. In this analysis, 408 subjects (70% asymptomatic) were enrolled; 50% of the men, 42.4%of the women, and 48% of all those aged 50 years or above had colorectal neoplastic disorders. The 408individuals underwent 679 colonoscopies, and 959 polypoid lesions were removed. There were 463 (48.3%)neoplastic lesions, including 13 adenocarcinomas. Dysplasia was detected in 36% of lesions smaller than5 mm. In the proximal colon, 21% of the lesions were neoplastic, and 2% advanced neoplastic, includingsix cases of adenocarcinoma without evidence of involvement of the distal colon. Of the 232 individualswith neoplastic lesions (benign and/or advanced), 130 (56%) had lesions in the proximal colon only. On rectosigmodidoscopy screening, benign neoplastic lesions would be missed in 76(62.3%) women and 29(48.3%)men. As for adenocarcinoma, 50% of the lesions would be missed in both genders. Because of the possibility to identify and remove neoplastic lesions, colonoscopy is a method which should be employed in order directlyinterfere with the natural history of this cancer.
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Neoplasias Colorretais , Pólipos Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Colonoscopia , SigmoidoscopiaRESUMO
O câncer colorretal (CCR) é a segunda neoplasia mais freqüente na população mundial. A alta incidência desse tipo de câncer e a diferença nos resultados do tratamento desta neoplasia, de acordo com o estádio da doença, justificam os esforços para o rastreamento, prevenção e detecção precoce. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma revisão atualizada sobre a incidência de CCR e as estratégias de rastreamento de pólipos e CCR. Concluímos que no Brasil, apesar da importância da prevenção e do diagnóstico precoce do CCR, bem como da existência de estatísticas irrefutáveis do benefício dos exames de rastreamento, existem diversos determinantes nacionais que dificultam a realização de uma efetiva política preventiva em saúde pública para o CCR. Como conseqüência, no Brasil existe atraso do diagnóstico e do tratamento das lesões, que em geral são diagnosticadas em estádios avançados, complexos, demandando internações prolongadas e associados a altos índices de mortalidade.
Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world population. The high incidence of this type of cancer and the difference in the results of the treatment of cancer, according to the stage of disease justify the efforts for screening, prevention and early detection. The aim of this study was to conduct an updated review on the incidence of colorectal cancer and strategies of screening for polyps and colorectal cancer. We conclude that in Brazil, despite the importance of prevention and early diagnosis of the colorectal cancer, as well as the existence of irrefutable statistics of the benefit of screening examinations, there are several crucial national stumbling blocks as for an effective public health preventive policy for the colorectal cancer. As a result, in Brazil there is a delay of diagnosis and treatment lesions being generally diagnosed at advanced stages, with consequent longer hospital stay and higer mortality rates.