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Skin disorders are preferentially treated by topical administration of medicines or cosmetics because of the possibility of local action. However, a great concern is the delivery of topical actives with effective penetration through the stratum corneum to ensure the desired effect. Considering the search for a carrier system that allows the penetration/permeation of active pharmaceutical ingredients through this structure, searching for effective topical pharmaceutical forms is needed. Foams have been widely studied over the years due to their high capacity to favor the active to overcome the cutaneous barrier and because this form of presentation has ease of application and high acceptability by users. The objective of this review was to analyze the potential of foam as a topical pharmaceutical form for treating skin disorders, upon clinical cases reported in the literature. Foam presents technical advantages when compared to other conventional topical pharmaceutical forms due to its fast action, high tolerance, and safety, with reduction or total remission of adverse events. Regarding the patient, foam increased the rate of adherence to the treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that foam is an effective, secure, and stable topical presentation form for carrying active pharmaceutical ingredients and widely accepted by patients.
Assuntos
Dermatopatias , Humanos , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Administração Tópica , Dermatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Epiderme , Excipientes , Administração Cutânea , PeleRESUMO
Preparations for topical application are highly important for therapeutic and cosmetic use since the skin has an extensive and accessible application area. Among the many advantages, this route avoids the systemic effects of the substances and, therefore, fewer adverse reactions are observed. However, the skin is an organ with a remarkable barrier effect, which can compromise the administration of pharmacologically / cosmetologically active molecules. Thus, the skin permeability of substances is a challenge that is only achieved through the preparation of formulations capable of overcoming that same barrier. Nanotechnology was introduced in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas to enable the development of systems for the delivery of substances and the optimization of already existing formulations. Among the several benefits and advantages of nanotechnology for topical application is the increased penetration of the drug in the skin, the improvement of the stability of the active, decrease in the active substances (reducing the possible toxic effects and allergic reactions caused by the high concentration of these compounds), and even the intensification of the drug action. This manuscript reviews the topical delivery technologies based on polymeric nanocarriers (PNC) as nanoparticles (NP) and nanogels (NG) and their benefits for better efficacy in most common cutaneous disorders. It starts with skin properties, the aspects for the penetration of active ingredients in the skin and cutaneous penetration challenges, followed by a summary of strategies for skin penetration/permeation of drugs. Then, the focus of the current research was to review NPs and NGs explored for skin disorders management published during the last years.
Assuntos
Cosméticos , Nanopartículas , Dermatopatias , Administração Cutânea , Portadores de Fármacos/metabolismo , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Nanogéis , Preparações Farmacêuticas/metabolismo , Polímeros/farmacologia , Pele , Absorção Cutânea , Dermatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatopatias/metabolismoRESUMO
3D printing has been widely used for the personalization of therapies and on-demand production of complex pharmaceutical forms. Recently, 3D printing has been explored as a tool for the development of topical dosage forms and wound dressings. Thus, this review aims to present advances related to the use of 3D printing for the development of pharmaceutical and biomedical products for topical skin applications, covering plain dressing and products for the delivery of active ingredients to the skin. Based on the data acquired, the important growth in the number of publications over the last years confirms its interest. The semisolid extrusion technique has been the most reported one, probably because it allows the use of a broad range of polymers, creating the most diverse therapeutic approaches. 3D printing has been an excellent field for customizing dressings, according to individual needs. Studies discussed here imply the use of metals, nanoparticles, drugs, natural compounds and proteins and peptides for the treatment of wound healing, acne, pain relief, and anti-wrinkle, among others. The confluence of 3D printing and topical applications has undeniable advantages, and we would like to encourage the research groups to explore this field to improve the patient's life quality, adherence and treatment efficacy.
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O presente artigo objetiva apresentar o desenvolvimento de um website para ser utilizado como ferramenta de ensino e orientação de pais e cuidadores de crianças com dermatite atópica (DA). O estudo foi conduzido em três etapas: a) Levantamento de informações sobre DA; b) Elaboração de roteiros para o website e; c) Desenvolvimento do website. O website foi elaborado com ilustrações, gifs, textos curtos sobre a DA e orientações sobre como instruir as crianças nas situações de tratamento de modo interativo e acessível. Espera-se auxiliar cuidadores na melhora do manejo comportamental de crianças com DA na adesão ao tratamento.
This article aims to present the development of a website to be used as a learning and guidance tool for parents and caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis (AD). The study was conducted in three phases: a) collection of data related to AD; b) preparation of scripts for the website and; c) development of the website. The website was developed with pictures, animated gifs, brief texts about AD and guidance on how to instruct children during treatment situations in an accessible and interactive way. We aim to help caregivers in the improvement of behavioral management of children with AD on adherence to medical treatment.
Este artículo objetivo presentar la construcción de un sitio web como herramienta de aprendizaje y orientación de padres y/o cuidadores de niños con dermatitis atópica (DA). El estudio fue organizado en tres etapas: a) levantamiento de informaciones acerca de la DA, b) elaboración del guión para el sitio web y c) construcción del sitio web. El sitio web fue desarrollado con ilustraciones, animaciones en formato gif, textos breves sobre la DA y orientaciones sobre cómo instruir a los niños en las situaciones de tratamiento, en un formato interactivo y accesible. Se espera auxiliar cuidadores en la mejora del manejo conductual de niños con DA en la adhesión al tratamiento.
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INTRODUCTION: Ferulic acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in monocotyledons, with several applications, especially in pharmaceutical and dermo-cosmetic industries. It has proven antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities, among others, which are mainly ascribed to its molecular structure. The main factor that can lead to serious skin damages like inflammation, dryness, wrinkles, and cancer is the exposure to UV radiation that is responsible for an increased level of radical oxygen species. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to evaluate the application of ferulic acid in topical formulations and the technologies used to enhance its bioavailability and stability, as well as to get a clearer picture of its effects by in vivo and in vitro studies. METHODS: It covers technological publications in the WIPO, EPO, INPI, and USPTO databases and scientific publications in the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Science Direct databases, exploring the trend and application of this compound by country and year of publication. RESULTS: Both the scientific and technological analyses showed the importance and tendency in the association of the Ferulic Acid and other vitamins and actives. The synergic effect certainly provides a better result, performance, and stability of the compounds, which cleared the great spectrum and applicability of the Ferulic Acid in topical formulations. CONCLUSION: The present literature survey revealed that ferulic acid exerts an important activity in several formulations for topical application and improved the stability and bioavailability when combined with new technologies and methods, showing an open path to target the treatment of skin disorders.
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Antioxidantes , Ácidos Cumáricos , Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Humanos , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
The main purpose of this study is to describe how negative emotions were investigated in the sphere of dermatological diseases, in order (1) to summarize literature trends about skin disorders and emotions, (2) to highlight any imbalances between the most studied and neglected emotions, (3) and to offer directions for future research. A computerized literature search provided 41 relevant and potentially eligible studies. Results showed that the study of emotions in skin disease is limited to Sadness/depression and Fear/anxiety. The emotions of Anger and Disgust have been poorly explored in empirical studies, despite they could be theoretically considered a vulnerability factor for the development of skin disorders and the dermatological extreme consequences, as negative emotionality toward self and the pathological skin condition. The bibliometric qualitative analysis with VOSViewer software revealed that the majority of the studies have been focused on the relationships between vitiligo and Sadness/depression, dermatitis and Fear/anxiety, psoriasis, and Anger, suggesting the need of future research exploring Disgust and, in general, a wider emotional spectrum.
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir cómo se han investigado las emociones negativas en el ámbito de las enfermedades dermatológicas, con el fin de (1) resumir las tendencias de la literatura sobre las enfermedades de la piel y las emociones, (2) para resaltar las diferencias entre las emociones más estudiados y las más descuidadas y (3) ofrecer direcciones para futuras investigaciones. Una búsqueda bibliográfica computarizada proporcionó 41 estudios relevantes y potencialmente elegibles. Los resultados mostraron que el estudio de las emociones en la enfermedad de la piel se limita a Tristeza/depresión y Miedo/ansiedad. Las emociones de la ira y el asco han sido poco exploradas en estudios empíricos, a pesar de que teóricamente podrían considerarse un factor de vulnerabilidad para el desarrollo de enfermedades de la piel y las consecuencias dermatológicas extremas, como la emocionalidad negativa hacia uno mismo y la condición patológica de la piel. El análisis cualitativo bibliométrico con el software VOSViewer reveló que la mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en las relaciones entre vitiligo y Tristeza/depresión, dermatitis y Miedo/ansiedad, psoriasis e Ira, lo que sugiere la necesidad de futuras investigaciones que exploren asco y, en general, un espectro emocional más amplio.
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La epidermolisis bullosa distrófica es un grupo de trastornos hereditarios de muy baja prevalencia que se caracterizan por una extrema fragilidad cutánea como consecuencia de una alteración de la cohesión de la unión epidermodérmica. Sin embargo, las manifestaciones clínicas van más allá de las lesiones cutáneas, habiéndose descrito afectación de la mayoría de aparatos y sistemas y siendo frecuente también cierto grado de desnutrición y anemia de origen multifactorial. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 34 años, secundigesta, con epidermólisis bullosa distrófica recesiva severa, gestante gemelar bicorial y biamniótica, que seguimos durante todo el embarazo y su finalización. La baja prevalencia de la enfermedad hace que el manejo de la gestación suponga un reto para el ginecobstetra. A pesar de que los casos publicados hacen creer que la gestación no modifica el curso natural de la enfermedad, lo cierto es que se recomienda que el embarazo sea seguido por un equipo multidisciplinar. Existen publicados casos en los que se finaliza la gestación por vía vaginal, sin embargo, no existe evidencia suficiente para considerar ésta como la vía de elección.
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a group of hereditary disorders that has very low prevalence. It is characterized by an extreme cutaneous fragility as a consequence of a cohesion alteration of the epidermis and dermis junction. However, the clinical manifestations also affect other systems and organs, being able to cause malnutrition and anemia. We present the case of a 34-year-old woman affected by severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, with a bichorial and biamniotic twin pregnancy, whom we have followed throughout the pregnancy. The low prevalence of this disease makes the management of the pregnancy a challenge for the obstetrician. Although the published cases suggest that gestation does not modify the natural course of the disease, it is recommended that these pregnancies are monitored by a multidisciplinary team. Some published cases describe vaginal delivery. Nevertheless, it is not clear that this should be the first choice.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Complicações na Gravidez , Epidermólise Bolhosa Distrófica/complicações , Gravidez de Gêmeos , Resultado da Gravidez , CesáreaRESUMO
Aging, exposure to oxidants, infectious pathogens, inflammogens, ultraviolet radiation and other environmental and genetic factors can result in the development of various skin disorders. Despite immense progress being made in dermatological treatments, many skin-associated problems still remain difficult to treat and various therapies have limitations. Progress in silica-based nanomaterials research provides an opportunity to overcome these drawbacks and improve therapies and is a promising tool for inclusion in clinical practice to treat skin diseases. This review focuses on the use of various types of silica nanoparticles with therapeutic applications in various skin disorders. These nanosystems improve treatment efficacy by maintaining or enhancing the effect of several drugs and are useful tools for nanomedicine, pharmaceutical sciences and future clinical applications.
Assuntos
Nanomedicina/métodos , Dióxido de Silício/química , Pele/metabolismo , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Pele/efeitos da radiação , Raios Ultravioleta , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
Pioglitazone (PGZ) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist. Its role in the inflammatory response modulation paves the way for additional therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to develop a pioglitazone nanoemulsion (PGZ-NE) in order to investigate its anti-inflammatory efficacy on the skin. To that end, an NE vehicle developed for skin delivery was optimized and characterized. The resulting PGZ-NE showed good anti-inflammatory efficacy by decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α. The properties of the developed nanocarrier allowed achievement of a high permeation flux of PGZ through the skin as well as a high retained amount in the skin, likely due to the depot effect of ingredients, which assured a prolonged local action, with good skin tolerability among participating individuals. Consequently, these results suggest that PGZ-NE may be used as an alternative treatment for inflammatory skin diseases such as rosacea, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis.