RESUMO

Fragmentation of natural vegetation often implies a reduction in local species richness and abundance. The resources used by bees and wasps for feeding and nesting are distributed quite irregularly in fragmented environments, which influences their foraging behavior, occurrence patterns and reproductive success. The objective of the present work was to determine if the size of native vegetation remnants influences the reproductive success of the solitary wasp species Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Trap-nests were established along the edges of forest fragments of different sizes located in municipalities in the central region of the state of Goiás, Brazil. The nests were used to quantify nesting rate, number of cells with larvae, survival of larvae, proportion of nests attacked by parasitoids, and size of hatched adults. The foundation rate of trap-nests was greater in large fragments, whereas the mean number of cells per nest, parasitoidism rate, larval survival and sex ratios, and size of hatched adults did not differ between large and small fragments. Therefore, it appears that fragment size influences the survival or permanence of adults more so than it does that of the larvae in the studied fragments. There are two possible explanations for the difference in the foundation rate: 1) each female founds, in average, the same number of nests in small and large fragments, but the number of females is lower in the smaller fragments; 2) females have the capacity to provision several nests, but in the larger areas each female founds more nests than in smaller areas. However, it is necessary future studies to differentiate these two hypotheses.

A fragmentação das vegetações nativas muitas vezes implica na redução da riqueza e abundância local de espécies. Nos ambientes fragmentados, os recursos para alimentação e nidificação de abelhas e vespas estão distribuídos de forma bastante irregular, influenciando no comportamento de forrageamento, padrão de ocorrência e no sucesso reprodutivo desses organismos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o tamanho das áreas de remanescentes de vegetação nativa interfere no sucesso reprodutivo de uma espécie de vespa solitária Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Para tanto, estabelecemos ninhos armadilha nas bordas de fragmentos de mata de tamanhos diferentes localizados em munícipios da região central do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Estes ninhos foram utilizados como ferramenta de quantificação de taxa de nidificação, de número médio de células com larvas, sobrevivência destas larvas e tamanho dos adultos eclodidos. Neste trabalho, a taxa de fundação dos ninhos armadilhas foi maior nos fragmentos maiores. O número médio de células por ninhos, a taxa de sobrevivência das larvas, proporção de ninhos atacados por parasitoides, e o tamanho dos adultos eclodidos não diferiram entre as áreas grandes e pequenas. Existem duas explicações possíveis para a diferença na taxa de fundação: 1) cada fêmea funda, em média, o mesmo número de ninhos em fragmentos pequenos e grandes, mas o número de fêmeas é menor nos fragmentos menores; 2) as fêmeas têm a capacidade de prover vários ninhos, mas nas áreas maiores, cada fêmea funda mais ninhos do que em áreas menores. No entanto, são necessários estudos futuros para diferenciar essas duas hipóteses. É provável que o tamanho dos fragmentos possa estar influenciando mais na sobrevivência e na permanência dos adultos do que na das larvas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Fragmentation of natural vegetation often implies a reduction in local species richness and abundance. The resources used by bees and wasps for feeding and nesting are distributed quite irregularly in fragmented environments, which influences their foraging behavior, occurrence patterns and reproductive success. The objective of the present work was to determine if the size of native vegetation remnants influences the reproductive success of the solitary wasp species Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Trap-nests were established along the edges of forest fragments of different sizes located in municipalities in the central region of the state of Goiás, Brazil. The nests were used to quantify nesting rate, number of cells with larvae, survival of larvae, proportion of nests attacked by parasitoids, and size of hatched adults. The foundation rate of trap-nests was greater in large fragments, whereas the mean number of cells per nest, parasitoidism rate, larval survival and sex ratios, and size of hatched adults did not differ between large and small fragments. Therefore, it appears that fragment size influences the survival or permanence of adults more so than it does that of the larvae in the studied fragments. There are two possible explanations for the difference in the foundation rate: 1) each female founds, in average, the same number of nests in small and large fragments, but the number of females is lower in the smaller fragments; 2) females have the capacity to provision several nests, but in the larger areas each female founds more nests than in smaller areas. However, it is necessary future studies to differentiate these two hypotheses.

RESUMO A fragmentação das vegetações nativas muitas vezes implica na redução da riqueza e abundância local de espécies. Nos ambientes fragmentados, os recursos para alimentação e nidificação de abelhas e vespas estão distribuídos de forma bastante irregular, influenciando no comportamento de forrageamento, padrão de ocorrência e no sucesso reprodutivo desses organismos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o tamanho das áreas de remanescentes de vegetação nativa interfere no sucesso reprodutivo de uma espécie de vespa solitária Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Para tanto, estabelecemos ninhos armadilha nas bordas de fragmentos de mata de tamanhos diferentes localizados em munícipios da região central do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Estes ninhos foram utilizados como ferramenta de quantificação de taxa de nidificação, de número médio de células com larvas, sobrevivência destas larvas e tamanho dos adultos eclodidos. Neste trabalho, a taxa de fundação dos ninhos armadilhas foi maior nos fragmentos maiores. O número médio de células por ninhos, a taxa de sobrevivência das larvas, proporção de ninhos atacados por parasitoides, e o tamanho dos adultos eclodidos não diferiram entre as áreas grandes e pequenas. Existem duas explicações possíveis para a diferença na taxa de fundação: 1) cada fêmea funda, em média, o mesmo número de ninhos em fragmentos pequenos e grandes, mas o número de fêmeas é menor nos fragmentos menores; 2) as fêmeas têm a capacidade de prover vários ninhos, mas nas áreas maiores, cada fêmea funda mais ninhos do que em áreas menores. No entanto, são necessários estudos futuros para diferenciar essas duas hipóteses. É provável que o tamanho dos fragmentos possa estar influenciando mais na sobrevivência e na permanência dos adultos do que na das larvas.

RESUMO

Fragmentation of natural vegetation often implies a reduction in local species richness and abundance. The resources used by bees and wasps for feeding and nesting are distributed quite irregularly in fragmented environments, which influences their foraging behavior, occurrence patterns and reproductive success. The objective of the present work was to determine if the size of native vegetation remnants influences the reproductive success of the solitary wasp species Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Trap-nests were established along the edges of forest fragments of different sizes located in municipalities in the central region of the state of Goiás, Brazil. The nests were used to quantify nesting rate, number of cells with larvae, survival of larvae, proportion of nests attacked by parasitoids, and size of hatched adults. The foundation rate of trap-nests was greater in large fragments, whereas the mean number of cells per nest, parasitoidism rate, larval survival and sex ratios, and size of hatched adults did not differ between large and small fragments. Therefore, it appears that fragment size influences the survival or permanence of adults more so than it does that of the larvae in the studied fragments. There are two possible explanations for the difference in the foundation rate: 1) each female founds, in average, the same number of nests in small and large fragments, but the number of females is lower in the smaller fragments; 2) females have the capacity to provision several nests, but in the larger areas each female founds more nests than in smaller areas. However, it is necessary future studies to differentiate these two hypotheses.(AU)

A fragmentação das vegetações nativas muitas vezes implica na redução da riqueza e abundância local de espécies. Nos ambientes fragmentados, os recursos para alimentação e nidificação de abelhas e vespas estão distribuídos de forma bastante irregular, influenciando no comportamento de forrageamento, padrão de ocorrência e no sucesso reprodutivo desses organismos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o tamanho das áreas de remanescentes de vegetação nativa interfere no sucesso reprodutivo de uma espécie de vespa solitária Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Para tanto, estabelecemos ninhos armadilha nas bordas de fragmentos de mata de tamanhos diferentes localizados em munícipios da região central do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Estes ninhos foram utilizados como ferramenta de quantificação de taxa de nidificação, de número médio de células com larvas, sobrevivência destas larvas e tamanho dos adultos eclodidos. Neste trabalho, a taxa de fundação dos ninhos armadilhas foi maior nos fragmentos maiores. O número médio de células por ninhos, a taxa de sobrevivência das larvas, proporção de ninhos atacados por parasitoides, e o tamanho dos adultos eclodidos não diferiram entre as áreas grandes e pequenas. Existem duas explicações possíveis para a diferença na taxa de fundação: 1) cada fêmea funda, em média, o mesmo número de ninhos em fragmentos pequenos e grandes, mas o número de fêmeas é menor nos fragmentos menores; 2) as fêmeas têm a capacidade de prover vários ninhos, mas nas áreas maiores, cada fêmea funda mais ninhos do que em áreas menores. No entanto, são necessários estudos futuros para diferenciar essas duas hipóteses. É provável que o tamanho dos fragmentos possa estar influenciando mais na sobrevivência e na permanência dos adultos do que na das larvas.(AU)

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Zethus is the largest vespid genus and, despite being very diverse in the Neotropical region, little is known about its biology and many species are known from only one sex. Zethini are centered in one of the controversies involving Vespidae phylogeny; increased knowledge of terminals will allow for more precise analyses, because some phylogenetically informative characters are observed in only one sex and others can be extracted from nests. With this in mind, complementary knowledge on Zethus pilosus is presented: the description of the female, of the male genitalia, of the nest and notes in its biology. Additional key features in the pronotum for identification of this species are provided. Nests were founded between December and April, presenting construction of partitions out of a combination of mud, sand, vegetable matter and insect parts. Development from egg to adult lasted an average of 39 days.

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Fire represents a frequent disturbance in many ecosystems, which can affect plant-pollinator assemblages and hence the services they provide. Furthermore, fire events could affect the architecture of plant-pollinator interaction networks, modifying the structure and function of communities. Some pollinators, such as wood-nesting bees, may be particularly affected by fire events due to damage to the nesting material and its long regeneration time. However, it remains unclear whether fire influences the structure of bee-plant interactions. Here, we used quantitative plant-wood-nesting bee interaction networks sampled across four different post-fire age categories (from freshly-burnt to unburnt sites) in an arid ecosystem to test whether the abundance of wood-nesting bees, the breadth of resource use and the plant-bee community structure change along a post-fire age gradient. We demonstrate that freshly-burnt sites present higher abundances of generalist than specialist wood-nesting bees and that this translates into lower network modularity than that of sites with greater post-fire ages. Bees do not seem to change their feeding behaviour across the post-fire age gradient despite changes in floral resource availability. Despite the effects of fire on plant-bee interaction network structure, these mutualistic networks seem to be able to recover a few years after the fire event. This result suggests that these interactions might be highly resilient to this type of disturbance.

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Abstract:The Neotropical bee Centris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha is a solitary bee that nests in pre-existing cavities that occur in the rain forest. This study describes the nesting biology of C. dichrootricha and its preference for nesting in Cerrado and gallery forest habitats. The study was conducted from January 2012 and December 2013, in Mirador State Park in the municipality of Formosa da Serra Negra, Maranhão State, Brazil. For this, wooden trap-nests of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm in diameter were used; a total of 300 trap-nests were placed in the gallery forest and Cerrado areas, respectively. Traps were monitored monthly and all completed nests were collected and replaced with empty ones. The nests were then taken to the laboratory to analyze bee development and emergence, nests characteristics and parasites presence. The species used 29 of the trap-nests, which had diameters of 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm. A total of 87 C. dichrootricha specimens emerged. The nests were parasitized by two bee species, Mesocheira bicolor (Apinae) and Coelioxys sp. (Megachilinae), and one fly species, Antrax sp. (Diptera). The highest nesting incidence of 72.4 % was observed in the gallery forest, whereas only 27.6 % in the Cerrado; this difference in habitat use was significant (χ² = 5.56; p < 0.05; DF = 1). For the nests that were built in the gallery forest, 80.9% of the soil originated from the Cerrado. The females were significantly larger than the males (F1, 76 = 595.19; p < 0.001). There were 11 pollen types that belonged to six families. Pollen of the family Malpighiaceae was most frequently used, with four species represented (Byrsonima crassifolia, B. rotunda, B. spicata and Heteropterys sp.). C. dichrootricha showed a preference for nesting in cavities of various diameters in gallery forest sites. The present study provides a novel description of the nesting habits and biology of C. dichrootricha in habitats of Central/Southern Maranhão. C. dichrootricha primarily used resources from the Cerrado, including soil to build their nests, pollen and floral oils; we concluded that gallery forest and Cerrado areas are intrinsically related to the maintenance of local populations of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1041-1056. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenCentris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha es una especie de abeja solitaria neotropical, que anida en cavidades preexistentes y vive en la selva tropical. El presente estudio describe la biología de anidación de C. dichrootricha y su preferencia de nidificación por áreas en Cerrado y Bosque de Galería. El área de estudio se localiza en el Parque Estadual de Mirador, municipio de Formosa da Serra Negra, Maranhão. El método empleado fue el de nidos trampa de madera de diferentes diámetros, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 y 16 mm, colocándose 300 nidos trampa por área. Las trampas fueron monitoreadas mensualmente y todos los nidos terminados fueron recogidos y sustituidos por otros vacíos. Los nidos completos fueron llevados al laboratorio para analizar el desarrollo de la abeja, la emergencia, las características de los nidos y la presencia de parásitos. La especie ocupó 29 nidos de los diámetros de 8, 10, 12 y 14 mm. Emergieron 87 individuos de C. dichrootricha. Los nidos fueron parasitados por tres especies: Mesocheira bicolor (Apinae), Coelioxys sp. (Megachilinae) y Antrax sp. (Diptera). En el Bosque de Galería se presentó la mayor nidificación (72.4 %) y en el Cerrado solamente 27.6 %, de esta forma, hubo diferencias significativas entre los hábitats (χ² = 5.56; p < 0.05; G. L.= 1). Los nidos fundados en el bosque de galería presentaron 80.9 % de sedimento originario del Cerrado. Las hembras fueron significativamente más grandes que los machos (F1, 76 = 595.19; p < 0.001). Hubo 11 tipos de polen pertenecientes a seis familias. Los tipos de polinización de la familia Malpighiaceae fueron los más representativos, con cuatro especies: Byrsonima crassifolia, B. rotunda, B. spicata y Heteropterys sp. C. dichrootricha mostró preferencia por nidificar en cavidades con diámetros variados y en el bosque de galería. El presente estudio contribuye con la descripción de los hábitos de nidificación y la biología de la especie para las áreas de Cerrado en la región centrosur de Maranhão. C. dichrootricha utilizó en su mayoría recursos provenientes del Cerrado, tanto sedimento para construir el nido, como material polínico y aceite floral. Estós datos indican que el bosque de galería y el Cerrado están intrínsecamente relacionados con el mantenimiento y conservación de C. dichrootricha.

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Species richness and seasonal abundance of solitary bees were investigated in rocky, montane grassland (campo rupestre) (1180 m asl) and cerrado sensu stricto (680 m asl) in the Biribiri State Park, Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Three hundred nineteen nest traps of bamboo canes and black cardboard tubes were monthly inspected at each site during 15 months. A total of eight species of bees built 97 nests. Four species were common to both sites. Tetrapedia aff. curvitarsis Friese and Tetrapedia aff. peckoltii Friese were the most abundant at campo rupestre and cerrado s.s., respectively, followed by Centris analis (Fabricius) in campo rupestre and Centris tarsata Smith in cerrado s.s. The nesting peaks occurred in May in campo rupestre and in February in cerrado s.s. Three cuckoo bees and one bee-fly were collected as natural enemies. The findings suggest that differences between the sites were related more to ecological factors (floral resources, natural nest sites) than to the altitudinal difference. The species richness was similar to that in other habitats with open vegetation. We demonstrate the need to use several types of trap-nest to increase the range of species sampled; some species used only one of the two types traps provided. We also comment on the limitations of trap-nests in cerrado vegetation. Most cerrado species of bees are very selective in their choice for a nesting site, but bees that use trap-nests are more generalists.

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Podium angustifrons Kohl 1902 is a species of solitary wasp which nests in pre-existing cavities, with neotropical distribution in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and French Guyana. The aim of this study was to investigate the nesting biology of P. angustifrons, discussing aspects of their life history. To capture its nests, wooden trap-nests were installed in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava (PR), Brazil, from January 2003 to April 2009. A total of 29 nests were collected, all during the warmer months. These showed no vestibular and intercalary cells, and their closures were made up of chewed plants and mud mixed with organic materials and resin-coated surfaces, sometimes showing a layer of lichens. The cells were provisioned with various wild species of cockroaches (Chorisoneura sp, Riata sp and Helgaia sp) in the nymph stage and/or adults. The sex ratio was 4.6 females per male, significantly higher that the expected 1:1. Most pre-pupae entered diapause in winter with development time ranging from 187 to 283 days for females and 180 to 283 days for males. Deaths occurred in 41.66% of cells provisioned, 33.33% were attributed to faulty development and 8.33% to Chrysididae.(AU)

Podium angustifrons Kohl 1902 é uma espécie de vespa solitária que nidifica em cavidades pré-existentes, com distribuição na Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Guiania e Guiana Francesa. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a biologia de nidificação desta espécie, discutindo aspectos de sua história de vida. Para captura seus ninhos, foram instaladas ninhos-armadilha de madeira no Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava (PR), Brasil, de Janeiro 2003 até Abril de 2009. Foram coletados 29 ninhos, durante todos os meses quentes. Os ninhos não apresentaram células vestibulares e intercalares, seus fechamentos são constituídos por material vegetal mascado, seguido de barro misturado a materiais orgânicos, revestidos por resina, podendo ter uma camada de liquens. As células foram aprovisionadas com diferentes espécies de baratas silvestres (Chorisoneura sp, Riata sp e Helgaia sp) em estágio de ninfa e/ou adulto. A maioria das pré-pupas entrou em diapausa no inverno com tempo de desenvolvimento de 187 a 283 dias para as fêmeas e 180 a 283 dias para machos. Ocorreu mortalidade em 41,66% das células aprovisionadas, sendo 33,33% causado por falha de desenvolvimento e 8,33% por cleptoparasitas da família Chrysididae.(AU)

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Podium angustifrons Kohl 1902 is a species of solitary wasp which nests in pre-existing cavities, with neotropical distribution in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and French Guyana. The aim of this study was to investigate the nesting biology of P. angustifrons, discussing aspects of their life history. To capture its nests, wooden trap-nests were installed in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava (PR), Brazil, from January 2003 to April 2009. A total of 29 nests were collected, all during the warmer months. These showed no vestibular and intercalary cells, and their closures were made up of chewed plants and mud mixed with organic materials and resin-coated surfaces, sometimes showing a layer of lichens. The cells were provisioned with various wild species of cockroaches (Chorisoneura sp, Riata sp and Helgaia sp) in the nymph stage and/or adults. The sex ratio was 4.6 females per male, significantly higher that the expected 1:1. Most pre-pupae entered diapause in winter with development time ranging from 187 to 283 days for females and 180 to 283 days for males. Deaths occurred in 41.66% of cells provisioned, 33.33% were attributed to faulty development and 8.33% to Chrysididae.

Podium angustifrons Kohl 1902 é uma espécie de vespa solitária que nidifica em cavidades pré-existentes, com distribuição na Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Guiania e Guiana Francesa. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a biologia de nidificação desta espécie, discutindo aspectos de sua história de vida. Para captura seus ninhos, foram instaladas ninhos-armadilha de madeira no Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava (PR), Brasil, de Janeiro 2003 até Abril de 2009. Foram coletados 29 ninhos, durante todos os meses quentes. Os ninhos não apresentaram células vestibulares e intercalares, seus fechamentos são constituídos por material vegetal mascado, seguido de barro misturado a materiais orgânicos, revestidos por resina, podendo ter uma camada de liquens. As células foram aprovisionadas com diferentes espécies de baratas silvestres (Chorisoneura sp, Riata sp e Helgaia sp) em estágio de ninfa e/ou adulto. A maioria das pré-pupas entrou em diapausa no inverno com tempo de desenvolvimento de 187 a 283 dias para as fêmeas e 180 a 283 dias para machos. Ocorreu mortalidade em 41,66% das células aprovisionadas, sendo 33,33% causado por falha de desenvolvimento e 8,33% por cleptoparasitas da família Chrysididae.

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Este trabalho descreve aspectos da biologia de nidificação de Megachile (Melanosarus) nigripennis e da abundância de ninhos em um gradiente de altitude (8 a 420 m), em um inselbergue, Morro do Itaoca (300 ha), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. Ninhos-armadilha em gomos de bambu e tubos de cartolina preta (n= 1.215, diâmetro de 0,6 a 2,7) foram instalados entre Mar/2009 e Abr/2011, em nove estações de amostragem localizadas em três altitudes: 50 m (P1, P2, P3); 200 m (P4, P5, P6) e 400 m (P7, P8, P9). As abelhas ocuparam ninhos-armadilha a 50m (n= 2), 200m (n= 24) e a 400 m (n= 5), onde construíram 4, 100 e 26 células, respectivamente. As abelhas construíram uma série de células em ninhos-armadilha com comprimento médio de 17.6 cm diâmetro médio de 1,1 cm; enquanto construíram de 2 a 6 série de células em ninhos com 19,3 cm de comprimento e 1,8 cm de diâmetro. A atividade de construção foi restrita à estação quente-chuvosa. A partir dos ninhos emergiram 64 abelhas, sete indivíduos de Coelioxys spp (Megachilidae) e dois Bombyliidae (Diptera). A razão sexual foi de 1: 0,52 tendenciado para machos. Em 20 ninhos emergiram somente machos (n= 15) ou fêmeas (n= 5), embora nenhum padrão espacial ou temporal tenha sido observado. M. nigripennis é uma espécie sazonal, nidificando preferencialmente de novembro a fevereiro.

This paper describes aspects of nesting biology of Megachile (Melanosarus) nigripennis and abundance of nests in a gradient of altitude (8 to 420m) in an inselberg, Morro do Itaoca (300 ha), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. Trap nests in bamboo canes and black cardboard tubes (n= 1.215, 0.6 to 2.7 diameter) were disposed from March/2009 to April/2011, in nine sampling stations located at three altitudes: 50 m (P1, P2, P3), 200 m (P4, P5, P6) and 400 m (P7, P8, P9). The bees occupied trap nests at 50 m (n= 2), 200 m (n= 24) and at 400 m (n= 5), where they built 4, 100 and 26 cells, respectively. Bees constructed one series of cells in trap nests with 17.6 cm average length and 1.1 cm average diameter ; whereas they constructed 2-6 series of cells in nests with 19.3 cm lenght and 1.8 cm diameter. Activity of nest construction was restricted to the warm-rainy season. From the nests emerged 64 bees, seven individuals of Coelioxys spp. (Megachilidae) and two Bombyliidae (Diptera). The sex ratio was 1: 0.52 biased to male. From 20 nests emerged only males (n= 15) or females (n= 5), although no temporal or spatial pattern has been observed. M. nigripennis is a seasonal species nesting in trap nests mainly from November to February.

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