RESUMO
Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite with a high capacity to adapt to the host. Animal models have already demonstrated that the tropism of this parasite occurs not only in cardiac/digestive tissues but also in adipose tissue (AT). That said, the consequences ofT. cruziinfection for AT and the implications of treatment with Benzonidazole in this tissue are under discussion. Here, we tested the hypothesis that T. cruzi infection in adipose tissue upon treatment with Benzonidazole (Bz) and the interaction of mononuclear immune cells (PBMC) influences the relative expression of ACAT1, FASN, and PNPLA2 genes. Thus, stem cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSC) after adipogenic differentiation were indirectly cultivated with PBMC after infection with the T. cruzi Y strain and treatment with Bz. We use the TcSAT-IAM system and RT-qPCR to evaluate the parasite load and the relative quantification (ΔCt) of the ACAT1, FASN, and PNPLA2 genes. Our results demonstrate that treatment with Bz did not reduce adipocyte infection in the presence (p-value: 0.5796) or absence (p-value: 0.1854) of cultivation with PBMC. In addition, even though there is no statistical difference when compared to the control group (AT), T. cruzi induces the FASN expression (Rq: 14.00). However, treatment with Bz in AT suggests the increases of PNPLA2 expression levels (Rq: 12.58), even in the absence of T. cruzi infection. During indirect cultivation with PBMC, T. cruzi smooths the expression of PNPLA2 (Rq: 0.824) and instigates the expression of ACAT1 (Rq: 1.632) and FASN (Rq: 1.394). Furthermore, the treatment with Bz during infection induces PNPLA2 expression (Rq: 1.871), maintaining FASN expression levels (Rq: 1.334). Given this, our results indicate that treatment with Benzonidazole did not decrease T. cruzi infection in adipose tissue. However, treating the adipocyte cells with Bz during the interaction with PBMC cells influences the lipid pathways scenario, inducing lipolytic metabolism through the expression of PNPLA2.
Assuntos
Aciltransferases , Tecido Adiposo , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Lipase , Trypanosoma cruzi , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/parasitologia , Tecido Adiposo/parasitologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Lipase/genética , Lipase/metabolismo , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/genética , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Acetil-CoA C-Acetiltransferase/genética , Acetil-CoA C-Acetiltransferase/metabolismo , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Carga Parasitária , Expressão Gênica , Células CultivadasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential effect of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor orlistat to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs widely used to treat oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. METHODS: The OSCC SCC-9 LN-1 metastatic cell line, which expresses high levels of FASN, was used for drug combination experiments. Cell viability was analyzed by crystal violet staining and automatic cell counting. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin-V/7-AAD and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Cyclin B1, Cdc25C, Cdk1, FASN, and ERBB2 levels were assessed by Western blotting. Finally, cell scratch and transwell assays were performed to assess cell migration and invasion. RESULTS: Inhibition of FASN with orlistat sensitized SCC-9 LN-1 cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel and cisplatin, but not 5-fluorouracil, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in cyclin B1. The suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 LN-1 cells induced by orlistat plus cisplatin or paclitaxel was not superior to the effects of chemotherapy drugs alone. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that orlistat enhances the chemosensitivity of SCC-9 LN-1 cells to cisplatin and paclitaxel by downregulating cyclin B1.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Humanos , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Orlistate/farmacologia , Orlistate/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Ciclina B1/farmacologia , Ácido Graxo Sintases/metabolismo , Ácido Graxo Sintases/farmacologia , Neoplasias Bucais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo IRESUMO
We recently provided evidence suggesting that mitochondrial aquaporin-8 (mtAQP8), a channel protein able to conduct H2O2, is involved in the modulation of hepatocyte cholesterogenesis. To expand that study, we cultured human hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 cells in medium with lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) to induce the de novo synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. We found that LPDS induced mtAQP8 expression and that AQP8 gene silencing significantly down-regulated the LPDS-induced synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids as well as the expression of the corresponding key biosynthetic enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fatty acid synthase. Our data further support a regulatory role of mtAQP8 in hepatocyte lipid homeostasis.
Assuntos
Aquaporinas/genética , Aquaporinas/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Lipogênese/fisiologia , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Colesterol/biossíntese , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/biossíntese , Inativação Gênica , Homeostase , Humanos , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas/deficiênciaRESUMO
Colon cancer is a highly anabolic entity with upregulation of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids, which also induces a hypercatabolic state in the patient. The blockade of either cancer anabolism or host catabolism has been previously proven to be a successful anticancer experimental treatment. However, it is still unclear whether the simultaneous blockade of both metabolic counterparts can limit malignant survival and the energetic consequences of such an approach. In this chapter, by using the CT26.WT murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line as a model of study, we provide a method to simultaneously perform a pharmacological blockade of tumor anabolism and host catabolism, as a feasible therapeutic approach to treat cancer, and to limit its energetic supply.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Diazo-Oxo-Norleucina/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais/métodos , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Feminino , Glutaminase/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutaminase/metabolismo , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Hexoquinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Indazóis/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Orlistate/administração & dosagem , SmegmamorphaRESUMO
Several genes are significantly mutated in breast cancer but only a small percentage of mutations are well-known to contribute to cancer development. FASN is involved in de novo lipogenesis and the regulation of ERα signaling. However, the effect of genetic mutations affecting FASN in breast cancer has not thoroughly studied. Therefore, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the FASN locus in MCF-7 cells and evaluated its biological effect. We obtained four clones carrying mutations and frameshifts in the acyl-transferase domain of FASN. We found that clones had reduced proliferation, migration, viability, and showed alterations in cell cycle profiles. RNA-Seq analysis demonstrates that a lack of fully functional FASN may have a more significant role in proliferation-related genes than in lipid metabolism. We conclude that functional knockouts in FASN contributes to decrease the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells contrary to point mutations in breast cancer patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/genética , Transcriptoma , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , MutaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Research in the last few years has proven that inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) suppresses the migration and invasion of hepatoma carcinoma cells. This study aims to explore the effect of fatty acid synthase knockdown on the apoptosis and proliferation of HepG2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The human liver cancer cell line HepG2 was cultured and then transfected with FASN-specific siRNA and negative control RNAi. After 48h, cells and protein lysates were used for western blotting, CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assays, flow cytometry and other tests. To assess cell apoptosis, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were detected; to assess proliferation, CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4) and P21 were detected; and to determine the signaling pathway involved, ß-catenin and C-myc were also detected. RESULTS: Inhibition of FASN in HepG2 cells can decrease proliferation and promote apoptosis. Flow cytometry and CCK-8 assays demonstrated that the apoptosis rate of FASN-specific siRNA-transfected cells was significantly increased compared to that of the control cells (p<0.01). In addition, the cell cycle analysis revealed that FASN-specific siRNA-transfected cells induced G1 phase arrest (p<0.05), but an increasing trend in G2 (p<0.05). Compared with expression in negative RNAi-transfected cells, the expression of Bcl-2 and CDK-4 was reduced and the expression of Bax, caspase-3 and P21 was increased in FASN-specific siRNA-transfected cells (p<0.05). Regarding the signaling pathway, the expression of ß-catenin and C-myc was significantly reduced when compared to that in negative control cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of FASN suppressed the cell survival of HepG2 cells by inhibiting the ß-catenin/C-myc pathway. This result suggests the potential treatment value of FASN for hepatoma carcinoma (HCC).
Assuntos
Apoptose/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Fibrosis process in the liver is a clinical condition established in response to chronic lesions and may be reversible in many situations. In this process, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activate and produce extracellular matrix compounds. During fibrosis, the lipid metabolism is also altered and contributes to the transdifferentiation of the HSCs. Thus, controlling lipid metabolism in HSCs is suggested as a method to control or reverse the fibrotic condition. In the search for therapies that modulate lipid metabolism and treat liver diseases, silymarin has been identified as a relevant natural compound to treat liver pathologies. The present study aimed to evaluate the cellular and molecular effects of silymarin in the transdifferentiation process of HSCs (LX-2) from activated phenotype to a more quiesced-like cells , also focusing on understanding the modulatory effects of silymarin on lipid metabolism of HSCs. In our analyses, 100 µM of silymarin reduced the synthesis of actin filaments in activated cells, the synthesis of the protein level of α-SMA, and other pro-fibrotic factors such as CTGF and PFGF. The concentration of 150 µM silymarin did not reverse the activation aspects of LX-2 cells. However, both evaluated concentrations of the natural compound protected the cells from the negative effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, we evaluated lipid-related molecules correlated to the transdifferentiation process of LX-2, and 100 µM of silymarin demonstrated to control molecules associated with lipid metabolism such as FASN, MLYCD, ACSL4, CPTs, among others. In contrast, cellular incubation with 150 µM of silymarin increased the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides, regarding the higher presence of DMSO (v/v) in the solvent. In conclusion, silymarin acts as a hepatoprotective agent and modulates the pro-fibrogenic stimuli of LX-2 cells, whose effects depend on stress levels in the cellular environment.
Assuntos
Transdiferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Estreladas do Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Silimarina/farmacologia , Citoesqueleto de Actina/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Actinas/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Gasosa , Coenzima A Ligases/genética , Coenzima A Ligases/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/genética , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Dimetil Sulfóxido/toxicidade , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/genética , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/enzimologia , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/genética , Espectrometria de Massas , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cancer cells have increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Their third feature is increased de novo lipogenesis. As such, fatty acid (FA) synthesis enzymes are over-expressed in cancer and their depletion causes antitumor effects. As fatty acid synthase (FASN) plays a pivotal role in this process, it is an attractive target for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED: This is a review of the lipogenic phenotype of cancer and how this phenomenon can be exploited for cancer therapy using inhibitors of FASN, with particular emphasis on orlistat as a repurposing drug. EXPERT OPINION: Disease stabilization only has been observed with a highly selective FASN inhibitor used as a single agent in clinical trials. It is too early to say whether the absence of tumor responses other than stabilization results because even full inhibition of FASN is not enough to elicit antitumor responses. The FASN inhibitor orlistat is a 'dirty' drug with target-off actions upon at least seven targets with a proven role in tumor biology. The development of orlistat formulations suited for its intravenous administration is a step ahead to shed light on the concept that drug promiscuity can or not be a virtue.
Assuntos
Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/antagonistas & inibidores , Lactonas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Intravenosa , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Desenho de Fármacos , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Lactonas/administração & dosagem , Lactonas/farmacologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Neoplasias/patologia , OrlistateRESUMO
Modifications in life-style and/or pharmacotherapies contribute to weight loss and ameliorate the metabolic profile of diet-induced obese humans and rodents. Since these strategies fail to treat hypothalamic obesity, we have assessed the possible mechanisms by which duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and the morphophysiology of pancreatic islets, in hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats. During the first 5 days of life, male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg body weight, HyO group), or saline (CTL). At 90 days of age, HyO rats were randomly subjected to DJB (HyO DJB group) or sham surgery (HyO Sham group). HyO Sham rats were morbidly obese, insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic and displayed higher serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic triglyceride (TG). These effects were associated with higher expressions of the lipogenic genes and fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein content in the liver. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in ß-oxidation and TG export were down-regulated in HyO rats. In addition, these rats exhibited hyperinsulinemia, ß-cell hypersecretion, a higher percentage of islets and ß-cell area/pancreas section, and enhanced nuclear content of Ki67 protein in islet-cells. At 2 months after DJB surgery, serum concentrations of TG and NEFA, but not hepatic TG accumulation and gene and protein expressions, were normalized in HyO rats. Insulin release and Ki67 positive cells were also normalized in HyO DJB islets. In conclusion, DJB decreased islet-cell proliferation, normalized insulinemia, and ameliorated insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile, independently of changes in hepatic metabolism.
Assuntos
Duodeno/cirurgia , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/citologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Jejuno/cirurgia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Colesterol/sangue , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Fígado Gorduroso/fisiopatologia , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/fisiopatologia , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/cirurgia , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiopatologia , Lipogênese/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Obesidade/cirurgia , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Pâncreas/patologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Recently, we demonstrated that an overtraining (OT) protocol for mice based on downhill running sessions increased the hepatic phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1; Thr389), a downstream target of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In liver, the overactivation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway induces lipogenesis via regulation of the action of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) at multiple steps. Herein, we verified the effects of three running OT models with same external load (i.e., the product between intensity and volume of training), but performed in downhill, uphill and without inclination, on the proteins related to the mTORC1 signaling pathway, the protein content of the SREBP-1, ACC, and FAS, and the morphological characteristics of C57BL/6 mouse livers. In summary, the downhill running-induced OT model up-regulated the levels of major proteins of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, the protein levels of SREBP-1 (p125 precursor) and induced signs of cell swelling accompanied by acute inflammation. The other two OT protocols performed uphill and without inclination did not modulate the most analyzed molecular proteins, but induced hepatic morphological alterations, suggesting an acute pathological adaptation. The three OT models induced hepatic fat accumulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2094-2103, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.