RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Narrative review evaluating food contamination by endocrine disruptors present in food packaging. DATA SOURCE: The terms "endocrine disruptors" and "food packaging" were used in combination in the PubMed, MEDLINE and SciELO databases, evaluating studies, in humans, published in Portuguese, English, French and Spanish between 1990 and 2023. DATA SYNTHESIS: Packaging, especially those made from plastic or recycled material, is an important source of food contamination by endocrine disruptors. Bisphenols and phthalates are the endocrine disruptors most frequently associated with food contamination from packaging. However, many unknown substances and even those legally authorized can cause harm to health when exposure is prolonged or when substances with additive effects are mixed. Furthermore, the discarding of packaging can cause contamination to continue into the environment. CONCLUSION: Although packaging materials are essential for the transport and storage of food, many of them are associated with chemical contamination. As it is not possible to exclude them from our routine, it is important to develop research aimed at identifying the endocrine disruptors present in them, including the effects of chronic exposure; and that regulatory agencies and industry come together to reduce or prevent this risk. Additionally, consumers must be instructed on how to purchase products, handle them and prepare them to reduce the migration of chemical substances into food.
Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos , Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Embalagem de Alimentos , Disruptores Endócrinos/efeitos adversos , Disruptores Endócrinos/análise , Disruptores Endócrinos/química , Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are substances that may interfere with the actions of endogenous hormones and may be associated with estrogen-related diseases such as endometriosis. This paper describes a case-control study to evaluate the relationship between endometriosis and phthalates and BPA exposure, through biomarkers analysis in urine. The biomarkers of exposure analyzed were metabolites mono-methyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-butyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, mono-(ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-isononyl phthalate, mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-benzyl phthalate and BPA. Urine samples were collected from women aged 18-45 years old. The Study group (n = 30) and Control group (n = 22) were composed of women using as criteria confirmation of endometriosis by videolaparoscopy surgery with histological diagnosis and the absence of the disease, respectively. The analytical method used liquid phase microextraction with determination by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of biomarkers were adjusted by the creatinine concentration in urine samples of the two groups. The values obtained for the Study Group were compared with the values obtained for the Control Group. The chi-square test and Odds Ratio were used to compare dichotomized phthalate metabolites and BPA metabolite by endometriosis. All nine metabolites were found in different concentrations in the urine samples in both groups The phthalate metabolites that had the highest concentrations, were MOP and MiBP, in which the values of 670 µg g-1 and 560 µg g-1, respectively. The relationship between endometriosis and the all grouped metabolites was evaluated, but was not statistically significant with a 95% CI [X2 (df = 1) = 1.471; p = 0.225]. However, odds ratio (95% confidence interval - CI) for MiBP, which was found at relatively high concentrations in the samples, by endometriosis was 1.929 (0.507-7.332). The food habits and gynecologic history were evaluated and no difference was found between groups. Although no evidences of causal link was found, this study contributes to show that other analysis must be done for evaluating the association between endometriosis and compounds suspected of being EDC.
Assuntos
Compostos Benzidrílicos/efeitos adversos , Endometriose/induzido quimicamente , Fenóis/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Disruptores Endócrinos/efeitos adversos , Endometriose/metabolismo , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Estrogênios/metabolismo , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether parents' concerns about environmental chemical exposures were associated with urinary phthalate and phenol concentrations in their school-age children. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective cohort of 218 mother-child pairs from Cincinnati, Ohio (2010-2014), we measured 11 phthalate metabolites and 5 phenols in urine samples when children were age 8 years and used questionnaire data from caregivers. We estimated the covariate-adjusted percent difference in phthalates and phenols among children of parents who expressed concern about environmental chemical exposures compared with children whose parents did not. RESULTS: Concentrations of 4 phthalates, bisphenol S, and bisphenol A were lower among children whose parents expressed concern about environmental chemicals (n = 122) compared with those who did not (n = 96). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites, bisphenol S, and bisphenol A concentrations were 23% (95% CI -38, -5), 37% (95% CI -49, -21), and 13% (95% CI -26, 3) lower, respectively, among children whose parents expressed concern compared with those whose parents did not. Triclosan concentrations were 35% greater (95% CI -2, 87) among children whose parents expressed concern compared with children whose parents did not. CONCLUSIONS: Parental concern about environmental chemicals was associated with lower childhood urine concentrations of several phthalates and phenols; unexpectedly, parental concern was associated with greater triclosan concentrations. These results suggest that parental concern may be an important factor in mitigating children's phthalate and phenol exposures.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Pais/psicologia , Fenóis/urina , Ácidos Ftálicos/urina , Biomarcadores/urina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Fenóis/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Triclosan/urinaRESUMO
Animal models indicate that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect circulating lipid concentrations by interfering with hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Little is known of the relationship between EDC exposure and lipid profile in humans. We measured bisphenol A (BPA) and 9 phthalate metabolites in maternal urine collected at up to three time points during pregnancy as a measure of in utero exposure, and in the child's urine at 8-14 years as a measure of concurrent, peripubertal exposure among 248 participants of a Mexico City pre-birth cohort. We used linear regression to examine relations of BPA and phthalate exposure with peripubertal serum lipids, while also adjusting for child age, sex, and specific gravity. While in utero EDC exposure was not associated with lipid profile, higher concurrent levels of mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and dibutyl phthalate metabolites (DBP) corresponded with lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in boys; e.g., an interquartile range increment in MCPP corresponded with 7.4% (2.0%, 12.8%) lower total cholesterol and 12.7% (3.8%, 21.6%) lower LDL-C. In girls, higher urinary di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP) correlated with lower LDL-C (-7.9% [-15.4%, -0.4%]). Additional longitudinal research is needed to determine whether these associations persist beyond adolescence.
Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos/urina , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Lipídeos/sangue , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/urina , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/urina , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , México , Gravidez , Puberdade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Oxidative stress has been linked to many obesity-related conditions among children including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Exposure to environmental chemicals such as phthalates, ubiquitously found in humans, may also generate reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress. We examined longitudinal changes of 8-isoprostane urinary concentrations, a validated biomarker of oxidative stress, and associations with maternal prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites for 258 children at 5, 9 and 14 years of age participating in a birth cohort residing in an agricultural area in California. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, and in utero exposure has been also linked to altered lipid metabolism, as well as adverse birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. We found that median creatinine-corrected 8-isoprostane concentrations remained constant across all age groups and did not differ by sex. Total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were positively associated with 8-isoprostane in 14-year-old children. No associations were observed between 8-isoprostane and body mass index (BMI), BMI Z-score or waist circumference at any age. Concentrations of three metabolites of high molecular weight phthalates measured at 13 weeks of gestation (monobenzyl, monocarboxyoctyl and monocarboxynonyl phthalates) were negatively associated with 8-isoprostane concentrations among 9-year olds. However, at 14 years of age, isoprostane concentrations were positively associated with two other metabolites (mono(2-ethylhexyl) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalates) measured in early pregnancy. Longitudinal data on 8-isoprostane in this pediatric population with a high prevalence of obesity provides new insight on certain potential cardiometabolic risks of prenatal exposure to phthalates.
Assuntos
Dinoprosta/análogos & derivados , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dinoprosta/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Prevalência , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vasoconstritores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has lately been reported with a notorious toxicity to mammals. LASSBio-596 is a compound with anti-inflammatory actions. We aimed at evaluating the therapeutic effects of LASSBio-596 in a model of CYN-induced lung injury. Protocol #1: BALB/c mice received intratracheally (i.t.) 50-µL of saline or semi-purified extract of CYN (70 µg/kg). 18 h later, animals that received saline were gavaged with saline (SALSAL) or 50 mg/kg of LASSBio-596 (SALLAS), and mice that received CYN were gavaged with either saline (TOXSAL) or 50 mg/kg of LASSBio-596 (TOXLAS). Pulmonary mechanics was measured 6 h after gavage. Lungs were prepared for histology and inflammatory mediators determination. Protocol #2: Mice received 50-µL of CYN (70 µg/kg, i.t.) and 18 h later were gavaged with saline (NOT TREATED), or 50 mg/kg of LASSBio-596 (TREATED). Survival rates and pulmonary mechanics of the survivors were assessed. CYN exposure increased mechanical components, alveolar collapse, PMN cells and fiber deposition in the lungs, as well as the production of IL-1ß, IL-6 and KC in Protocol #1. LASSBio-596 attenuated those changes. TREATED mice in Protocol #2 presented significantly higher survival rates and tended to improve lung mechanics. Briefly, LASSBio-596 showed positive effects in mice exposed to CYN.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Lesão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Ftálicos/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Uracila/análogos & derivados , Alcaloides , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/efeitos adversos , Toxinas Bacterianas , Toxinas de Cianobactérias , Lesão Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Lesão Pulmonar/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Análise de Sobrevida , Uracila/toxicidadeRESUMO
The effects of six soft liners (Ufi Gel P (UG), Sofreliner S (SR), Durabase Soft (D), Trusoft (T), Coe Comfort (CC), and Softone (ST)) on L929, HaCat, and RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Eluates (24 and 48 h) from the materials were applied on the cells and the viability, type of cell death, and morphology were evaluated. Cells were also seeded on the specimens' surfaces (direct contact) and incubated (24 or 48 h), and viability was analyzed. Controls were cells in culture medium without eluates or specimens. For cell viability, no significant differences were found among materials or between extraction periods, and the liners were noncytotoxic or slightly cytotoxic. Morphology of RAW 264.7 cells was altered by the 24 h eluates from CC and D and the 48 h eluates from SR, CC, and D. The 24 and 48 h eluates from all materials (except T) increased the percentages of L929 necrotic cells. For direct contact tests, the lowest cytotoxicity was observed for UG and SR. Although eluates did not reduce viability, morphology alterations and increase in necrosis were seen. Moreover, in the direct contact, effects on viability were more pronounced, particularly for D, T, CC and ST. Thus, the use of UG and SR might reduce the risk of adverse effects.
Assuntos
Resinas Acrílicas/efeitos adversos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Reembasadores de Dentadura/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Elastômeros de Silicone/efeitos adversos , Animais , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , CamundongosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of urinary phthalate levels with blood pressure (BP) and serum triglyceride and lipoprotein levels in children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a subsample of US children aged 6-19 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2003 and 2008. We quantified exposure to 3 families of phthalates--low molecular weight, high molecular weight and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)--based on molar concentration of urinary metabolites. We assessed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate associations with BP and lipid levels. RESULTS: Controlling for an array of sociodemographic and behavioral factors, as well as diet and body mass index, levels of metabolites of DEHP, a phthalate commonly found in processed foods, were associated with higher age-, sex-, and height-standardized BP. For each log unit (roughly 3-fold) increase in DEHP metabolites, a 0.041 SD unit increase in systolic BP z-score was identified (P = .047). Metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products were not associated with BP. Phthalate metabolites were not associated with triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein level, or prehypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary phthalate exposure is associated with higher systolic BP in children and adolescents. Further work is needed to confirm these associations, as well as to evaluate opportunities for intervention.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Pré-Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/urina , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/urina , Modelos Lineares , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Ácidos Ftálicos/urina , Pré-Hipertensão/sangue , Pré-Hipertensão/urina , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether phthalate exposure is associated with precocious puberty in girls. STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study in which 28 girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) and 28 age- and race-matched prepubertal females were enrolled. Nine phthalate metabolites and creatinine were measured in spot urine samples from these 56 children. RESULTS: Levels of 8 of the 9 phthalate metabolites were above the limit of detection (LOD) in all 56 subjects. Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) was below the LOD in 25/56 samples (14 subjects with precocious puberty and 11 controls). No significant differences between the children with CPP and the controls in either absolute or creatinine-normalized concentrations of any of the 9 phthalate metabolites were measured. CONCLUSIONS: Although phthalates may be associated with certain other toxicities in humans, our study suggests that their exposure is not associated with precocious puberty in female children.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Puberdade Precoce/etiologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Escore Lod , Análise por Pareamento , Ácidos Ftálicos/urina , Puberdade Precoce/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Different perturbations during fetal and postnatal development unleash endocrine adaptations that permanently alter metabolism, increasing the susceptibility to develop later disease, process known as "developmental programming." Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) are widely spread in the environment and display estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity; they are lipophilic and stored for long periods in the adipose tissue. Maternal exposure to EDC during pregnancy and lactation produces the exposure of the fetus and neonate through placenta and breast milk. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated reproductive alterations as a consequence of intrauterine and/or neonatal exposure to EDC. Diethystilbestrol (DES) is the best documented compound, this synthetic estrogen was administered to pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s to prevent miscarriage. It was implicated in urogenital abnormalities in children exposed in utero and was withdrawn from the market. The "DES daughters" are women with high incidence of vaginal hypoplasia, spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, uterine malformation, menstrual abnormalities and low fertility. The "DES sons" show testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which is characterized by hypospadias, cryptorchidism and low semen quality. This entity is also associated wtih fetal exposure to anti-androgens as flutamide. The effects on the reproductive axis depend on the stage of development and the window of exposure, as well as the dose and the compound. The wide distribution of EDC into the environment affects both human health and ecosystems in general, the study of their mechanisms of action is extremely important currently.