RESUMO
Subterranean organisms provide excellent opportunities to investigate morphological evolution, especially of sensory organs and structures and their processing areas in the central nervous system. We describe the gross morphology of the brain and some cephalic sensory organs (olfactory organ, eye, semicircular canals of the inner ear) and the swim bladder (a non-sensory accessory structure) of subterranean species of pencil catfishes of the genus Ituglanis Costa and Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) and compare them with an epigean species of the genus, Ituglanis goya Datovo, Aquino and Langeani, 2016. We compared qualitatively the size of the different brain regions and sense organs of the subterranean species with those of the epigean one, searching for modifications possibly associated with living in the subterranean environment. Our findings suggest that species of Ituglanis exhibit sensory characteristics that are preadaptive for the subterranean life, as only slight modifications were observed in the brains and sense organs of the subterranean species of the genus when compared with the epigean one. Because most subterranean fish species belong to lineages putatively preadapted for subterranean life, our results, discussed in the context of available information on the brain and sense organs of other subterranean species, help identify general trends for the evolution of the brain and sensory organs of subterranean fishes in general.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Encéfalo , Peixes-Gato , Animais , Peixes-Gato/anatomia & histologia , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Órgãos dos Sentidos/anatomia & histologia , Órgãos dos Sentidos/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Sacos Aéreos/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
O diagnóstico de uma condição crônica na família tende a movimentar as relações intra e extrafamiliares. No caso do Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA), essa movimentação tende a ocorrer de forma significativa com os vínculos maternos, visto que as mães costumam ser as principais cuidadoras dos filhos com esse diagnóstico. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou investigar os impactos do diagnóstico de TEA nas redes sociais significativas maternas e como as mães lhes atribuíram sentido. Participaram 12 mães de filhos diagnosticados com TEA na infância, com as quais foram realizadas entrevistas reflexivas e construídos dois mapas de redes sociais significativas, um anterior e outro posterior ao TEA. A análise dos dados foi feita através da Grounded Theory . No momento inicial da entrevista, foi possível perceber que a maioria das participantes se referiu ao sentimento de não ter apoio, expressando desamparo. Todavia, ao longo do processo de construção dos mapas, percebeu-se relevante mudança no discurso das mães, que reconheceram e se surpreenderam com a presença de vínculos importantes nas suas redes sociais, embora, da sua perspectiva, eles não lhes proporcionem o apoio necessário. Portanto, destaca-se a importância da ativação das redes sociais significativas das mães, bem como a instrumentalização dessas redes para que possam estar presentes de maneira efetiva e fornecer apoio, salientando-se o importante papel de profissionais da saúde e da educação nesse cenário. Por fim, aponta-se o mapa de redes enquanto potente instrumento clínico e de pesquisa.(AU)
The diagnosis of a chronic condition in the family tends to move intra- and extra-family relationships. In the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) case, this movement tends to occur significantly with maternal bonds, since mothers are often referred as the main caregivers of children with this diagnosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of the ASD diagnosis on significant maternal social networks and how mothers signify these implications. Twelve mothers of children diagnosed with ASD in childhood participated, with whom reflective interviews were carried out and two maps of significant social networks, one before and one after the ASD, were constructed. Data analysis was performed by using Grounded Theory. At the beginning of the interview, it was possible to observe that most participants reported the feeling of having no support, expressing helplessness. However, throughout the mapping process, a relevant change was noticed in the mothers' discourse, who recognized and were surprised by the presence of important members in their social networks, although, in their perspective, they do not provide them the necessary support. Therefore, the importance of activating the mothers' significant social networks is highlighted, as well as the instrumentalization of these networks so that they can be effectively present and provide support, emphasizing the important role of health and education professionals in this scenario. Finally, the network map is pointed out as a powerful clinical and research tool.(AU)
El diagnóstico de una enfermedad crónica en la familia tiende a trasformar las relaciones intra y extrafamiliares. En el caso del trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA), este movimiento tiende a ocurrir de manera significativa con los vínculos maternos, ya que las madres son referidas como las principales cuidadoras de los niños con este diagnóstico. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar el impacto del diagnóstico de TEA en las redes sociales maternas significativas y cómo las madres dieron sentido a estas implicaciones. Participaron en este estudio doce madres de niños diagnosticados con TEA en la infancia, y se utilizaron entrevistas reflexivas y mapas de redes sociales significativas, uno para antes y otro para después del TEA. El análisis de datos se basó en la teoría fundamentada. Al inicio de la entrevista, la mayoría de las participantes refirieron sentir que no tenían apoyo. Sin embargo, en el proceso de construcción de los mapas se vio un cambio en el discurso de las madres, quienes comenzaron a reconocer y sorprenderse por la presencia de vínculos importantes en sus redes sociales, aunque estos no les brindaran el apoyo necesario. Se resalta la importancia de activar las redes sociales significativas de las madres, así como la instrumentalización de estas redes para que puedan estar efectivamente presentes y brindar apoyo, enfatizando el papel de los profesionales de la salud y la educación. Además, se señala el mapa de la red como una poderosa herramienta clínica e investigativa.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno Autístico , Poder Familiar , Rede Social , Deficiências da Aprendizagem , Relações Pais-Filho , Psicologia , Autoimagem , Órgãos dos Sentidos , Isolamento Social , Apoio Social , Estresse Psicológico , Trabalho , Atividades Cotidianas , Adaptação Psicológica , Criança , Educação Infantil , Saúde Mental , Comunicação , Autonomia Pessoal , Amigos , Depressão , Diagnóstico , Educação Inclusiva , Ego , Equidade , Fadiga , Teoria Fundamentada , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento , Capacitismo , Zeladoria , Individualidade , Relações Interpessoais , SolidãoRESUMO
The human sensory receptors are morphologically specialized to transduce specific stimuli into the brain. However, when an injury occurs, mainly in the spinal cord, which can be of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, it provokes various degrees of sensory deficits, autonomic, motor and sphincter dysfunction below the level of the injury. Based on this, a new therapeutic modality is being proposed by neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, which is based on the brain-machine interface, that is, using other pathways so that the information can reach the cerebral cortex and thus be consciously processed (AU).
Os receptores sensoriais humanos são morfologicamente especializados para realizar a transdução de estímulos específicos para o encéfalo. Entretanto, quando ocorre uma lesão, principalmente, na medula espinal, que pode ser de origem traumática e não traumática, provocam diversos graus de déficits sensoriais, disfunção autônoma, motora e esfincteriana, abaixo do nível da lesão. Com base nisso, uma nova modalidade terapêutica está sendo proposto pelo neurocientista Miguel Nicolelis, que tem como base a interface cérebro máquina, isto é, utilizar-se de outras vias para que as informações possam chegar no córtex cerebral e assim serem processadas conscientemente.Palavras-chave: Interfaces cérebro-computador, Neurociências, Órgãos dos sentidos (AU).
Assuntos
Órgãos dos Sentidos , Neurociências , Interfaces Cérebro-ComputadorRESUMO
Background: Many fish hybrids (i.e., obtained by crossing two species) are produced rather than pure species because of their better growth rate and/or acceptance of formulated feed. However, few studies evaluate and compare their meats and acceptance, including, e.g., for the Amazon hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) and the real hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x L. marmoratus). Objective: Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of fillets from the Amazon and real hybrid sorubins. Method:Proximate composition, instrumental color, water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force were measured.Microbiological analyses of the fillets were carried out for Salmonellasp. and Staphylococcusaureus to ensure food safety during sensory analysis. Results: Fillets presented excellent quality, classified in category A (lipids below 5% and proteins between 15 and 20%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the evaluated fillets for several parameters: the average water holding capacities were 33.72 and 34.67%, the cooking losses were 14.93 and 13.41%, the shear forces were 2.21 and 1.74 kgf, and the luminosities were 49.61 and 45.04 for the fillets of Amazonian hybrid sorubim and real hybrid sorubim, respectively. Discussion: There was an evident relationship between water-holding capacities and shear forces. Amazonian hybrid sorubim fillets presented lower intensity of red. However, there was no sensory difference between the hybrids, and both had an acceptance rate above 80%. Conclusion: The hybridization does not alter the characteristics of the fish fillets
Antecedentes: Muchos híbridos de peces (i.e., obtenidos al cruzar dos especies) se producen en lugar de especies puras debido a su mejor tasa de crecimiento y/o aceptación de alimentos formulados. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evalúan y comparan sus carnes y aceptación, incluyendo, p. ej., para lo surubí híbrido amazónico (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) y lo surubí híbrido real (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x L. marmoratus). Objetivo: Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de filetes sorubines híbridos amazónico y real. Método: Se midió composición proximal, color instrumental, capacidad de retención de agua, pierdas por cocción y fuerza de corte. Se realizaron análisis microbiológicos de los filetes para Salmonella sp. y Staphylococcus aureus para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria durante el análisis sensorial. Resultados: Los filetes presentaron una excelente calidad, siendo clasificados en la categoría A (lípidos por debajo del 5% y proteínas entre 15 y 20%). No hubo diferencia significativa (p>0.05) entre los filetes evaluados para varios parámetros: las capacidades de retención de agua fueron 33.72 y 34.67%, las pierdas por cocción fueron 14.93 y 13.41%, las fuerzas de corte fueron 2.21 y 1.74 kgf y las luminosidades fueron 49.61 y 45.04 para los filetes de sorubim híbrido amazónico y sorubim híbrido real, respectivamente. Discusión: Hubo una relación evidente entre las capacidades de retención de agua y las fuerzas de corte. Los filetes de sorubim híbridos amazónicos presentaron menor intensidad de rojo. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia sensorial entre los híbridos, y ambos tuvieron una tasa de aceptación superior al 80%. Conclusión: La hibridación no altera las características de los filetes de pescado
Assuntos
Humanos , Órgãos dos Sentidos , Fenômenos Físicos , Produtos PesqueirosRESUMO
The postural system requires the sensory systems to maintain postural control (PC). Blind subjects use the somatosensory system to keep PC whereas sighted subjects use the visual system. So what happens to PC when challenging the sensory systems? We analyzed the center of pressure (COP) in ten blind and 10 sighted subjects under conditions: eyes open/closed (interference of visual system) and on firm/foam surfaces (interference of somatosensory system). We found that under the condition of eyes open on a firm surface, the blind subjects relied on the somatosensory system, whereas sighted subjects relied on the visual system. However, when eyes closed and on foam surface, similar behavior was found in both groups for all COP variables. In general blind subjects use their somatosensory system as the main sensory input to maintain PC.
Assuntos
Equilíbrio Postural , Visão Ocular , Humanos , Órgãos dos SentidosRESUMO
O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência do estímulo visual e posicionamento dos membros superiores no controle postural ortostático e avaliar o efeito do sexo e idade nas respostas posturais de crianças e adolescentes. Estudo transversal, com amostra de 84 participantes com idade entre 11 e 14 anos, ambos os sexos (55 meninas), de escola pública de Goiânia (GO). Além do exame físico, o controle postural foi avaliado na posição ortostática pela baropodometria computadorizada em três condições: olhos abertos, olhos fechados e olhos abertos com ombros a 90° de abdução. A ausência do estímulo visual gerou maior instabilidade postural em comparação à condição de olhos abertos. Em relação as diferenças existentes entre os sexos, foi observado que as meninas tiveram menores valores de deslocamento anteroposterior e área da elipse que os meninos. Comparando-se os olhos abertos e fechados, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores na área da elipse e os meninos nos deslocamentos anteroposterior e látero-lateral. Ao analisar o efeito da idade foi observado que o grupo com 13 e 14 anos apresentou maiores valores em todas as variáveis analisadas. A ausência do estímulo visual aumentou os valores da área da elipse no grupo com 11 e 12 e dos deslocamentos no grupo com 13 e 14 anos. Não foi verificado efeito interativo entre sexo e idade. Na condição de abdução dos membros superiores não houve diferença no controle postural. Conclui-se que a ausência do estímulo visual foi mais impactante na manutenção do controle postural ortostático em crianças e adolescentes em relação as outras condições avaliadas, existindo diferença entre os sexos e a idade, em que os meninos e o grupo com 13 e 14 anos realizaram mais ajustes para manter o controle postural. (AU)
The aim of this study was to verify the influence of visual stimulus and positioning of the upper limbs in the orthostatic postural control, and to assess the effects of gender and age in the postural responses of children and adolescents. This was a transversal study involving 84 participants (of which 55 were girls) from public schools in Goiania (GO - Brazil) with age between 11 and 14 years. Besides physical examination, the participants' postural control was assessed in the orthostatic position by computerized baropodometry in three different conditions: eyes-open, eyes-closed, and eyes-open with shoulders at 90º abduction. The absence of visual stimulus generated more postural instability in relation to the eyes-open condition. Regarding gender differences, the girls had lower anteroposterior and ellipse area displacement than boys. Comparing the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, the girls presented higher values in the ellipse area and the boys presented higher values in the anteroposterior and laterolateral displacements. Analyzing the effect of age, the participants between 13 and 14 years old presented higher values in all variables. The absence of visual stimulus increased the values of the ellipse area in the participants between 11 and 12 years of age and the values of displacements in the participants between 13 and 14 years of age. Interactive effect between genders and age has not been verified. There were no postural control differences in the upper limbs abduction condition. Conclusion: The absence of visual stimulus was more impacting in the support of orthostatic postural control in children and adolescents than the other conditions assessed; the boys and the participants between 13 and 14 years of age made more adjustments in order to maintain postural control. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Extremidade Superior , Equilíbrio Postural , Posição Ortostática , Estimulação Luminosa , Educação Física e Treinamento , Postura , Órgãos dos Sentidos , Ombro , Olho , Pé , Estabilidade Central , Locomoção , Destreza MotoraRESUMO
Diverse mechanosensory neurons detect different mechanical forces that can impact animal behavior. Yet our understanding of the anatomical and physiological diversity of these neurons and the behaviors that they influence is limited. We previously discovered that grooming of the Drosophila melanogaster antennae is elicited by an antennal mechanosensory chordotonal organ, the Johnston's organ (JO) (Hampel et al., 2015). Here, we describe anatomically and physiologically distinct JO mechanosensory neuron subpopulations that each elicit antennal grooming. We show that the subpopulations project to different, discrete zones in the brain and differ in their responses to mechanical stimulation of the antennae. Although activation of each subpopulation elicits antennal grooming, distinct subpopulations also elicit the additional behaviors of wing flapping or backward locomotion. Our results provide a comprehensive description of the diversity of mechanosensory neurons in the JO, and reveal that distinct JO subpopulations can elicit both common and distinct behavioral responses.
Assuntos
Antenas de Artrópodes/fisiologia , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Asseio Animal/fisiologia , Mecanorreceptores/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Órgãos dos Sentidos/fisiologia , Animais , Drosophila melanogaster/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Masculino , Órgãos dos Sentidos/citologia , Órgãos dos Sentidos/inervaçãoAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Órgãos dos Sentidos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Somatoformes/diagnóstico , Sintomas Inexplicáveis , Sinais e Sintomas , Transtornos Somatoformes/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/psicologia , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/psicologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The electrosensory system on elasmobranchs consists of subcutaneous electroreceptor organs known as ampullae of Lorenzini. The present study investigated the ampullae of Lorenzini morphology of the lesser guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pore number found in the ventral skin surface is much higher than that found in the dorsal portion, characteristic of species that inhabit the euphotic zone. Under light microscopy it was possible to observe that the wall canal consists of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. The canal features distal expansion, where the ampullae are located with up to six alveoli. The sensory epithelium of ampullae is composed by cubic cells, with oval nucleus, restricted to the interior of the alveoli. With analysis the clusters under scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to observe the structure and the random arrangement of individual ampullae, canals and nerves. The distribution of dorsal and ventral pores and ampullae in Z. brevirostris resembled those of the same family. The number of alveoli per ampullae was similar to that found in euryhaline elasmobranchs species, suggesting that the morphological organization in Z. brevirostris is linked to its possible evolutionary transitory position among batoids.
Assuntos
Animais , Órgãos dos Sentidos/ultraestrutura , Rajidae/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/ultraestrutura , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/fisiologia , Sensação/fisiologia , Órgãos dos Sentidos/fisiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Rajidae/fisiologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Estruturas Animais/fisiologiaRESUMO
The electrosensory system on elasmobranchs consists of subcutaneous electroreceptor organs known as ampullae of Lorenzini. The present study investigated the ampullae of Lorenzini morphology of the lesser guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pore number found in the ventral skin surface is much higher than that found in the dorsal portion, characteristic of species that inhabit the euphotic zone. Under light microscopy it was possible to observe that the wall canal consists of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. The canal features distal expansion, where the ampullae are located with up to six alveoli. The sensory epithelium of ampullae is composed by cubic cells, with oval nucleus, restricted to the interior of the alveoli. With analysis the clusters under scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to observe the structure and the random arrangement of individual ampullae, canals and nerves. The distribution of dorsal and ventral pores and ampullae in Z. brevirostris resembled those of the same family. The number of alveoli per ampullae was similar to that found in euryhaline elasmobranchs species, suggesting that the morphological organization in Z. brevirostris is linked to its possible evolutionary transitory position among batoids.