RESUMO
AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sophorolipids in combination with palmarosa essential oil and to develop a cosmetic formulation against acne-causing bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antibacterial activity of sophorolipids, palmarosa oil and their combined effect was evaluated by broth microdilution and checkerboard methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. The results showed that the compounds presented antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The combination of sophorolipid and palmarosa oil resulted in synergistic and additive interaction reducing the concentration needed for the effectiveness against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, to 98.4% and 50%, respectively. The compounds interaction showed an additive effect for antioxidant activity. The cosmetic formulation without any chemical preservative presents antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes. The pH values and organoleptic characteristics of formulations remained stable under all conditions tested. CONCLUSIONS: The association of sophorolipids and palmarosa oil resulted in a self-preserving cosmetic formulation with great stability, and effective antioxidant and antibacterial activities against acne-causing micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study showed the development of an effective multifunctional cosmetic formulation with natural preservatives to treat acne vulgaris and other skin infections.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar , Óleos Voláteis , Acne Vulgar/tratamento farmacológico , Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Ácidos Oleicos , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidisRESUMO
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit with multifactorial etiology. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, altered sebum production, inflammation of the sebaceous follicle, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes have been traditionally implicated. However, the diet has also been highlighted in the pathogenesis because of its direct relation with some biochemical markers and the transcription of specific genes associated with sebaceous gland activity, inflammation, and bacterial proliferation, which together promote the development of the disease, affect the severity of the condition, and modify its response to treatment.
El acné es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de la unidad pilosebácea de etiología multifactorial, en la que clásicamente se han implicado la proliferación anormal de queratinocitos, la producción alterada de sebo, la inflamación del folículo sebáceo y la colonización por Cutibacterium acnes. Sin embargo, también destaca la dieta en la patogenia al relacionarse directamente con la alteración de algunos marcadores bioquímicos y transcripción de ciertos genes que se asocian con la actividad de la glándula sebácea, la inflamación y la proliferación bacteriana, que en conjunto promueven el desarrollo de la enfermedad, afectan la gravedad del cuadro y modifican su respuesta al tratamiento.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar , Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Acne Vulgar/patologia , Dieta , Humanos , Inflamação/complicações , Propionibacterium acnes/fisiologia , SeboRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been growing exponentially. Acne is the most common outpatient complains in dermatology, and involve the use of antibiotics for treatment. METHODS: We conducted a drug utilization study, with a retrospective and descriptive design, in order to evaluated the antibiotic prescription pattern for acne vulgaris patients who were cared for the first time in 2015, and were prescribed with an antibiotic, no matter if it was topical, oral or both, and compared it against the Colombian clinical practice guidelines valid for that year in our country. RESULTS: Three hundred sixty-nine patients were randomly collected, 221 women and 148 men. There were a correct adherence to guidelines in election of an antibiotic, its dosage, and time of use in 51.7%, 94.85%, and 76.1%, respectively. 37.1% of patients has being correctly prescribe globally, taking into consideration the three previously describe variables. CONCLUSIONS: A no adherent antibiotic prescription was documented for less than half of the patients. In almost a quarter of the patients it was not prescribed for the right time and in most patients the correct dose was chosen. It is important to know the prescription pattern as it allows decisions to be made that lead to an adequate use of antibiotics, and thus prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Adolescente , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Padrões de Prática Médica/normas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance to Cutibacterium acnes has become a worldwide problem in the last century, but there are no previous studies on antibiotic susceptibility patterns of this bacterium in Ecuador. A total of 129 skin swabs were collected from patients with acne vulgaris (AV) attending the dermatology department of a hospital in Quito, Ecuador, from July to August 2015. The patients selected had received registered antimicrobial therapy on at least one occasion before sampling. Microbiological procedures were performed according to conventional methods. The species of isolates were identified using a mass spectrometer system (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-offlight [MALDI-TOF]). Antibiotic susceptibility tests on isolated Cutibacterium were performed using an anaerobe-sensitive panel (ANO2; Thermo Fisher; TREK Diagnostic Systems Ltd., West Sussex, UK).
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Propionibacterium acnes/isolamento & purificação , Acne Vulgar/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Propionibacterium acnes/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Acne and Atopic Dermatitis (AD) are chronic inflammatory skin conditions with severe impact on a patient's life. Current treatments are related to adverse effects and do not represent a definitive cure. The present paper reviews the alterations in skin microbiome, specifically in acne and AD, and aims in searching for potential treatments based on benefic microorganisms, called probiotics. The review was made through bibliographic search of the main databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, Medline) between September 2015 and June 2016. Acne lesions create an environment that facilitates the excess growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). AD is related to an increase in the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) during flare-ups. Some microorganisms have been shown to act not only in the prevention but also in the competition for pathogenic microorganisms and beneficially affect the inflammatory process present in these conditions. Despite the high variety of tested bacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus are the ones which showed the highest potential to control acne, and Vitreoscilla filiformis (V. filiformis), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the treatment of AD. Many of these studies were in vitro, and more detailed research should be performed in order to prove the real efficacy and safety of probiotics in these situations. An interesting alternative seems to be the use of Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by probiotics, responsible for their antimicrobial activity.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Dermatite Atópica/microbiologia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Pele/microbiologia , Acne Vulgar/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , MicrobiotaRESUMO
Acne is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease. Although several factors are involved in its pathophysiology, this process is not completely understood. Androgen hormone activity increases sebum production inside the pilosebaceous follicle, adjusting the environment for the development of Propionibacterium acnes which triggers inflammation. Knowing how others factors such as the skin barrier and microbiome are involved in acne, can help in understanding more about the disease and may help to conduct a better treatment.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Acne Vulgar/patologia , Microbiota , Propionibacterium acnes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Pele , Pele/microbiologia , Humanos , Glândulas Sebáceas/patologia , Sebo/metabolismo , Junções Íntimas/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acne is one of the dermatological pathologies with the highest incidence around the world. It is a multifactorial disease and its treatment can be complex. Propionibacterium acnes play a key role in the inflammation of this dermatosis. Topical antibiotics, including mainly erythromycin and clindamycin, have been used, but there is controversy over their use due to the widely documented bacterial resistance. For this reason a meta-analysis of the publications over the past 10 years is presented in order to confirm this hypothesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search was made of the publications over the past 10 years that included the results of antibiogams of patients with acne. MeSH type searches were performed with the terms "acne vulgaris", "Propionibacterium acnes", "topical administration", "treatment", "erythromycin", "clindamycin", "nadifloxacin", "antibacterial agent", "bacterial drug resistance" in PubMed, Ovid, EBSCO, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and ClinicalKey meta-searches. RESULTS: A total of 13 articles were found that met the inclusion criteria. The mean odds ratio (OR 1.24, 95% CI) of the articles showed a slight tendency toward resistance of Propionibacterium acnes. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in bacterial resistance to topical erythromycin and clindamycin can be confirmed, thus the use of these antibiotics is recommended in selective cases for short periods, and in combination with benzoyl peroxide for the best clinical outcome in patients with acne vulgaris.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Propionibacterium acnes/efeitos dos fármacos , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Acne Vulgar/tratamento farmacológico , Acne Vulgar/etiologia , Administração Cutânea , Peróxido de Benzoíla/administração & dosagem , Peróxido de Benzoíla/farmacologia , Clindamicina/administração & dosagem , Clindamicina/farmacologia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Quimioterapia Combinada , Eritromicina/administração & dosagem , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Razão de Chances , Propionibacterium acnes/isolamento & purificação , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/complicações , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Propionibacterium acnes poses a significant challenge to successful treatment outcomes in acne patients. Although P. acnes resistance has been demonstrated throughout the world, no previous data regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. acnes in Colombia are available. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. acnes to common antibiotics used in the treatment of acne in a Colombian population. METHODS: Samples were collected from facial acne lesions of 100 dermatology patients. All samples were cultured in anaerobic conditions, and final identification of isolates was performed. Isolates of P. acnes were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. RESULTS: Propionibacterium acnes isolates resistant to erythromycin (35%), clindamycin (15%), doxycycline (9%), tetracycline (8%), and minocycline (1%) were observed. Isolates with cross-resistance were also observed (to erythromycin and clindamycin [12%] and to doxycycline and tetracycline [6%]). Overall, 46% of isolates taken from patients with a history of antibiotic use demonstrated resistance, whereas 29% of isolates taken from patients who had never used antibiotics demonstrated resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance in P. acnes in this Colombian population has a lower prevalence than those reported in Europe and follows a similar pattern to findings elsewhere in Latin America. Resistance is demonstrated even in isolates from patients with no previous history of antibiotic use. Resistance to erythromycin is most commonly observed. Minocycline emerges as the most effective antibiotic.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Propionibacterium acnes/efeitos dos fármacos , Acne Vulgar/epidemiologia , Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Dermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Propionibacterium acnes is an important target in acne management. Antibiotic resistance has increased, reducing its clinical efficiency. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and resistance mechanisms of P. acnes isolated from patients with acne. METHODS: Skin swabs were collected from 83 patients. Agar dilution determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations of five antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to identify mutations. Results P. acnes was isolated in 80 of 83 patients (96%), and 27 patients had resistance to antibiotics (33.7%). The mean age was older in the antibiotic-resistant group (20.8 ± 5.8 vs. 18.3 ± 3.7, P = 0.02). Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 26.3%, erythromycin 12.5%, and clindamycin 7.5%. All clindamycin-resistant strains had cross-resistance to erythromycin, and 40% erythromycin-resistant strains had cross-resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All strains were sensitive to tetracycline and doxycycline. The use of topical erythromycin or clindamycin was a risk factor to carry resistant strains (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, respectively). Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with acne severity (P = 0.02). Six of the 10 erythromycin-resistant strains had a mutation in the peptidyl transferase region of the 23S rRNA gene: one A2058G and five A2059G. No strain carrying mutation G2057A was found. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was the most common pattern found, and further studies are required to clarify its resistance mechanism. A certain tetracycline resistance was expected, but interestingly all strains remained sensitive. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were influenced using topical formulations. Mutation A2059G was related to high resistance to erythromycin. Antibiotic resistance is increasing, and new strategies are needed.
Assuntos
Acne Vulgar/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Propionibacterium acnes/efeitos dos fármacos , Propionibacterium acnes/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Clindamicina/farmacologia , Doxiciclina/farmacologia , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/farmacologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Tretinoin (TRE) or all-trans retinoic acid is employed in the topical treatment of various skin diseases including acne and psoriasis. However, its use is strongly limited by side effects and high chemical instability. TRE encapsulation in nanostructured systems reduces these problems. Chitosan is a biopolymer that exhibits a number of interesting properties such as bioadhesion and antibacterial activity. The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing TRE, with and without addition of chitosan, to assess their in vitro cytotoxicity in keratinocytes and to evaluate their antibacterial activity against bacteria related to acne. SLN without (SLN-TRE) and with (SLN-chitosan-TRE) chitosan were prepared by hot high pressure homogenization. The hydrodynamic mean diameter and zeta potential were 162.7±1.4 nm and -31.9±2.0 mV for SLN-TRE, and 284.8±15.0 nm and 55.9±3.1 mV for SLN-chitosan-TRE. The SLN-chitosan-TRE exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, high physical stability in the tested period (one year), were not cytotoxic to keratinocytes and showed high antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. aureus. Therefore chitosan-SLN can be good candidates to encapsulate TRE and to increase its therapeutic efficacy in the topical treatment of acne.