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It is well-known that consumption of synthetic and natural food additives has both positive and negative effects in the human body. However, it is not clear yet how food additives are related to the development of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, in this review work, the food additive effects related to the gut microbiota-brain axis and the processes that are carried out to develop Parkinson's disease are studied. To this end, a systematic literature analysis is performed with the selected keywords and the food additive effects are studied to draw possible routes of action. This analysis leads to the proposition of a model that explains the pathways that relate the ingestion of food additives to the development of Parkinson's disease. This work motivates further research that ponders the safety of food additives by measuring their impacts over the gut microbiota-brain axis.

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Questions about the safety of food additives and their consumption have been raised in recent years. The increased exposure to these substances, either by intake of ultra-processed foods or by the broad use and combination of various categories of additives, may be related to higher risks to consumer health. This article comments on the results of a study that quantified and characterized food additives found on the labels of 9,856 packaged foods and beverages available in Brazilian supermarkets. The study adopted a field diary method to record and analyze nonconformities in the lists of ingredients. The objective of this article is to discuss the use of additives identified on the labels and the limitations of Brazilian legislation, which should guarantee the right to information and health.

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The food industry uses dyes mainly to overcome color loss during the processing and storage of products, with the azo dyes currently being the most employed. Studies on the safety of using these dyes in foods started in the 1950s and have indicated the potential for concern. This review discusses the risk assessment of food intake containing artificial azo dyes. There are case reports and, subsequently, double-blind placebo-controlled trials in some individuals who may experience adverse effects from the intake of azo dyes, but it is unclear whether these adverse effects are restricted to specific populations or more generalized. In view of this, different toxicological endpoints are evaluated to verify toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo models and to establish the no observed adverse effect level. Exposure estimation studies have shown that human exposure to azo dyes via oral intake is mainly below the acceptable daily intake established by advisory bodies. However, most countries do not have studies that estimate the oral intake of azo dyes. In this case, local food diversity and racial-ethnic specificities are not considered when stating the exposure estimate is below the acceptable daily intake for the human population and thus may not represent actual intake. Concerning the scenario established above, this review discusses the most critical gaps to be overcome to contribute to the direction of future studies and the development of more effective public policies concerning the safety of the intake of artificial azo dyes.

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ABSTRACT Questions about the safety of food additives and their consumption have been raised in recent years. The increased exposure to these substances, either by intake of ultra-processed foods or by the broad use and combination of various categories of additives, may be related to higher risks to consumer health. This article comments on the results of a study that quantified and characterized food additives found on the labels of 9,856 packaged foods and beverages available in Brazilian supermarkets. The study adopted a field diary method to record and analyze nonconformities in the lists of ingredients. The objective of this article is to discuss the use of additives identified on the labels and the limitations of Brazilian legislation, which should guarantee the right to information and health.

RESUMO Nos últimos tempos, questões vêm sendo levantadas sobre a segurança no uso de aditivos alimentares e em seu consumo. verificou-se que o aumento da exposição a essas substâncias, seja pela ingestão mais frequente de alimentos ultraprocessados ou pela ampla utilização e combinação de várias categorias de aditivos pela indústria, pode estar relacionado ao maior risco à saúde do consumidor. Um estudo quantificou e caracterizou aditivos alimentares encontrados nos rótulos de 9.856 alimentos e bebidas embalados disponíveis nos supermercados brasileiros. nele, foi adotado um diário de campo para registro de falhas e inconformidades nas informações presentes nas listas de ingredientes, sendo, por fim, analisadas qualitativamente e descritas de forma narrativa. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste comentário é apresentar e discutir o uso desses aditivos identificados nos rótulos e as limitações da legislação brasileira, que deveria garantir o direito à informação e a saúde da população.

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Feed additive alternatives to antibiotics, such as organic acids, and substances rich in polyphenols, such as tangerine wort, can promote improved intestinal health in broilers by modulating the microbial population and improving nutrient utilization. In this work, a product which combines organic acids (fumaric acid 0.5%, lactic acid 5.13%, citric acid 5.44% and ascorbic acid 1.2%) and tangerine wort (Citrus reticulata) 8.36% was studied. To determine the effect and the most appropriate level of inclusion of product in the diet of broilers, an experiment was carried out with 1400-day-old male chicks, in a conventional poultry house, evaluating the performance until 42 days of age. The birds were housed in RCB design with 5 treatments and 7 replicates of 40 birds each, and the diets with the additive inclusions were evaluated: A250 (250 mg/kg), A500 (500 mg/kg), A1000 (1000 mg/kg), a negative control (NC, not supplemented), and a positive control (PC, 10 mg/kg of enramycin). The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, containing added phytase and without anticoccidial; the additives replaced an inert in the basal diet. Performance characteristics, microbiota count, morphometry and jejunum morphology were evaluated. Considering the overall experimental period, the inclusion of the alternative additive based on organic acids and tangerine wort at different levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) did not result in difference from the negative control diet or the positive control with the inclusion of the antibiotic enramycin for performance traits (p>0.05), as well as for the microbiota count, morphology, jejunal morphometry and viability. Considering the period of 29-35 days alone, treatment with 500 mg/kg of alternative additive improved weight gain and feed intake of the chickens (p<0.05), but had no effect on feed conversion.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of eubiotics on the intestinal morphology of broilers. For this purpose, 125 birds were divided into six groups with two replicates each (10 birds in each replicate). Group A was given a Basal diet. All groups except group A were challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Group B was provided the basal diet, group C was fed a Probiotic-added diet; group D was fed a Prebiotics-based diet; group E was given essential oils plus the basal diet; and group F was provided with organic acids plus the basal diet. Two separate experiments were carried out for Salmonella recovery, checking the cecal tonsils and conducting an intestinal pathomorphic evaluation. Villus length, villus width, villus surface area, and crypt depth were measured by micrometry. There was an overall improvement (p<0.05) in intestinal morphometric parameters for all the treatment groups except for the negative control group, which showed the lowest villus height and villus depth values. Maximum villus height (p<0.05) of the duodenum was achieved by group E, which was fed a diet containing essential oils, whereas a maximum villus surface area index (p<0.05) was recorded for the birds of Group D, which were fed a diet containing prebiotics. Maximum villus height (p<0.05) and surface area index in ileum mucosa was recorded (p<0.05) in the birds of group D (treated with prebiotics). It is concluded that there is an overall increase in the gut histology of broilers fed non-antibiotic based feed.(AU)

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This study has aimed to assess the inclusion of poultry by-product meal in the diets of Nile tilapia fingerlings on heterogeneous growth and zootechnical performance. We used 144 animals with a mean initial weight of 1.3 ± 0.02 g distributed in 24 polyethylene aquariums with a capacity of 80 L of water, connected to a recirculation system following a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 18.0% of poultry by-product meal) and six replications. At the end of the experimental period, the following variables were evaluated: final weight, survival rate, weight gain, heterogeneous growth, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and hepatosomatic and liposomatic index. The treatments have had no effect on the variables analyzed in the performance test. Therefore, up to 18% poultry by-product meal can be included in Nile tilapia fingerling diets.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão da farinha de vísceras de aves em dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, sobre o crescimento heterogêneo (CHet) e desempenho zootécnico. Foram utilizados 144 animais com peso médio inicial 1,3 ± 0,02 g, distribuídos em 24 aquários de polietileno com capacidade para 80 L de água, interligados a um sistema de recirculação seguindo um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0,0; 6,0; 12,0 e 18,0% de farinha de vísceras de aves) e seis repetições. Ao término do período experimental foram avaliados: peso final, taxa de sobrevivência, ganho em peso, crescimento heterogêneo, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, índices hepatossomático e lipossomático. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis analisadas no ensaio de desempenho. Sendo assim, a farinha de vísceras de aves pode ser incluída até 18% nas dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo.(AU)

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The objective was to evaluate the productive performance, ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility of the diet and carcass traits of beef steers finished in feedlot under the effect of including tannins and essential oils (TAN+EO) alone or combined with sodium monensin (MO) in the feed. For this purpose, 30 ½ blood Angus steers from the same herd, with an average age of 12 months and an average initial body weight of 367.8 kg were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks, consisting of three treatments: MO - diet with sodium monensin (25 mg kg DM-1); TAN+EO - diet with tannins and essential oils (1.5 g kg DM-1); and MO+TAN+EO - diet with sodium monensin + tannins and essential oils (25 mg kg DM-1 + 1.5 g kg DM-1), with five repetitions, where each repetition was represented by a stall with two animals. Diets were formulated and consisted of a mixture of 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate, which was fed to the animals twice a day, at 06h00 am and 05h30 pm. There was no difference (P>0.05) in average daily weight gain of animals between treatments, with an average of 1.392 kg day-1. Carcass yield was higher for animals that received the compound of essential oils and tannins (55.72%), compared to animals fed the combination of tannins, essential oils and monensin (54.54%) but did not differ from those supplemented with sodium monensin alone (55.58%). Supplementation with essential oils and tannins improved the apparent digestibility of the diet, however, did not promote changes in the ingestive behavior and carcass traits of steers. The combination of essential oils and tannins with sodium monensin did not show a potentiated effect on animal performance, digestibility of DM, digestive and ingestive behavior and carcass traits of feedlot finished steers compared to the combined use of essential oils with tannins.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, o comportamento ingestivo, a digestibilidade aparente da dieta e as características de carcaça de novilhos de corte terminados em confinamento sob efeito da inclusão de taninos e óleos essenciais (TAN+OE) de forma isolada ou associada a monensina sódica (MO) na ração. Para tal utilizou-se 30 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus, provenientes de mesmo rebanho, com idade média de 12 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 367,8 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, constituído de três tratamentos sendo: MO - dieta com monensina sódica (25 mg kg MS-1); TAN+OE - dieta com taninos e óleos essenciais (1,5 g kg MS-1); e MO+TAN+OE - dieta com monensina sódica + taninos e óleos essenciais (25 mg kg MS-1 + 1,5 g kg MS-1), com cinco repetições, onde cada repetição foi representada por uma baia com dois animais. As dietas foram formuladas e constituídas por uma mistura de 40% de silagem de milho e 60% de concentrado, a qual foi fornecida aos animais duas vezes ao dia, às 06h00 e às 17h30 horas. Não ocorreu diferença (P>0,05) no ganho de peso médio diário dos animais entre os tratamentos, apresentando média de 1,392 kg dia-1. O rendimento de carcaça foi superior para os animais que receberam composto de óleos essenciais e taninos (55,72%), em relação aos animais que receberam a associação de taninos, óleos essências e monensina (54,54%) no entanto não diferiram dos suplementados com monensina sódica isolada (55,58%). A suplementação com óleos essenciais e taninos melhorou a digestibilidade aparente da dieta, entretanto, não promoveu alterações no comportamento ingestivo e nas características de carcaça de novilhos. A associação de óleos essenciais e taninos à monensina sódica não apresentou efeito potencializado no desempenho animal, digestibilidade da MS, comportamento digestivo e ingestivo e características de carcaça de novilhos terminados em confinamento frente ao uso de óleos essenciais com taninos.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To discuss the context of scientific publications on the consumption of food additives by children and the possible health consequences in this age group. METHODS: A literature review, with a search carried out between April 2020 and April 2021 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as in websites of Brazilian and foreign official bodies. Official documents and studies published since 2000 were selected. Keywords related to food additives, children, food consumption, and health were used for the search. RESULTS: Food additives are substances intentionally added to foods for technological purposes. Processed foods are the main sources of additives in food and their consumption occurs since childhood. It is observed, however, that there are limitations inherent to the scientific method regarding the analysis of consumption and toxicity of food additives in humans, causing scarcity of data in the scientific literature. Additionally, existing data suggest that the additives have a higher toxic potential in children, considering that the body weight in this age group is lower than in adults. This context emphasizes the need to observe the precautionary principle, according to which risks of harm must be prevented. CONCLUSIONS: This is a scenario in which the literature points to a risk to people's health and, in particular, to children, about whom the duty of protection must be even greater, with absolute priority. Thus, the relevance of an expanded technical-scientific debate regarding the establishment of specific and stricter parameters for children is considered, regarding the consumption and toxicity of additives, as well as the different sources of exposure to these substances.

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This study aimed to assess the effects of thermogenic oils (safflower and coconut oils) as a replacement for ractopamine in heavy pig diets. A total of 24 mix-breed barrows with an average weight of 98.70 ± 1.63 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates. Treatments were as follows: basal diet, modified basal diet + 10 ppm ractopamine, basal diet + safflower oil, and basal diet + coconut oil. Animal performance, organ weights, meat quality, carcass traits, and economic viability were determined. Data were analyzed using Duncan's test at the 5% significance level. The safflower oil diet resulted in the highest carcass meat and ham weights, whereas the coconut oil diet provided the highest loin eye area and the lowest fat area, resulting in the highest meat/fat ratio. Analysis of economic viability indicators revealed that vegetable oil treatments differed significantly from other treatments in feed cost, feed cost per kilogram of live weight, economic viability index, and cost index, given that oil inclusion increased the price of diets. Supplementation of heavy pig diets with thermogenic oils is a viable alternative to enhance lean meat production, but its use depends on market availability and product price.(AU)

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos dos óleos termogênicos (óleos de cártamo e de coco) como substitutos da racto-pamina em dietas de suínos pesados. Um total de 24 suínos machos castrados com um peso médio de 98,70 ± 1,63 kg foram distribuídos em um modelo de blocos aleatorizados com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: dieta basal (RB), RB modificada + 10 ppm de ractopamina, RB + óleo de cártamo, e RB + óleo de coco. Foram determinados o desempenho animal, pesos dos órgãos, qualidade da carne, características da carcaça, e viabilidade económica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste de Duncan ao nível de 5% de significância. A dieta de óleo de Cártamo resultou na maior quan-tidade de carne de carcaça e pesos de pernil, enquanto que a dieta de óleo de coco forneceu a maior área do olho do lombo e a menor área de gordura, resultando na maior relação carne/gordura. A análise dos indicadores de viabilidade económica reve-lou que os tratamentos com óleo vegetal diferiram significativamente de outros tratamentos no custo da alimentação, custo da alimentação por quilograma de peso vivo, índice de viabilidade económica, e índice de custo, dado que a inclusão do óleo aumentou o preço das dietas. A suplementação de dietas de suínos pesados com óleos termogênicos é uma alternativa viável para aumentar a produção de carne magra, mas a sua utilização depende da disponibilidade no mercado e do preço do produto.(AU)

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