RESUMO
Respiratory viruses can cause life-threatening illnesses. The focus of treatment is on supportive therapies and direct antivirals. However, antivirals may cause resistance by exerting selective pressure. Modulating the host response has emerged as a viable therapeutic approach for treating respiratory infections. Additionally, considering the probable future respiratory virus outbreaks emphasizes the need for broad-spectrum therapies to be prepared for the next pandemics. One of the principal bioactive constituents found in the seed extract of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (AH) is ß-escin. The clinical therapeutic role of ß-escin and AH has been associated with their anti-inflammatory effects. Regarding their mechanism of action, we and others have shown that ß-escin and AH affect NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we have reported the virucidal and broad-spectrum antiviral properties of ß-escin and AH against enveloped viruses such as RSV, in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that ß-escin and AH have antiviral and virucidal activities against SARS-CoV-2 and CCoV, revealing broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses. Likewise, they exhibited NF-κB and cytokine modulating activities in epithelial and macrophage cell lines infected with coronaviruses in vitro. Hence, ß-escin and AH are promising broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory, and virucidal drugs against coronaviruses and respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
Aesculus , COVID-19 , Vírus , Escina/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Aesculus/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Vírus/metabolismo , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: ß-Escin, one of the constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) seed extract (AH), inhibits NF-κB activation, which plays an important role in HSV-1 replication. The aim was to examine the antiherpetic activity of ß-escin and AH, as well as their effect on the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 and cytokine secretion in epithelial cells and macrophages. METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay, and antiviral and virucidal activity was determined by plaque assay. The effect on NF-κB and AP-1 signalling pathways activation was determined by a luciferase reporter assay, and cytokine production was measured by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS: ß-Escin and AH had virucidal and anti-HSV-1 activities, and the antiviral activity was discovered for other enveloped viruses (VSV and Dengue). Moreover, ß-escin and AH significantly reduced NF-κB and AP-1 activation and cytokine production in macrophages stimulated with HSV-1 and TLRs ligands. However, an enhanced activation of these pathways and an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in ß-escin and AH-treated HSV-1-infected epithelial cells were found. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates virucidal and broad-spectrum antiviral activities for ß escin and AH. Besides, ß-escin and AH modulate cytokine production depending on the stimuli (viral or non-viral) and the cell type under study.
Assuntos
Aesculus , Antivirais/farmacologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Escina/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Células A549 , Aesculus/química , Animais , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Citocinas/metabolismo , Vírus da Dengue/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Dengue/patogenicidade , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Escina/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/virologia , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Vesiculovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vesiculovirus/patogenicidade , Vírus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
The use of phytogenic dietary additives is being evaluated as a means to improve animal productivity. The effect of tannins seems to be the influence not only directly on the digestive process through binding of dietary proteins but also indirectly over their effects on gastrointestinal microbiota. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to analyze the impact of dietary supplementation with a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins on the rumen microbiota of Holstein steers. Bacterial richness was lower in tannins treated animals, while the overall population structure of rumen microbiota was not significantly disturbed by tannins. The ratio of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, a parameter associated with energy harvesting function, was increased in tannins supplemented animals, essentially due to the selective growth of Ruminococcaceae over members of genus Prevotella. Fibrolytic, amylolytic, and ureolytic bacterial communities in the rumen were altered by tannins, while methanogenic archaea were reduced. Furthermore, ruminal pH was significantly higher in animals supplemented with tannins than in the control group, while urease activity exhibited the opposite pattern. Further work is necessary to assess the relation between tannins impact on rumen microbiota and alteration of rumen fermentation parameters associated with bovine performance.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Rúmen/microbiologia , Taninos/administração & dosagem , Aesculus/química , Ração Animal , Animais , Archaea/efeitos dos fármacos , Archaea/genética , Bacteroidetes/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroidetes/genética , Bovinos , Digestão , Fermentação , Firmicutes/efeitos dos fármacos , Firmicutes/genética , Prevotella , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Rúmen/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In the present study it was evaluated the effect of the addition of linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut added to a high fat (HF) diet on the content of fatty acids (FAs) in musculuss longissimus dorsi (MLD) of pigs. A 5d with adaptation period was followed by a 70 d experimental period, during which the pigs were fed with a HF basal diet. The HF basal diet which served as a control (group CG) was supplemented either with linseed oil (group LG) or with inulin and horse chestnut (group IG). All of the pigs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and samples of MLD were taken for FA analysis. The concentration of -linolenic acid in MLD of the LG group was 58 % and 61 % higher (P ˂ 0.05) compared to CG and IG groups, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was 0.03 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 0.07 in LG treatment. These FAs were not detected in CG and IG. The ratio of MUFA and PUFA n-6/n-3 in the MLD was the lowest (P ˂ 0.05) in the LG (8.84) compared to CG (14.07) or IG (14.74) groups, representing a difference of 31.2%. The n-3/saturated FA ratio was highest (P ˂ 0.05) in LG group (0.04) when compared to CG and IG groups (0.02). The supplementation of linseed oil, into the HF diet resulted in a higher concentration of -linolenic acid, EPA, DHA and lower ratio of n-6/n-3 FA in MLD. Inulin and horse chestnut had no effect on FA profile of MLD.(AU)
No presente estudo, avaliamos o efeito de óleo de linhaça, inulina e castanha da Índia sobre os conteúdos dos ácidos graxos dos musculuss longissimus dorsi (MLD) de de suínos, após receberem uma dieta rica em gordura. Depois de um período de adaptação de 5 dias, seguiu-se um período experimental de 70 dias, durante o qual os suínos foram alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura. A dieta rica em gordura, que serviu como controle (grupo CG), foi suplementada com óleo de linhaça para um grupo (LG), e ainda com inulina e castanha da Índia para outro grupo (IG). Todos os animais foram abatidos no final do período de experimentação, sendo que amostras de MLD acabaram por ser recolhidas de forma a analisar a concentração de ácidos graxos. A concentração do ácido -linoleico nos MLD do grupo LG foi 58% e 61% superior (P ˂ 0,05) quando comparada aos grupos CG e IG, respectivamente. A concentração do ácido eicosapentaenoic (EPA) foi de 0,03, enquanto a do ácido docosahexaenoic (DHA) foi de 0,07 no grupo LG. Esses ácidos graxos não foram detectados nos grupos CG e IG. A relação de MUFA e PUFA n-6/n-3 nos MLD foi mais baixo (P ˂ 0,05) para o grupo LG (8,84), quando comparado com o grupo CG (14,07) ou IG (14,74), representando uma diferença de 31,2%. A relação de n-3/ácidos graxos saturados foi maior (P ˂ 0,05) para o grupo LG (0,04), quando comparado com os grupos CG e IG (0,02). A suplementação de óleo de linhaça na dieta rica em gordura dos animais resultou numa maior concentração de ácido -linoleico, EPA, DHA e ainda em uma relação mais baixa de n-6/n-3 de ácidos graxos nos MLD. Inulina e castanha da Índia não tiveram efeito no perfil de ácidos graxos dos MLD.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos , Ração Animal/análise , Gorduras na Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Óleo de Semente do Linho , Inulina , AesculusRESUMO
Starch isolated from non-edible Aesculus hippocastanum seeds was characterized and used for preparing starch-based materials. The apparent amylose content of the isolated starch was 33.1%. The size of starch granules ranged from 0.7 to 35 µm, and correlated with the shape of granules (spherical, oval and irregular). The chain length distribution profile of amylopectin showed two peaks, at polymerization degree (DP) of 12 and 41-43. Around 53% of branch unit chains had DP in the range of 11-20. A. hippocastanum starch displayed a typical C-type pattern and the maximum decomposition temperature was 317 °C. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) prepared from A. hippocastanum with glycerol and processed by melt blending exhibited adequate mechanical and thermal properties. In contrast, plasticized TPS with glycerol:malic acid (1:1) showed lower thermal stability and a pasty and sticky behavior, indicating that malic acid accelerates degradation of starch during processing.
Assuntos
Aesculus/química , Plásticos Biodegradáveis/química , Amido/química , Amilopectina/química , Glicerol/química , Malatos/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Reologia/métodos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Temperatura , Resistência à Tração , Termogravimetria , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. are used in European phytotherapy to treat inflammatory and vascular problems, and also to help in the regulation of the microcirculation. Thus, the quality control of herbal medicines using this species is important. OBJECTIVE: To develop and to optimise a capillary zone electrophoresis method to determine total ß-escin in different extracts of A. hippocastanum L. METHODS: The optimal condition found through chemometric approach was: 25 mmol/L of bicarbonate-carbonate buffer, pH 10.3; +20 kV of voltage; 20°C of cartridge temperature; direct ultraviolet detection at 226 nm; 13 mbar injection for 5 s and analysis time within 6 min. RESULTS: Repeatability, coefficient of variation (CV; %) = 3.19, 3.07 and 1.89 (n = 12), and intermediate precision, CV (%) = 3.05, 3.53 and 2.99 (n = 24) for dry, hydroalcoholic and hydroglycolic extracts, respectively were achieved. The accuracy was evaluated through recovery tests in concentration levels of 100, 150 and 200 g/L, ranging from 98.17 to 104.68%. The proposed method exhibited linearity (r = 0.9983) in the concentration range from 101.4 to 907.2 g/L and limits of detection and quantification equal to 11.63 and 38.76 g/L respectively. CONCLUSION: A fast and reliable methodology for determination of total ß-escin was successfully validated and applied on extracts of A. hippocastanum L. demonstrating its usefulness to quality control of medicines containing this plant species.
Assuntos
Aesculus/química , Eletroforese Capilar/métodos , Escina/análise , Eletroforese Capilar/instrumentação , Limite de Detecção , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Notre strategie dans cette maladie chronique qu'est l'insuffisance veineuse comportera, comme devant toute affection chronique, deux temps. D'abord soulager rapidement la jambe... (AU)
Assuntos
Insuficiência Venosa/terapia , Homeopatia , Varizes/terapia , Hamamelis , Aesculus , Silybum marianum , Vipera rediRESUMO
El presente estudio tuvo por objeto determinar el efecto de una extracto natural (Sabal serrulata, Aescullus hippocastanum y Solidago virgaurea), en los síntomas de la Hiperplasia Benigna de Próstata (HBP) no complicada comparado con un placebo. Para ellos se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado randomizado a doble ciego que incluyó a 60 pacientes, de los consultorios externos del Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, con HBP divididos en 2 grupos: un grupo experimental, que recibió como tratamiento el extracto natural y, un grupo control, que recibió un placebo. Ambos grupos recibieron dichas sustancias cuatro veces al día, todo los días durante 12 semanas. Los pacientes que ingresaron en el presente estudio cumplían con los criterios de inclusión relativos a los parámetros de la velocidad máxima de flujo urinario (Qmáx) entre 8 y 12 mL/sec, puntuación total de síntomas y de calidad de vida > = 17 puntos y > = 3 puntos, respectivamente, medidas halladas utilizando el cuestionario de la Valoración Internacional de la Sintomatología Prostática: International Prostate Sympton Score (I-PSS) propuesto por la Asociación americana de >Urología y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como la valoración de la Calidad de Vida (Q o L), otras variables consideradas como criterios de inclusión fueron la edad, el nivel de APE y el tamaño de la próstata. Resultados: la puntuación total de síntomas fue mayor en el grupo tratado con el extracto que con el placebo, 57% y 30% respectivamente, un nivel de significancia de p < 0.025. El extracto mejoró significativamente el Qmáx comparado con el placebo, 25.3% vs 5.4% mejoró significativamente p=0.0007. Extracto experimentó una mayor mejoría respecto a la puntuación en la calidad de vida (1.00 punto en promedio) que e grupo placebo (0.33 puntos en promedio), estadísticamente significativa esta diferencia p = 0.027)...