RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Drowning is still a major cause of accidental death worldwide. In 1997, Szpilman proposed a classification of drowning that has become the reference. As considerable efforts have been made to improve prevention and care, it seemed appropriate to reassess the prognosis and clinical presentation of drowning patients more than 20 years after this first publication. The aim of this study is to provide a reappraisal of patients who need advanced health care and a precise description of their respective neurologic, respiratory, and hemodynamic profiles. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted over four consecutive summer periods between 2014 and 2017 in ICUs located in France, French Polynesia, and the French Antilles. Patients were classified according to the drowning classification system proposed by Szpilman. RESULTS: During the study period, 312 drowning patients were admitted with severe clinical presentation (grades 2-6). All patients benefited from rapid extraction from the water (< 10 min for all) and specialized care (emergency medical services), starting from the prehospital period. Although the global hospital mortality was similar to that previously reported (18.5%), great differences existed among the severity grades. Respective grade mortalities were low for grades 2 through 5 (grade 2, 0%; grade 3, 3%; grade 4, 0%; grade 5, 2%), and the mortality for grade 6 remained similar to that previously reported (54%). These results confirmed that the occurrence of cardiac arrest after drowning is still bad prognosis. Conversely, for other grades, this study strengthens the importance of specialized intervention to interrupt the drowning process. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these results, drowning-related cardiac arrest is still the prognosis cornerstone. For other victims, the prognosis was better than previously expected, which strengthens the importance of specialized intervention to interrupt the drowning process.
Assuntos
Afogamento/classificação , Adulto , Idoso , Afogamento/epidemiologia , Afogamento/mortalidade , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Parada Cardíaca/etiologia , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Afogamento Iminente/classificação , Afogamento Iminente/epidemiologia , Afogamento Iminente/terapia , Polinésia/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Ressuscitação/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologiaRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To establish an updated classification for near-drowning and drowning (ND/D) according to severity, based on mortality rate of the subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 41,279 cases of predominantly sea water rescues from the coastal area of Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil, from 1972 to 1991. Of this total, 2,304 cases (5.5%) were referred to the Near-Drowning Recuperation Center, and this group was used as the study database. At the accident site, the following clinical parameters were recorded: presence of breathing, arterial pulse, pulmonary auscultation, and arterial BP. Cases lacking records of clinical parameters were not studied. The ND/D were classified in six subgroups: grade 1--normal pulmonary auscultation with coughing; grade 2--abnormal pulmonary auscultation with rales in some pulmonary fields; grade 3--pulmonary auscultation of acute pulmonary edema without arterial hypotension; grade 4--pulmonary auscultation of acute pulmonary edema with arterial hypotension; grade 5--isolated respiratory arrest; and grade 6--cardiopulmonary arrest. RESULTS: From 2,304 cases in the database, 1,831 cases presented all clinical parameters recorded and were selected for classification. From these 1,831 cases, 1,189 (65%) were classified as grade 1 (mortality=0%); 338 (18.4%) as grade 2 (mortality=0.6%); 58 (3.2%) as grade 3 (mortality=5.2%); 36 (2%) as grade 4 (mortality=19.4%); 25 (1.4%) as grade 5 (mortality=44%); and 185 (10%) as grade 6 (mortality=93%) (p<0.000001). CONCLUSION: The study revealed that it is possible to establish six subgroups based on mortality rate by applying clinical criteria obtained from first-aid observations. These subgroups constitute the basis of a new classification.
Assuntos
Afogamento/classificação , Afogamento Iminente/classificação , Acidentes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Apneia/classificação , Auscultação , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Reanimação Cardiopulmonar , Criança , Coma/classificação , Estado de Consciência , Tosse/classificação , Afogamento/mortalidade , Feminino , Primeiros Socorros , Parada Cardíaca/classificação , Humanos , Hipotensão/classificação , Lactente , Sistemas de Informação , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Afogamento Iminente/mortalidade , Oxigenoterapia , Edema Pulmonar/classificação , Pulso Arterial/fisiologia , Respiração/fisiologia , Respiração Artificial , Sons Respiratórios/classificação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Água do Mar , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inconsciência/classificaçãoRESUMO
Los accidentes por inmersión se presentan en más de 8.000 personas por año en los Estados Unidos. La verdadera incidencia del casi-ahogamiento todavía no se ha precisado, pero se supone que es dos a 10 veces mayor que el número real de ahogados que se públican. En nuestro medio la situación es más complicada ya que no existen estudios que definan la magnitud del problema. En el presente trabajo se revisaron las historias clínicas de 38 pacientes, con accidentes por inmersión en agua salada, manejados en el Hospital Universitario de Cartagena y en el Hospital Bocagrande durante los últimos dos años. Se trataba de 23 hombres (65 por ciento) y 15 mujeres (35 por ciento), con una edad promedio (x) de 18.5 años. El tiempo de inmersión fue, en promedio, de 18.1 (s=16.89) minutos. En 12 pacientes se practicaron maniobras de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar; en 9 fueron exitosas y la duración de tales maniobras fue de 26.6 (s=12.1) minutos. Al ingreso los signos vitales en promedio fueron: frecuencia cardíaca de 117 (s=14.3), frecuencia respiratoria de 31.5 (s=7.5), presión arterial media de 59.2 (s=9.6). El ionograma fue normal; con un sodio sérico de 139 (s=3.4) y Potasio de 3.9 (s=0.3). 10 pacientes ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo y tuvieron una estancia en ella de 3.6 (s=1.3) días. De estos pacientes 6 requirieron Ventilación Mecánica durante 1.5 (0.5) días. Ningún paciente recibió corticoides y sólo 5 recibieron antibióticos, y en todos los casos se hicieron con la indicación de "profilaxis". No se presentaron infecciones en los pacientes que no recibieron antibióticos. De la presente revisión podemos resumir que: 1: No hay justificación para el uso de esteroides o antibióticos profilácticos en este tipo de pacientes. 2. Las alteraciones electrolíticas no son tan frecuentes ni severas como se consideraba. 3. Si bien el tiempo de inmersión fue prolongado, la eficacia y rapidez de la reanimación y la respuesta neurológica inicial son los mejores parámetros para establecer pronóstico en casiahogamiento. " La desición de reanimar un paciente con accidente de inmersión es ética más que médica y si existe la posibilidad de salvar una vida, el número de fracasos es una situación específica no debe ser tenido en cuenta". 4. Las medidas preventivas son primordiales para reducir la morbimortalidad derivada de los accidentes por inmersión.