RESUMO
Pseudohydnum, commonly known as cat's tongue mushrooms, is a monophyletic assemblage within Auriculariales, which encompasses species with gelatinous basidiomata, spathulate, flabellate, or shell-shaped pileus, hydnoid hymenophore, globose to ellipsoidal basidiospores, and longitudinally cruciate-septate basidia. According to the available literature, 16 species have been described in Pseudohydnum, mostly represented in temperate-boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the limited morphological, molecular, and ecological information, especially from the Southern Hemisphere ecosystems, does not presently allow a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries nor provide a complete picture of the species diversity in the genus. In an ongoing effort to examine specimens collected in dense and mixed ombrophilous forest fragments (Atlantic Rainforest domain) from Southeastern and Southern Brazil, additional taxa assigned to Pseudohydnum were identified. Four new species are recognized based mostly on characters of the pileus surface, stipe, hymenium, and basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode), partial nuc rDNA 28S, and partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) sequences supported the description of these new taxa. Here, we propose Pseudohydnum brasiliense, P. brunneovelutinum, P. cupulisnymphae, and P. viridimontanum as new species. Morphological descriptions, line drawings, habitat photos, and comparisons with closely related taxa are provided. A dichotomous key for identification of currently known Southern Hemisphere Pseudohydnum species is presented.
Assuntos
Agaricales , DNA Fúngico , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico , Filogenia , Esporos Fúngicos , DNA Fúngico/genética , Brasil , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Agaricales/isolamento & purificação , Agaricales/citologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Basidiomycota/classificação , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/citologia , Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Carpóforos/citologia , FlorestasRESUMO
Major depression disorder is an entity with high prevalence and worldwide impact. Current treatments present a non-response rate of 15-30%, and certain adverse effects are seen like apathy syndrome and lack of emotional response. It is stated that the treatment with psilocybin fungi allows the possibility of dose reduction and suspension of classic psychotropic drugs and entails changes on an emotional and behavioral level that result benefic in patients with major depressive syndrome. We present a case of a 19 years old patient with major depressive syndrome diagnosis. Accompaniment and patient advice was made appealing to the right of autonomy, on the psilocybin microdose self-administration process, aiming to reducing health risks and potentiate probable beneficial effects, with weekly evaluations, for a period of 7 months; using clinical anamnesis, laboratory tests and the Hamilton depression scale. As a result of this intervention, a symptomatic complete remission was proven, alongside with the suspension of conventional pharmacological treatment without discontinuation symptoms and improvements at the communicational level, social interaction and general well-being. These findings support the idea that psilocybin microdose treatments are promising tools in depression treatments. Scientific studies are needed in order to certify these findings.
La depresión mayor es una enfermedad de gran prevalencia e impacto mundial. Los tratamientos actuales presentan una tasa de no respuesta del 15 al 30 %, mientras que en casos de eficacia se suelen observar efectos adversos como el síndrome de apatía y la falta de respuesta emocional. Se postula que el tratamiento con hongos psilocibios genera la posibilidad de reducción de dosis y suspensión de psicofármacos clásicos y ocasiona cambios a nivel emocional y comportamental benéficos en pacientes con trastorno depresivo mayor. Este es un caso de un paciente no binario de 19 años de edad con diagnóstico de trastorno depresivo mayor. Se realizó unacompañamiento y asesoramiento del paciente apelando al derecho de autonomía, en el proceso de autoadministración de microdosis de psilocibina, para disminución de riesgos en salud y potenciar efectos benéficos probables, con evaluación semanal, durante un periodo de 7 meses; utilizando la anamnesis clínica, análisis de laboratorio y la escala validada de depresión de Hamilton. Como resultado de esta intervención se evidenció una remisión completa sintomática, la suspensión del tratamiento farmacológico convencional, sin síntomas de discontinuación y mejorías a nivel comunicacional, de interacción social y bienestar general. Estos hallazgos apoyan la idea de que los tratamientos con microdosis de psilocibina son una herramienta prometedora en los tratamientos de depresión. Se necesitan más estudios que aporten evidencia científica para comprobar dichos hallazgos.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Alucinógenos , Psilocibina , Humanos , Psilocibina/uso terapêutico , Psilocibina/administração & dosagem , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto Jovem , Alucinógenos/uso terapêutico , Alucinógenos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , AgaricalesRESUMO
Species of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) family Cortinariaceae (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) have long been considered impoverished or absent from lowland tropical rainforests. Several decades of collecting in forests dominated by ECM trees in South America's Guiana Shield is countering this view, with discovery of numerous Cortinariaceae species. To date, ~12 morphospecies of this family have been found in the central Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Here, we describe three of these as new species of Cortinarius and two as new species of Phlegmacium from forests dominated by the ECM tree genera Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Detarioideae), Aldina (Fabaceae subfam. Papilionoideae), and Pakaraimaea (Cistaceae). Macromorphological, micromorphological, habitat, and DNA sequence data are provided for each new species.
Assuntos
Agaricales , DNA Fúngico , Fabaceae , Micorrizas , Filogenia , Guiana , DNA Fúngico/genética , Micorrizas/classificação , Micorrizas/genética , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Agaricales/isolamento & purificação , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Cortinarius/classificação , Cortinarius/genética , Cortinarius/isolamento & purificação , Ecossistema , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificaçãoRESUMO
This study examined the effects of replacing alkaline phosphate (AP) with bamboo fiber (BF), isolated pea protein (PP), and mushroom powder (MP) on the nutritional, technological, oxidative, and sensory characteristics of low-sodium mortadellas. Results indicated that this reformulation maintained the nutritional quality of the products. Natural substitutes were more effective than AP in reducing water and fat exudation. This led to decreased texture profile analysis (TPA) values such as hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The reformulation reduced the L* values and increased the b* values, leading to color modifications rated from noticeable to appreciable according to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) index. Despite minor changes in oxidative stability indicated by increased values in TBARS (from 0.19 to 0.33 mg MDA/kg), carbonyls (from 2.1 to 4.4 nmol carbonyl/mg protein), and the volatile compound profile, the sensory profile revealed a beneficial increase in salty taste, especially due to the inclusion of MP, which was enhanced by the synergy with BF and PP. In summary, the results confirmed the potential of natural alternatives to replace chemical additives in meat products. Incorporating natural antioxidants into future formulations could address the minor oxidation issues observed and enhance the applicability of this reformulation strategy.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Fibras na Dieta , Produtos da Carne , Valor Nutritivo , Proteínas de Ervilha , Paladar , Proteínas de Ervilha/química , Animais , Produtos da Carne/análise , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Agaricales/química , Humanos , Antioxidantes , Pós , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Masculino , Fosfatos , Cor , Oxirredução , Suínos , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Feminino , Sasa/químicaRESUMO
An edible Mushroom-Nafion modified glassy carbon electrode (M2N5-GCE) was prepared using a homogeneous mixture varying the concentrations of these, in addition to the origin of the mushroom (Shiitake, Lentinula edodes, M1 and Abrantes, Agariscus bisporus, M2) and applied to the As(III) determination by anodic stripping voltammetry. After choosing the optimal conditions in the preparation of the electrode, the second stage was to study the effects of various parameters such as supporting electrolyte, pH, accumulation potential, and time (Eacc, tacc). The optimum experimental conditions chosen were Britton Robinson buffer 0.01 mol L-1 pH:4.6; Eacc: -1.0 and tacc: 60 s obtaining a signal of oxidation of As(0) to As(III) about 0.08 V. Peak current was proportional to arsenic concentration over the 19.6-117.6 µg L-1 range, with a 3σ detection limit of 13.4 µg L-1. The method was validated using As(III) spiked tap water from the laboratory with satisfactory results (RE:3.0 %). Finally, the method was applied to the determination of As(III) in water samples from the Loa River (Northern Chile) in the presence of As(V) in a concentration >20 times higher (RE: 2.3 %).
Assuntos
Agaricales , Arsênio , Carbono , Eletrodos , Polímeros de Fluorcarboneto , Polímeros de Fluorcarboneto/química , Carbono/química , Arsênio/análise , Arsênio/química , Agaricales/química , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Limite de Detecção , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , EletroquímicaRESUMO
Industrial activities contribute to environmental pollution, particularly through unregulated effluent discharges, causing adverse effects on ecosystems. Vegetable oils, as insoluble substances, exacerbate this pollution, forming impermeable films and affecting the oxygen transfer, leading to serious habitat disruption. Organic wastes, such as soybean texturized waste, spent mushroom substrate, and stabilized poultry litter, were assessed for their efficacy in enhancing the degradation of vegetable oil in contaminated soil. For this purpose, contaminated soil was amended with each of the wastes (10% w/w) using microcosm systems, which were monitored physico-chemically, microbiologically and toxicologically. Results indicate that the wastes promoted significant oil degradation, achieving 83.1, 90.7, and 86.2% removal for soybean texturized waste, spent mushroom substrate, and stabilized poultry litter, respectively, within a 90-day period. Additionally, they positively influenced soil microbial activity, as evidenced by increased levels of culturable microorganisms and hydrolytic microbial activity. While bioassays indicated no phytotoxicity in most cases, soybean texturized waste exhibited inhibitory effects on seed germination and root elongation of Lactuca sativa. This study significantly enhances our comprehension of remediation techniques for sites tainted with vegetable oils, highlighting the critical role of organic waste as eco-friendly agents in soil restoration. Emphasizing the practical implications of these findings is imperative to underscore the relevance and urgency of addressing vegetable oil contamination in soil. Moving forward, tailored strategies considering both contaminant characteristics and soil ecosystem traits are vital for ensuring effective and sustainable soil remediation.
Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Glycine max , Óleos de Plantas , Aves Domésticas , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo , Solo , Animais , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glycine max/microbiologia , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Solo/química , Agaricales/metabolismo , Agaricales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias/metabolismo , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Resíduos IndustriaisRESUMO
Sustainable agriculture involves adopting best practices in food production to promote environmental and economic sustainability. Its implementation primarily aims to utilise organic residues to increase yield, diversify production, and reduce costs. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate different substrates for Hypsizygus ulmarius production and, from its residual substrate, to develop formulations for lettuce seedling growth and subsequent greenhouse cultivation. For mushroom production, substrates were prepared from sawdust with the addition of wheat bran, rice bran, soybean meal, and calcite, resulting in four distinct substrate formulations. The spent mushroom substrate (SMS), obtained at the end of cultivation, was used for lettuce seedling production along with the commercial substrate Carolina Soil® and the soil conditioner BacSol®. The top five formulations were selected for transplanting in the greenhouse. Regarding mushroom production, substrates with higher carbon/nitrogen ratios, around 66: 1, resulted in higher yields. For seedling production, SMS showed lower efficiency compared to the commercial substrate Carolina Soil®, which also benefited from the addition of the soil conditioner BacSol®. However, after transplanting lettuce seedlings, the formulation containing SMS showed superior results in almost all evaluated parameters. Therefore, we concluded that despite the inefficiency of using H.ulmarius SMS for lettuce seedling production, it favours the establishment of seedlings in greenhouse cultivation environments.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Agricultura , Lactuca , Lactuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agricultura/métodos , Micélio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Solo/químicaRESUMO
The present study investigated mushroom by-products as a substitute for emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. Mushroom by-product emulsions were more viscous and had higher centrifugal (85.88±1.19 %) and kinetic (90.52±0.98 %) stability than control emulsions (Tween 20 was used as emulsifier). Additionally, spray-drying mushroom by-product emulsions yielded a high product yield (62.56±1.11 %). Furthermore, the oxidative stability of powder products containing mushroom by-products was observed to be higher than that of the control samples. For an accelerated oxidation test, the samples were kept at various temperatures (20, 37, and 60 °C). TOTOX values were assessed as indicators of oxidation, with values exceeding 30 indicating oxidation of the samples. Of the samples stored at 60 °C, the non-microencapsulated apricot kernel oil oxidized by the fifth day (41.12±0.13 TOTOX value), whereas the powder samples containing the mushroom by-products remained unoxidized until the end of the tenth day (37.05±0.08 TOTOX value). This study revealed that mushroom by-products could be a viable alternative for synthetic emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. It has been observed that using mushroom by-products instead of synthetic emulsifiers in oil microencapsulation can also delay oxidative degradation in microencapsulated powders.
Assuntos
Emulsificantes , Emulsões , Óleos de Plantas , Prunus armeniaca , Emulsões/química , Emulsificantes/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Prunus armeniaca/química , Composição de Medicamentos , Agaricales/química , Oxirredução , Água/químicaRESUMO
Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases. Mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc.). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by ß cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells. However, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Diabetes Mellitus , Hipoglicemiantes , Agaricales/química , Agaricales/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Fungos/metabolismo , Animais , Insulina/metabolismoRESUMO
Biological control using edible mushrooms as natural enemies is a sustainable alternative for pest management. Despite the well-established literature on toxins and secondary metabolites produced by these fungi in the biochemical control of nematodes, the nematicidal activity of proteases from different Pleurotus species is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate protease to the nematicidal activity of different mushrooms, Pleurotus sp., P. ostreatus (SB), P. ostreatus (Pearl), and P. djamor. For such a purpose, we performed motility assays of Panagrellus sp. at different time intervals, 6, 12, and 24 h for each of the mushrooms. In addition, the protease activity was measured using different pH (5, 7, and 9) and fermentation time intervals (45 and 75 days). Furthermore, we also evaluated the effect of this cell-free extract on Panagrellus sp. In response to these experiments, all edible mushrooms showed a reduction over 82% for the nematode-feeding activity (p < 0.01). The cell-free crude extract of each of the fungi studied showed nematocidal activity (p < 0.01). For the 45-day fermentation, P. djamor exhibited statistical significance (p < 0.01) compared with the others, reaching a reduction percentage of 73%. For the 75-day fermentation, Pleurotus sp. and P. ostreatus (Pearl) showed significant differences compared with the other fungi (p < 0.01), with reduction percentages of 64 and 62%, respectively. Herein, protease activity was associated with the nematicidal action of different Pleurotus species in controlling Panagrellus sp.