Assuntos
Dexmedetomidina , Eletroconvulsoterapia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos , Agitação Psicomotora , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Transtorno Bipolar/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Dexmedetomidina/administração & dosagem , Eletroconvulsoterapia/métodos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Infusões Intravenosas , Mania , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms can be part of the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 infections. AIM: To devise an evidence based clinical algorithm as a guide for clinicians, to identify and treat underlying clinical syndromes of psychomotor agitation, such as delirium, catatonia or substance withdrawal in patients who are hospitalized and infected with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature about the pharmacological management of neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 at the general hospital, to develop a clinical protocol based on a consensus from an interdisciplinary expert panel at a Clinical Hospital. RESULTS: A consensual clinical algorithm for the management of delirium, catatonia, and substance withdrawal, manifested as psychomotor agitation in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, was developed as a clinical proposal for physicians at different levels of complexity in health services. CONCLUSIONS: Cooperation among different clinical units in the general hospital facilitated the implementation of a clinical algorithm for clinicians for the management of psychomotor agitation in COVID-19 patients.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Catatonia , Delírio , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , COVID-19/complicações , Catatonia/tratamento farmacológico , Catatonia/etiologia , Delírio/tratamento farmacológico , Delírio/etiologia , Hospitais Gerais , Humanos , Agitação Psicomotora/tratamento farmacológico , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms can be part of the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 infections. AIM: To devise an evidence based clinical algorithm as a guide for clinicians, to identify and treat underlying clinical syndromes of psychomotor agitation, such as delirium, catatonia or substance withdrawal in patients who are hospitalized and infected with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature about the pharmacological management of neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 at the general hospital, to develop a clinical protocol based on a consensus from an interdisciplinary expert panel at a Clinical Hospital. Results: A consensual clinical algorithm for the management of delirium, catatonia, and substance withdrawal, manifested as psychomotor agitation in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, was developed as a clinical proposal for physicians at different levels of complexity in health services. CONCLUSIONS: Cooperation among different clinical units in the general hospital facilitated the implementation of a clinical algorithm for clinicians for the management of psychomotor agitation in COVID-19 patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Catatonia/etiologia , Catatonia/tratamento farmacológico , Delírio/etiologia , Delírio/tratamento farmacológico , COVID-19/complicações , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Agitação Psicomotora/tratamento farmacológico , SARS-CoV-2 , Hospitais GeraisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. This symptomatology can appear or be exacerbated with changes in routine and in the patient's usual environment. The lockdown situation during the COVID-19 pandemic has meant a drastic and unexpected change in the daily life of the general population, with a particular impact on the most physically and mentally vulnerable groups, including patients with cognitive impairment. AIM: To know the impact of lockdown measures imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic on neuropsychiatric symptomatology in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploratory systematic review, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, of Pubmed and Psycinfo databases papers published from January 2020 to April 2021 which related confinement due to COVID-19 with the presentation or worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with mild cognitive impairment mild or dementia. RESULTS: Worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms was observed in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment, especially agitation/aggression, anxiety, depression and apathy. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were more common in patients with dementia than in those with mild cognitive impairment, although their typology varied depending on the severity of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: During lockdown a worsening in the psychobehavioral area has been observed in people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Therefore, considerations arise on the need of promoting social contact in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, avoiding situations of isolation and low stimulation.
TITLE: Síntomas neuropsiquiátricos en personas con demencia relacionados con el confinamiento por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Revisión sistemática exploratoria.Introducción. En pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve y demencia, son frecuentes los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos, que pueden aparecer o exacerbarse ante los cambios en la rutina y el entorno habitual del paciente. La situación de confinamiento durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha supuesto un cambio en la vida cotidiana de la población general, con especial impacto en los grupos más vulnerables, como los pacientes con afectación cognitiva. Objetivo. Conocer la repercusión de las medidas de confinamiento y cuarentena impuestas por la pandemia de la COVID-19 en la sintomatología neuropsiquiátrica en personas con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y demencia. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemática exploratoria, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA, de artículos en las bases datos PubMed y PsycINFO publicados entre enero de 2020 y abril de 2021, que relacionaron el confinamiento por la COVID-19 con la presentación o el empeoramiento de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos en pacientes con DCL o con demencia. Resultados. Se observó un empeoramiento de los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos en los pacientes con demencia y DCL, especialmente agitación/agresión, ansiedad, depresión y apatía. Los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos fueron más comunes en los pacientes con demencia que en los que presentaban DCL, aunque su tipología varió en función de la gravedad de la demencia. Conclusiones. Durante el confinamiento se ha objetivado un detrimento en la esfera psicoconductual en personas con DCL o demencia. Consecuentemente, surge la reflexión sobre la necesidad de fomentar el contacto social en las personas con DCL y demencia, evitando las situaciones de aislamiento y baja estimulación.
Assuntos
COVID-19/psicologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Demência/psicologia , Pandemias , Quarentena/psicologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Atividades Cotidianas , Agressão , Ansiedade/etiologia , Apatia , Argentina , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Depressão/etiologia , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Transtornos do Humor/etiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/etiologia , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different doses of dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHOD: One hundred and thirty children aged 3-10 years scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomly assigned to two groups. Anesthesia was induced with 0.5 µg.kg-1 dexmedetomidine (DEX 0.5 group) or 1 µg.kg-1 dexmedetomidine (DEX 1 group) at the beginning of surgery. Observers who recorded the data in the postanesthesia care unit were blinded to the allocation. The primary outcome was the percentage of emergence agitation. The times to spontaneous breath, awake, extubate, and postanesthesia care unit stay were also recorded. RESULTS: One hundred twenty four children were randomized into two groups. Five children were excluded because of adverse events and dropout (DEX 0.5 group, n = 58; DEX 1 group, n = 62). No significant differences were noted in the percentage of emergence agitation between the two groups. The times to extubation (p = 0.003), awake, and postanesthesia care unit stay in DEX 0.5 group were shorter than those in DEX 1 group (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the time to spontaneous breath. Approximately 8% of patients in DEX 0.5 group and 18% patients in DEX 1 group presented low SpO2, showing a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: A dose of 0.5 µg.kg-1 dexmedetomidine was equally effective as 1 µg.kg-1 dexmedetomidine in preventing emergence agitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is currently completed recruitment, registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (ID:NCT03760809). Inclusion began on 4 January, 2019.
Assuntos
Dexmedetomidina , Delírio do Despertar , Tonsilectomia , Criança , Método Duplo-Cego , Delírio do Despertar/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Agitação Psicomotora/prevenção & controle , Tonsilectomia/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Las afecciones respiratorias agudas son la primera causa de consulta e ingreso hospitalario en los meses de invierno, y entre ellas el asma ocupa un lugar preponderante. El salbutamol es un broncodilatador con eficacia demostrada en las exacerbaciones y se utiliza de primera línea en el tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente comunicación es analizar dos casos clínicos de niños asmáticos que presentaron efectos adversos al salbutamol y requirieron el ingreso en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Se propone revisar los efectos adversos del salbutamol empleado en crisis asmáticas y analizar las alternativas terapéuticas en esta enfermedad. Los síntomas de los efectos secundarios pueden confundirse con los causados por la propia enfermedad, por lo que puede usarse el fármaco de modo excesivo y es importante conocer el perfil posológico y caracterizar los posibles efectos secundarios en los pacientes para usar de manera racional y segura este medicamento.
Acute respiratory conditions are the first cause of consultation and hospital admission in the Winter months, being asthma the most important. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator with proven efficacy in exacerbations used first-line in treatment. The objective of this paper is to analyze two clinical cases of asthmatic children who presented adverse effects to salbutamol and required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. It is proposed to review the adverse effects of salbutamol used in asthmatic crises and to analyze therapeutic alternatives in this disease. Symptoms of side effects can be confused with those caused by the disease itself, determining the excessive use of this drug, thus, it is important to know the dosage profile and characterize the possible side effects to make rational and safe use of this drug.
As doenças respiratórias agudas são a primeira causa de consultas e internações nos meses de inverno e a asma ocupa é a mais importante. O salbutamol é um broncodilatador com eficácia comprovada nas exacerbações e é usado como tratamento de primeira linha. O objetivo desta comunicação é analisar dois casos clínicos de crianças asmáticas que apresentaram efeitos adversos ao salbutamol e necessitaram de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Propõe-se revisar os efeitos adversos do salbutamol utilizado na crise asmática e analisar as alternativas terapêuticas nessa doença. Os sintomas de efeitos colaterais podem ser confundidos com os causados pela própria doença, determinando o uso excessivo desse medicamento, sendo importante conhecer o perfil posológico e caracterizar os possíveis efeitos colaterais nos pacientes para fazer um uso racional e seguro desse medicamento.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Acidose Láctica , Broncodilatadores/efeitos adversos , Albuterol/efeitos adversos , Hiperglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Hipopotassemia/induzido quimicamente , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Recidiva , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Taquicardia/induzido quimicamente , Tremor/induzido quimicamente , Alucinações/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The risk of emergence agitation (EA) is high in patients undergoing nasal surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of EA in adults undergoing septoplasty and the effect of ketamine on EA. METHODS: In this randomized study, a total of 102 ASA I-II patients who underwent septoplasty between July 2018 and April 2019 were divided into two groups: ketamine (Group-K, n=52) and saline (Group-S, n=50). After anesthesia induction, Group-K was intravenously administered 20mL of saline containing 1mgkg-1 ketamine, whereas Group-S was administered 20mL of saline. Sedation and agitation scores at emergence from anesthesia, incidence of cough, emergence time, and response to verbal stimuli time were recorded. The sedation/agitation and pain levels were recorded for 30minutes in the recovery unit. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the incidence of EA (Group-K: 15.4%, Group-S: 24%). The incidence of cough during emergence was higher in Group-S than in Group-K, but the response time to verbal stimuli and emergence time were shorter in Group-S. The sedation and agitation scores were similar after surgery. Pain scores were higher in Group-S at the time of admission to the recovery unit and were similar between groups in the other time points. CONCLUSION: Administration of 1mgkg-1 ketamine after anesthesia induction does not affect the incidence of EA in patients undergoing septoplasty, but it prolongs the emergence and response time to verbal stimuli and reduces the incidence of cough.
Assuntos
Delírio do Despertar , Ketamina , Adulto , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Anestesia Geral , Delírio do Despertar/epidemiologia , Delírio do Despertar/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Agitação Psicomotora/epidemiologia , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Agitação Psicomotora/prevenção & controle , SevofluranoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous case reports showed that delirious mania could be one of the many neuropsychiatric presentations of Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (ANMDARE). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of delirious mania and its associated factors in ANMDARE. METHOD: A prospective study, including all patients with ANMDARE admitted to the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, from January 2014 to April 2019. The diagnosis of delirious mania was established when diagnostic criteria for mania and delirium were fulfilled simultaneously. RESULTS: 79 patients with definitive ANMDARE were included. Delirious mania was identified in 20 (25.3%) of these patients. Catatonia, psychomotor agitation, disinhibition, impulsivity, and grandiose delusions were significantly associated with delirious mania. Also, a lower frequency of EEG abnormalities, absence of extreme delta brush, and a shorter hospital stay was observed in these patients. CONCLUSION: Delirious mania proved to be a frequent neuropsychiatric presentation of ANMDARE, and its presence should warn the physician about the possibility of this diagnosis. It was mainly associated with higher rates of catatonia, psychomotor agitation, disinhibition, and psychotic symptoms. The lack of recognition of delirious mania as a neuropsychiatric presentation in ANMDARE may be a source of diagnostic and therapeutic errors, as most physicians associate this with bipolar disorder.
Assuntos
Encefalite Antirreceptor de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/fisiopatologia , Catatonia/fisiopatologia , Delírio/fisiopatologia , Mania/fisiopatologia , Agitação Psicomotora/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Encefalite Antirreceptor de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/complicações , Encefalite Antirreceptor de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/diagnóstico , Catatonia/diagnóstico , Catatonia/etiologia , Delírio/diagnóstico , Delírio/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mania/diagnóstico , Mania/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Agitação Psicomotora/diagnóstico , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Encephalitis due to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies (ANMDARE) is the most frequent immune-mediated encephalitis. It is distinguished by the subacute onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristic neuropsychiatric symptoms and their outcome in patients diagnosed with ANMDARE. METHODS: This was a prospective, longitudinal study in patients with a diagnostic suspicion of ANMDARE that presented to the National Institute of Neurology from March 2018 to February 2019. A comparative analysis of two groups (positive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor [NMDAR] vs. negative NMDAR antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was done on admission and at discharge. Neuropsychiatric systematic assessments included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire, the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, the Confusion Assessment Method Severity, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Overt Agitation Severity Scale. RESULTS: 24 individuals were analysed: 14 had positive NMDAR antibodies, and 10 had negative NMDAR antibodies in CSF. On admission, agitation/aggression, euphoria/exaltation, and disinhibition were more common in patients with positive antibodies. Excited catatonia and delirium were diagnosed more frequently in patients with positive antibodies. At discharge, there was an important decrease in neuropsychiatric symptoms, but substantial cognitive impairment remained. The mean hospitalisation length was 41.71 (SD 39.33) days for patients with definitive ANMDARE (p 0.259). CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms profile in ANMDARE was associated with the early onset of euphoria/exaltation and disinhibition, accompanied by marked psychomotor agitation. When ANMDARE was suspected, the presence of excited-type catatonia and delirium showed a tendency to predict definitive ANMDARE. At discharged, most patients recovered from catatonia, delirium, and psychosis, but marked cognitive symptoms, anxiety, and depression persisted at discharge.