RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of albuminuria to cardiovascular disease outcomes in diabetic patients undergoing treatment for stable coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed data from 2176 participants of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in type-2 diabetes (BARI-2D) trial, a randomized clinical trial comparing Percutaneous coronary intervention/Coronary artery bypass grafting (PCI/CABG) to medical therapy for people with diabetes. The population was stratified by baseline spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR) into normal (uACR <10 mg/g), mildly (uACR ≥10 mg/g < 30 mg/g), moderately (uACR ≥30 mg/g < 300 mg/g) and severely increased (uACR ≥300 mg/g) groups, and outcomes compared between groups. Death, myocardial infarction (MI) and/or stroke were experienced by 489 patients at a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 1.5 years. Compared with normal uACR, mildly increased uACR was associated with a 1.4 times (P = 0.042) increase in all-cause mortality. Additionally, nonwhites with type-II diabetes and stable coronary artery disease who had mildly increased albuminuria had a Hazard ratio (HR) of 3.3 times (P = 0.028) for cardiovascular death, 3.1 times for (P = 0.002) all-cause mortality, and two times for (P = 0.015) MI during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Mildly increased albuminuria is a significant predictor of all-cause mortality in those with type-II diabetes mellitus and stable coronary artery disease, as well as for cardiovascular events those who are nonwhites.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/etnologia , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Ponte de Artéria Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etnologia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Idoso , Albuminúria/diagnóstico , Albuminúria/mortalidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/efeitos adversos , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/mortalidade , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/etnologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidade , Nefropatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/mortalidade , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/etnologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/mortalidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etnologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/mortalidade , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria is an early marker of atherosclerosis. Ethnic differences for both conditions have been reported. We studied microalbuminuria prevalence and its association with coronary artery calcification as an early atherosclerosis marker in a Mexican-Mestizo population free of diabetes and hypertension (healthy), as well as in hypertensive and diabetic subjects. METHODS: In 1,472 adults (53.3 ± 9.4 years old, 50.3% women), anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile were determined. A spot urine sample was used to quantify the albumin-to-creatinine ratio and to define microalbuminuria (20-200 mg/g in men, and 30-300 mg/g in women). A coronary artery calcification score was obtained by electron-beam computed tomography and subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as a score > 0. RESULTS: Overall microalbuminuria prevalence was 9.3% (5.4% in healthy, 11.6% in obese, 12% in hypertensive, and 25% in diabetic subjects). Compared to "healthy" subjects without microalbuminuria, those with microalbuminuria had a â¼3-fold higher prevalence of coronary artery calcification > 0, while normal-high albumin-to-creatinine ratio (OR: 1.8; p < 0.05) and microalbuminuria (OR: 2.6; p < 0.001) was independently associated with coronary artery calcification > 0 only among diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Microalbuminuria and high-normal albumin-to-creatinine ratio were independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, suggesting that they may confer a higher risk of future cardiovascular events.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/etiologia , Aterosclerose/patologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/patologia , Etnicidade , Adulto , Idoso , Albuminúria/epidemiologia , Albuminúria/etnologia , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Aterosclerose/etnologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/etnologia , Creatinina/urina , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of chronic and end-stage kidney disease in the United States and worldwide. Changes in demographics and treatments may affect the prevalence and clinical manifestations of diabetic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Serial cross-sectional studies of adults aged 20 years or older with diabetes mellitus participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1988 through 2014. EXPOSURES: Diabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1c greater than 6.5% or use of glucose-lowering medications. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), macroalbuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and severely reduced eGFR (<30 mL/min/1.73 m2), incorporating data on biological variability to estimate the prevalence of persistent abnormalities. RESULTS: There were 6251 adults with diabetes included (1431 from 1988-1994, 1443 from 1999-2004, 1280 from 2005-2008, and 2097 from 2009-2014). The prevalence of any diabetic kidney disease, defined as persistent albuminuria, persistent reduced eGFR, or both, did not significantly change over time from 28.4% (95% CI, 23.8%-32.9%) in 1988-1994 to 26.2% (95% CI, 22.6%-29.9%) in 2009-2014 (prevalence ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.86-1.06] adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity; P = .39 for trend). However, the prevalence of albuminuria decreased progressively over time from 20.8% (95% CI, 16.3%-25.3%) in 1988-1994 to 15.9% (95% CI, 12.7%-19.0%) in 2009-2014 (adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.65-0.89]; P < .001 for trend). In contrast, the prevalence of reduced eGFR increased from 9.2% (95% CI, 6.2%-12.2%) in 1988-1994 to 14.1% (95% CI, 11.3%-17.0%) in 2009-2014 (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.33-1.95] comparing 2009-2014 with 1988-1994; P < .001 for trend), with a similar pattern for severely reduced eGFR (adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.38-5.91]; P = .004 for trend). Significant heterogeneity in the temporal trend for albuminuria was noted by age (P = .049 for interaction) and race/ethnicity (P = .007 for interaction), with a decreasing prevalence of albuminuria observed only among adults younger than 65 years and non-Hispanic whites, whereas the prevalence of reduced GFR increased without significant differences by age or race/ethnicity. In 2009-2014, approximately 8.2 million adults with diabetes (95% CI, 6.5-9.9 million adults) had albuminuria, reduced eGFR, or both. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among US adults with diabetes from 1988 to 2014, the overall prevalence of diabetic kidney disease did not change significantly, whereas the prevalence of albuminuria declined and the prevalence of reduced eGFR increased.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/epidemiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Albuminúria/diagnóstico , Albuminúria/etnologia , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etnologia , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Falência Renal Crônica/etnologia , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Prevalência , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Chronic vascular diseases constitute a growing global health problem. OBJECTIVES: To (a) determine marker positivity for renovascular damage in the total adult population of the Isle of Youth, Cuba; (b) describe marker association with common risk factors for renal and related chronic vascular conditions, and (c) identify best predictors of renovascular damage. METHODS: Previous informed consent was obtained, the population studied was 55,646, and subjects were aged ≥20 years. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured and a questionnaire applied. Urine markers for renovascular damage (hematuria, proteinuria and microalbuminuria) were also determined. RESULTS: Positive markers were detected in 21.3%: hematuria (12.6%), microalbuminuria (6.8%), proteinuria (0.9%), and proteinuria + hematuria (0.9%). Risk factors were highly prevalent: 15.1% were aged ≥60 years; 32.3% overweight, 13.9% obese, and 25.1% smokers. Prevalence of high blood pressure (30%), diabetes mellitus (5.4%) and cardiovascular disease (5%) was also high, while cerebrovascular disease registered 0.9%. Markers were more prevalent in older people and in those suffering from diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, overweight or obesity. Risk factor regression tree analysis identified hypertension as the best predictor of renovascular damage. CONCLUSIONS: Adult population-wide screening revealed hidden morbidity and permitted better risk stratification. Results serve to inform community-based multidisciplinary and intersectoral disease prevention and management.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/urina , Nefropatias/diagnóstico , Nefropatias/urina , Adulto , Idoso , Albuminúria/diagnóstico , Albuminúria/etnologia , Albuminúria/urina , Biomarcadores/urina , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etnologia , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Nefropatias/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteinúria/diagnóstico , Proteinúria/etnologia , Proteinúria/urina , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reports show higher prevalence of albuminuria among Hispanics compared with whites. Differences by country of origin or genetic background are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we studied the associations of both genetic ancestry and country of origin with albumin to creatinine ratio among 1417 Hispanic versus white participants using multivariable linear regression and back transforming beta coefficients into relative difference (%RD, 95% CI). Percentage European, Native American, and African ancestry components for Hispanics were estimated using genetic admixture analysis. The proportions of European, Native American, and African genetic ancestry differed significantly by country of origin (P<0.0001); Mexican/Central Americans had the highest Native American (41+/-13%), Puerto Ricans had the highest European (61+/-15%), and Dominicans had the highest African (39+/-21%) ancestry. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with higher albumin/creatinine ratio compared with whites, but the association varied with the country of origin (adjusted P interaction=0.04). Mexican/Central Americans and Dominicans had higher albumin/creatinine ratio compared with whites after adjustment (RD 19%, 2% to 40% and RD 27%, 1% to 61%), but not Puerto Ricans (RD 8%, -12% to 34%). Higher Native American ancestry was associated with higher albuminuria after age and sex adjustment among all Hispanics (RD 11%, 1% to 21%) but was attenuated after further adjustment. Higher European ancestry was independently associated with lower albumin/creatinine ratio among Puerto Ricans (-21%, -34% to -6%) but not among Mexican/Central Americans and Dominicans. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanics are a heterogeneous group with varying genetic ancestry. Risks of albuminuria differ across the country of origin groups. These differences may be due, in part, to differences in genetic ancestral components.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino , População Branca , Idoso , Albuminúria/genética , Alelos , Aterosclerose/etnologia , Aterosclerose/genética , América Central , Creatinina/sangue , República Dominicana , Feminino , Genótipo , Hispânico ou Latino/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico , Análise de Regressão , Risco , Albumina Sérica/análise , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Microalbuminuria, defined as urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 0.03 to 0.299 mg/mg, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Several genetic epidemiological studies have established that microalbuminuria clusters in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition. METHOD: We estimated heritability of microalbuminuria and performed a genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions influencing urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in 486 Mexican Americans from 26 multiplex families. RESULTS: Significant heritability was demonstrated for urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (h = 24%, P < 0.003) after accounting for age, sex, body mass index, triglycerides, and hypertension. Genome scan revealed significant evidence of linkage of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio to a region on chromosome 20q12 (LOD score of 3.5, P < 0.001) near marker D20S481. This region also exhibited a LOD score of 2.8 with diabetes status as a covariate and 3.0 with hypertension status as a covariate suggesting that the effect of this locus on urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio is largely independent of diabetes and hypertension. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that there is a gene or genes located on human chromosome 20q12 that may have functional relevance to albumin excretion in Mexican Americans. Identifying and understanding the role of the genes that determine albumin excretion would lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeted at high-risk individuals in whom intensive preventive measures may be most beneficial.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/epidemiologia , Albuminúria/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico/estatística & dados numéricos , Cromossomos Humanos Par 20/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Fatores Etários , Albuminúria/etnologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Padrões de Herança , Funções Verossimilhança , Masculino , Linhagem , Fatores Sexuais , Texas/epidemiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy, as evidenced by abnormalities of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria (MA), are present in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). STUDY DESIGN: We enrolled 26 minority adolescents recently diagnosed with T2DM and 13 obese control subjects without diabetes mellitus. ABP monitoring was performed, and a 24-hour urine, a fasting lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, homocysteine, and hemoglobin A 1 c levels were obtained. The patients with T2DM underwent echocardiograms. RESULTS: Forty percent of the patients with T2DM had MA (> or = 30 mg of microalbumin/day), compared with none of the control subjects ( P < .05). There were no significant differences between patients with T2DM who had MA and patients with T2DM who didn't have MA in demographics, characteristics, casual BP, echocardiographic findings, and hemoglobin A 1 c levels. Average daytime systolic BP was greater in patients with T2DM with MA than patients without MA (129 versus 121 mm Hg, P = .03) and compared with the control subjects (113 mm Hg, P = .01). Patients with MA had an average daytime systolic BP load that was higher than patients without MA (37.1 versus 5.1%, P = .008) and compared with the control subjects (2.6%, P < .001). CONCLUSION: As in adults, adolescents with T2DM exhibit abnormalities of ABP, dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria.