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This paper explores the viewpoints of nineteenth-century Brazilian physicians regarding women's roles as the 'propagators of the race'. It emphasises their perspectives on reproduction, breast feeding, and the involvement of enslaved wet nurses in a society grappling with significant paradoxes and conflicts as it sought to embrace modernisation. It also examines various aspects of women's health and childcare, encompassing topics like miscarriage and puériculture Through an analysis of medical discourse, this paper underscores physicians' profound influence in shaping societal assumptions surrounding maternal roles in Brazil. These understandings were instrumental in shaping the expectations for a 'modern nation', where racial considerations intertwined with broader discourses about female bodies. Drawing on diverse sources from the latter half of the nineteenth century, including newspapers and medical records, this paper also highlights the lived experiences of mothers-both tangible realities and imagined constructs. It emphasises how these experiences became integrated in ideological debates that centred on maternity, race, nationhood and modernity within a South Atlantic context. Conducting a discourse analysis of published medical sources, the paper finally uncovers the intricate interplay between reproductive politics, biological risk perceptions and national defence. It dissects how these elements coalesced into the language of biopolitics, moulding regulations and institutional control over the bodies of both white and black women. This exploration aims to enrich discussions about the intricate dynamics shaping institutional actions within the realms of reproductive health and national interests.

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This paper explores the potential of combining different isotope systems from different tissues to improve resolution when reconstructing breastfeeding and weaning practices (BWP) in archaeology. Additionally, we tested whether changes in diet can be detected in deciduous teeth. Rib collagen samples from 22 infants/children from the archaeological site of Bacuranao I (Mayabeque, Cuba) were processed for nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13Cco) stable isotopes and assessed using a Bayesian model (WARN). In addition, enamel of 48 teeth from 30 infants/children were analyzed for oxygen (δ18Oen) and carbon (δ13Cen) stable isotopes. Data revealed that the timing of weaning cannot be characterized precisely by analyzing either δ18O or δ15N. While a depletion in both δ15N and δ13Cco is only evident after one year, the WARN model suggested that the weaning process started at around 3 months and ended around 1.7 years. Most teeth were enriched in δ18Oen compared to deciduous incisors, suggesting a breastfeeding signal. However, a high variability in δ18O was found between similar teeth from the same individuals. Higher enrichment in δ18Oen, and variability, was observed in tissues formed during the first six months of life. A δ13C enrichment of 1.0‰ was observed among deciduous teeth and ribs. While most individuals enriched in δ15N showed enrichment in δ13C, the δ18O values were more variable. Our data suggests that stable isotopes of deciduous teeth, especially δ13Cen, can be used to detect changes in diet during the weaning process. It is also possible that the δ18O enrichment observed in M1 is influenced by the effects of cooking techniques on weaning foods. The combination of multiple isotope systems and tissues overcome some of the limitations posed by single tissue approaches.

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Brazil imported more enslaved Africans than any other slave-owning society in the Americas, and it was the last country in the western hemisphere to abolish the institution. Whereas many enslaved persons toiled on plantations and in mines, urban slavery was also prominent, with enslaved men carrying coffee through the streets and enslaved women washing clothes. One gendered aspect of urban slavery in 19th-century Brazil included slave owners renting out enslaved women as wet nurses to breastfeed the children of elite families. This article reviews medical dissertations, debates, and journal articles, as well as advertisements for wet nurses, showing that physicians believed that enslaved women's milk was both nutritionally and morally inferior to white women's milk. In the latter half of the 19th century, physicians viewed abolition as the only answer to what they deemed the increasingly "dangerous" practice of enslaved wet nursing, which they believed was the root cause of high infant mortality rates across races and classes. Readers should consider the ethical dilemmas of the practice of enslaved wet nursing, which often resulted in the violent separation of mother and child.

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This study aimed to analyze the links between the production of biopolitics for breastfeeding and social development discourses after the post-war period, with a view towards problematizing the nature/culture dichotomy by which breastfeeding is often operationalized. The study adopts an anthropological perspective to compare biopolitics for breastfeeding with the changes in developmentalist discourses. The analysis of global movements by these biopolitics helped explain how a network of distinct entities (e.g., government agencies, multilateral bodies, international development agencies, and nongovernmental organizations) have shaped breastfeeding over time in keeping with the prevailing developmentalist discourses and practices. Initially, the developmentalist discourse focused on industrialization and modernization, and breastfeeding was not the focus of public policies. In the 1970s and 1980s, when the developmentalist discourse shifted the focus to child malnutrition and infant mortality, the first global biopolitics for breastfeeding were launched, and breastfeeding practice began to be operationalized as a means to fight these health problems. Meanwhile, the contemporary social development discourse also evokes a process of individual development. Simultaneously, biopolitics for breastfeeding rely on various technologies for this purpose. The conclusion is that developmentalist discourses act as a sociocultural reference by which breastfeeding is operationalized, and thus that breastfeeding is not only a natural process, but also a political, economic, and social one.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as articulações entre a produção das biopolíticas de amamentação e os discursos produzidos sobre desenvolvimento social após o período pós-guerra com vistas à problematização da dicotomia natureza/cultura mediante a qual a amamentação é frequentemente operada. Numa perspectiva antropológica, examinaram-se as biopolíticas de amamentação comparativamente às transformações nos discursos desenvolvimentistas. O exame dos movimentos globais realizadas por essas biopolíticas permitiu compreender como uma rede de entidades variadas (como órgãos de governo, organismos multilaterais, agências internacionais de desenvolvimento e organizações não-governamentais) vem configurando ao longo do tempo a amamentação em conformidade com os discursos e práticas desenvolvimentistas em vigor. Inicialmente, o discurso desenvolvimentista girava em torno da industrialização e modernização, e a amamentação não era foco de atenção das políticas públicas. Nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, quando o discurso desenvolvimentista passou a focar a desnutrição e a mortalidade infantil, têm início as primeiras biopolíticas globais de amamentação e a prática da amamentação passa a ser operada como um meio de combater tais males. Já o discurso de desenvolvimento social em jogo na contemporaneidade evoca também um processo de desenvolvimento individual. Simultaneamente, as biopolíticas de amamentação recorrem a tecnologias variadas com este propósito. Conclui-se que os discursos desenvolvimentistas atuam como uma referência sociocultural com base na qual a amamentação é operada, o que permite dizer que a amamentação é uma prática tão natural quanto política, econômica e social.

El objetivo de este artículo ha sido analizar los vínculos entre la generación de biopolíticas en lactancia materna y los discursos existentes sobre desarrollo social, tras el período de posguerra, relacionados con la problematización de la dicotomía naturaleza/cultura, a través de la cual transita frecuentemente lactancia materna. Desde una perspectiva antropológica, se examinaron comparativamente biopolíticas en lactancia materna con transformaciones surgidas en los discursos desarrollistas. El examen de los movimientos globales, realizados por esas biopolíticas, permitió comprender cómo una red de entidades variadas (como órganos de gobierno, organismos multilaterales, agencias internacionales de desarrollo y organizaciones no gubernamentales) han considerado a lo largo del tiempo la lactancia materna, según los discursos y prácticas desarrollistas en vigor. Inicialmente, el discurso desarrollista giraba en torno a la industrialización y modernización, y la lactancia materna no era el centro de atención de las políticas públicas. En las décadas de los 1970 y 1980, cuando el discurso desarrollista pasó a centrarse en la desnutrición y la mortalidad infantil, comenzaron las primeras biopolíticas globales en lactancia materna y la práctica de la lactancia pasó a ser tratada como un medio de combatir tales males. Ya el discurso de desarrollo social en boga en la contemporaneidad evoca también un proceso de desarrollo individual. Simultáneamente, las biopolíticas en lactancia materna exploran tecnologías variadas con este propósito. Se concluye que los discursos desarrollistas actúan como una referencia sociocultural, basándose en cómo es operada la lactancia materna, lo que permite considerarla una práctica tan natural, como política, económica y social.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The transition to an agricultural economy is often presumed to involve an increase in female fertility related to changes in weaning practice. In particular, the availability of staple crops as complementary foods is hypothesized to allow earlier weaning in agricultural populations. In this study, our primary aim is to explore whether this model fits the agricultural transition in the Atacama Desert using incremental isotopic analysis. A secondary aim of this study is to identify isotopic patterns relating to weaning, and assess how these may be differentiated from those relating to early life stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We use incremental isotopic analysis of dentine to examine changes in δ15 N and δ13 C values from infancy and childhood in sites of the Arica region (n = 30). We compare individuals from pre-agricultural and agricultural phases to establish isotopic patterns and relate these patterns to maternal diet, weaning trajectory and physiological stress. RESULTS: We find that there is no evidence for systematic temporal or geographic variation in incremental isotopic results. Instead, results from all time periods are highly variable, with weaning completed between 1.5 and 3.5 years. Characteristics of the incremental profiles indicate that both in utero and postnatal stress were a common part of the infant experience in the Atacama. DISCUSSION: In the Atacama Desert it appears that the arrival of agricultural crops did not result in uniform shifts in weaning behavior. Instead, infant and child diet seems to have been dictated by the broad-spectrum diets of the mothers, perhaps as a way of mitigating the stresses of the harsh desert environment.

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Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as articulações entre a produção das biopolíticas de amamentação e os discursos produzidos sobre desenvolvimento social após o período pós-guerra com vistas à problematização da dicotomia natureza/cultura mediante a qual a amamentação é frequentemente operada. Numa perspectiva antropológica, examinaram-se as biopolíticas de amamentação comparativamente às transformações nos discursos desenvolvimentistas. O exame dos movimentos globais realizadas por essas biopolíticas permitiu compreender como uma rede de entidades variadas (como órgãos de governo, organismos multilaterais, agências internacionais de desenvolvimento e organizações não-governamentais) vem configurando ao longo do tempo a amamentação em conformidade com os discursos e práticas desenvolvimentistas em vigor. Inicialmente, o discurso desenvolvimentista girava em torno da industrialização e modernização, e a amamentação não era foco de atenção das políticas públicas. Nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, quando o discurso desenvolvimentista passou a focar a desnutrição e a mortalidade infantil, têm início as primeiras biopolíticas globais de amamentação e a prática da amamentação passa a ser operada como um meio de combater tais males. Já o discurso de desenvolvimento social em jogo na contemporaneidade evoca também um processo de desenvolvimento individual. Simultaneamente, as biopolíticas de amamentação recorrem a tecnologias variadas com este propósito. Conclui-se que os discursos desenvolvimentistas atuam como uma referência sociocultural com base na qual a amamentação é operada, o que permite dizer que a amamentação é uma prática tão natural quanto política, econômica e social.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the links between the production of biopolitics for breastfeeding and social development discourses after the post-war period, with a view towards problematizing the nature/culture dichotomy by which breastfeeding is often operationalized. The study adopts an anthropological perspective to compare biopolitics for breastfeeding with the changes in developmentalist discourses. The analysis of global movements by these biopolitics helped explain how a network of distinct entities (e.g., government agencies, multilateral bodies, international development agencies, and nongovernmental organizations) have shaped breastfeeding over time in keeping with the prevailing developmentalist discourses and practices. Initially, the developmentalist discourse focused on industrialization and modernization, and breastfeeding was not the focus of public policies. In the 1970s and 1980s, when the developmentalist discourse shifted the focus to child malnutrition and infant mortality, the first global biopolitics for breastfeeding were launched, and breastfeeding practice began to be operationalized as a means to fight these health problems. Meanwhile, the contemporary social development discourse also evokes a process of individual development. Simultaneously, biopolitics for breastfeeding rely on various technologies for this purpose. The conclusion is that developmentalist discourses act as a sociocultural reference by which breastfeeding is operationalized, and thus that breastfeeding is not only a natural process, but also a political, economic, and social one.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo ha sido analizar los vínculos entre la generación de biopolíticas en lactancia materna y los discursos existentes sobre desarrollo social, tras el período de posguerra, relacionados con la problematización de la dicotomía naturaleza/cultura, a través de la cual transita frecuentemente lactancia materna. Desde una perspectiva antropológica, se examinaron comparativamente biopolíticas en lactancia materna con transformaciones surgidas en los discursos desarrollistas. El examen de los movimientos globales, realizados por esas biopolíticas, permitió comprender cómo una red de entidades variadas (como órganos de gobierno, organismos multilaterales, agencias internacionales de desarrollo y organizaciones no gubernamentales) han considerado a lo largo del tiempo la lactancia materna, según los discursos y prácticas desarrollistas en vigor. Inicialmente, el discurso desarrollista giraba en torno a la industrialización y modernización, y la lactancia materna no era el centro de atención de las políticas públicas. En las décadas de los 1970 y 1980, cuando el discurso desarrollista pasó a centrarse en la desnutrición y la mortalidad infantil, comenzaron las primeras biopolíticas globales en lactancia materna y la práctica de la lactancia pasó a ser tratada como un medio de combatir tales males. Ya el discurso de desarrollo social en boga en la contemporaneidad evoca también un proceso de desarrollo individual. Simultáneamente, las biopolíticas en lactancia materna exploran tecnologías variadas con este propósito. Se concluye que los discursos desarrollistas actúan como una referencia sociocultural, basándose en cómo es operada la lactancia materna, lo que permite considerarla una práctica tan natural, como política, económica y social.

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The general lack of well-preserved juvenile skeletal remains from Caribbean archaeological sites has, in the past, prevented evaluations of juvenile dietary changes. Canímar Abajo (Cuba), with a large number of well-preserved juvenile and adult skeletal remains, provided a unique opportunity to fully assess juvenile paleodiets from an ancient Caribbean population. Ages for the start and the end of weaning and possible food sources used for weaning were inferred by combining the results of two Bayesian probability models that help to reduce some of the uncertainties inherent to bone collagen isotope based paleodiet reconstructions. Bone collagen (31 juveniles, 18 adult females) was used for carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses. The isotope results were assessed using two Bayesian probability models: Weaning Ages Reconstruction with Nitrogen isotopes and Stable Isotope Analyses in R. Breast milk seems to have been the most important protein source until two years of age with some supplementary food such as tropical fruits and root cultigens likely introduced earlier. After two, juvenile diets were likely continuously supplemented by starch rich foods such as root cultigens and legumes. By the age of three, the model results suggest that the weaning process was completed. Additional indications suggest that animal marine/riverine protein and maize, while part of the Canímar Abajo female diets, were likely not used to supplement juvenile diets. The combined use of both models here provided a more complete assessment of the weaning process for an ancient Caribbean population, indicating not only the start and end ages of weaning but also the relative importance of different food sources for different age juveniles.

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Objetiva-se com esse estudo sistematizar referências relacionadas ao cuidado das amas-de-leite,ao racismo e ao legado deixado por grandes ícones negros da Enfermagem. Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado a partir de uma pesquisa integrativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2014. A técnica utilizada na pesquisa para obtenção dos dados foi por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico junto às bases de dados SciELO, Google Acadêmicoe EBSCO-HOST, que proporcionaram acesso aos periódicos e artigos científicos, a partir dos descritores: “aleitamento materno”, “cuidado da criança”, “história da enfermagem”. “racismo”,publicados em português, com recorte atemporal. Deve-se valorizar os diversos atores sociais que foram e constituem o conhecimento sobre o cuidado de Enfermagem, visando à emancipação do pensamento como forma de questionar o mundo, lutar contra preconceitos, iniquidades e injustiças.

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