Assuntos
Antropologia Médica/história , Saúde Global , Ciências da Nutrição/história , América Central , Alimentos Fortificados/história , Saúde Global/educação , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Ciências da Nutrição/educação , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The high prevalence of goiter among adults in its member countries of Central America and Panama was observed as soon as INCAP began field studies. This led to systematic studies of goiter in schoolchildren in all of the countries as described, beginning with Guatemala where the rate was 38% nationally. However, efforts to eliminate the consequences of iodine with iodized salt using the water soluble potassium iodate and a process that had proved successful in Switzerland and the United States could not be used with the crude moist salt of the region. INCAP identified potassium iodate that is insoluble in water, and in four schools (two each in El Salvador and Guatemala) proved that the iodine in this compound was as available as that in potassium iodate. It remained evenly distributed in moist salt. When added to salt in Guatemala, goiter rate dropped to 15% in four years and less than 5% in eight years. Compulsory iodation of salt in other developing countries followed with comparable results. This method is now used in worldwide campaigns against iodine deficiency in developing countries.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Bócio Endêmico/história , Bócio Endêmico/prevenção & controle , Iodo/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adulto , América Central/epidemiologia , Criança , Alimentos Fortificados/história , Bócio Endêmico/epidemiologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Iodatos/administração & dosagem , Iodatos/uso terapêutico , Iodo/história , Iodo/uso terapêutico , Política Nutricional/história , Compostos de Potássio/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Prevalência , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/história , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Vitamin A deficiency in Central America was first identified as a public health problem in the 1950s. It affected primarily children. The main underlying cause was a deficient intake of pre-formed vitamin A, but infection and intestinal parasitism also played important roles. INCAP focused its efforts on overcoming this problem and developed, as a short-term solution, the technology to fortify sugar with vitamin A. Fortification programs were implemented in several Central American countries. Evaluation of these programs revealed a significant impact-not only on vitamin A status, but also on iron nutrition and hematological condition. Longer-term solutions, like increasing the availability and consumption of vitamin A-rich foods, were later suggested and operational tools were developed to assist the countries in the region in the implementation, evaluation and monitoring of their own fortification programs.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Deficiência de Vitamina A/história , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Anemia Ferropriva/complicações , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Carotenoides/análise , América Central/epidemiologia , Dieta , Sacarose Alimentar , Diterpenos , Análise de Alimentos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Alimentos Fortificados/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Política Nutricional/história , Política Nutricional/tendências , Ésteres de Retinil , Vitamina A/análogos & derivados , Vitamina A/análise , Vitamina A/farmacologia , Vitamina A/uso terapêutico , Deficiência de Vitamina A/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina A/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Anemia is highly prevalent, especially in poorly nourished populations living in unsanitary conditions. Studies of the Central American population showed that iron was the predominant deficient hematopoietic micronutrient and that correction of nutrient deficiencies led to hematological normality as defined by WHO. The bioavailability of diverse iron compounds added to the mostly vegetable diets of such populations showed the superior absorption of chelated iron (NaFeEDTA) and its strong effectiveness in correcting iron deficiency when added to sugar. The consequences on development and mental behavioral functions as well as on work capacity of iron deficiency and anemia in infants, children and adults, and the positive effects of their correction was demonstrated. In protein-energy malnourished (PEM) children, the deficit in active tissue mass (basal oxygen consumption) and in total hemoglobin content were closely related. This relationship persisted as the rates of active tissue mass repletion was modified by levels of protein intake. This demonstrated the strong adaptive nature of hemoglobin content in response to oxygen needs in PEM and during recovery. Gastrointestinal functions in PEM and in populations demonstrated the bacterial invasion of the upper GI tract and how this resulted in secondary bile acids that are toxic to the intestinal mucosal cells impairing their absorptive functions. Environmental hygiene in populations reversed gut bacterial migration and improved GI function.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Anemia Ferropriva/história , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiopatologia , Infecções/história , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/história , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/fisiopatologia , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , América Central/epidemiologia , Sacarose Alimentar , Ácido Edético/administração & dosagem , Ácido Edético/uso terapêutico , Compostos Férricos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Férricos/uso terapêutico , Alimentos Fortificados/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Higiene , Infecções/complicações , Infecções/fisiopatologia , Política Nutricional/história , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/complicações , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Se estudiaron 60 niños, con un promedio de edad de 6 años a 7 meses en una localidad subtropical del Ecuador. Se obtuvieron valores de hemoglobina (Hb) antes del tratamiento y luego de 30 días de administración de hierro oral 3 mg/kg/día. el cumplimiento de las indicaciones terapéuticas se evaluó siguiendo la metodología vigente en unidades de salud y por profesinales médicos. Se analizó el patrón de rendimiento escolar por calificaciones globales y se obtuvo datos antropométricos (edad, peso, talla). Se encontró una prevalencia de anemia de 33.3 por ciento, más acentuada en hombre y en el grupo de niños nutricionalmnente normales (36.3 por ciento). La prevalencia de desnutrición global, crónica y aguda fue de 42.5 por ciento, 38.3 por ciento y 20.07 por ciento respectivamente. Llama la atención este último dato, el cual es mayor que las cifras de referencia. El cumplimiento del tratamiento fue del 80 por ciento y la corrección de anemia fue únicamente del 18 por ciento. No se encontró cambios en el rendimiento escolar luego de la suplementación con hierro...