RESUMO
Recent studies have shown how intestinal parasites can modulate gut microbiota. This observation is not surprising since the human intestinal lumen, like any other niche, is a battlefield of microbial competition, and Eukaryotes can affect bacterial populations. Intestinal pathogenic protist has been associated with reshaping the microbial community structure; however, the interactions between the colonic bacterial communities and parasites like Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba coli, and Endolimax nana have been poorly studied. In this work, we studied the distal intestinal bacterial microbiota of 49 children attending 7 public daycare centers in Medellin, Colombia, and compared the bacterial microbiota structure in the presence or absence of the protists Blastocystis spp., E. coli, and E. nana. Parasite colonization was associated with an increase in bacterial richness. Moreover, Blastocystis spp. presented a positive relationship with Prevotella, since this bacterium was selectively enriched in children carrying it. Remarkably, the E. coli colonized children showed a microbial profile that was closer to uninfected controls, although some bacterial taxa displayed to be enriched. This is the case for Akkermansia, which showed to be favored in E. coli colonized individuals, while notably reduced in the Blastocystis spp. parasitized group.
Assuntos
Amebíase/microbiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Bactérias/genética , Blastocystis/patogenicidade , Infecções por Blastocystis/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Endolimax/patogenicidade , Entamoeba/patogenicidade , Entamebíase/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Enteropatias Parasitárias/microbiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Prevotella/genéticaRESUMO
Introducción: Acanthamoeba y Naegleria son géneros de amebas de vida libre resistentes a cambios extremos de temperatura y pH, aislados de diversos ambientes (suelo, aire y agua). Debido a la cantidad de habitantes que se benefician de las aguas del Río Pamplonita, al desconocimiento de su presencia en la región y al aumento de enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de agua, se considera necesario realizar estudios sobre la distribución de estos microorganismos. Objetivo: Identificar Acanthamoeba spp. y Naegleria spp. en aguas del curso principal del río Pamplonita de la zona metropolitana de Cúcuta, Colombia. Métodos: La búsqueda de las amebas de interés se realizó mediante examen directo y cultivo a 28, 37 y 42 °C en agar no nutritivo a partir de 21 muestras de agua de siete sectores del río Pamplonita. Adicionalmente, se midió pH y temperatura in situ y se determinó la carga de coliformes. Resultados: Se encontró que 76,2 por ciento de las muestras fueron positivas para alguna de las amebas. La Acanthamoeba fue la que se aisló con mayor frecuencia. El 28,6 por ciento de los cultivos incubados a 42 °C fueron positivos principalmente para Naegleria spp., lo que indica que estos aislados termotolerantes podrían tener potencial patógeno. Conclusiones: Acanthamoeba spp. y Naegleria spp. son frecuentes en aguas del Río Pamplonita en áreas de importante intervención humana. El hallazgo de amebas termotolerantes alerta sobre el riesgo de salud para la población que se encuentra expuesta a esta fuente hídrica(AU)
Introduction: Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are genus of free-living amoeba (AVL) resistant to extreme changes in temperature and pH, isolated from different environments (soil, air and water). Due to the number of inhabitants that benefit from the waters of Pamplonita River, the lack of knowledge about its presence in the region and the increase of diseases related to water consumption, it is necessary to carry out studies on its distribution. Objective: To identify Acanthamoeba spp and Naegleria spp in the water of the main course of Pamplonita River, in the metropolitan area of Cúcuta, Colombia. Methods: The search for the amoebas of interest was performed by direct examination and culture at 28, 37 and 42 °C on non-nutritive agar from 21 water samples from seven sectors of Pamplonita River. Additionally, pH and temperature were measured in situ and the coliforms´ load was also determined. Results: It was found that 76.2 percent of the samples were positive for some of the amoebas, with Acanthamoeba being the most frequently isolated. 28.6 percent of the cultures incubated at 42 °C were positive mainly for Naegleria spp, indicating that these thermotolerant isolates could have pathogen potential. Conclusions: Acanthamoeba spp and Naegleria spp are frequent in waters of Pamplonita River which are areas of important human intervention. The finding of thermotolerant amoebas warns about the health risk for the population that is exposed to this water source(AU)
Assuntos
Naegleria/microbiologia , Amostras de Água , Amebíase/microbiologia , Poluição de Rios/efeitos adversos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , ColômbiaAssuntos
Amebíase/epidemiologia , Amebíase/microbiologia , Infecções Protozoárias do Sistema Nervoso Central/epidemiologia , Infecções Protozoárias do Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Fontes Termais/microbiologia , Naegleria fowleri/isolamento & purificação , Amebíase/diagnóstico , Infecções Protozoárias do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico , Criança , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Naegleria fowleri/classificação , Naegleria fowleri/genéticaRESUMO
In 2008 a fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, due to the amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri, occurred in Guadeloupe, French West Indies, after a child swam in a bath fed with geothermal water. In order to improve the knowledge on free-living amoebae in this tropical part of France, we investigated on a monthly basis, the presence of Naegleria spp. in the recreational baths, and stream waters which feed them. A total of 73 water samples, 48 sediments and 54 swabs samples were collected from 6 sampling points between June 2011 and July 2012. The water samples were filtered and the filters transferred to non-nutrient agar plates seeded with a heat-killed suspension of Escherichia coli while sediment and swab samples were placed directly on these plates. The plates were incubated at 44°C for the selective isolation of thermophilic Naegleria. To identify the Naegleria isolates the internal transcribed spacers, including the 5.8S rDNA, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the sequence of the PCR products was determined. Thermophilic amoebae were present at nearly all collection sites. The pathogenic N. fowleri was the most frequently encountered thermophilic species followed by N. lovaniensis. The concentration of N. fowleri was rather low in most water samples, ranging from 0 to 22 per liter. Sequencing revealed that all N. fowleri isolates belonged to a common Euro-American genotype, the same as detected in the human case in Guadeloupe. These investigations need to be continued in order to counsel the health authorities about prevention measures, because these recreational thermal baths are used daily by local people and tourists.
Assuntos
Amebíase/microbiologia , Infecções Protozoárias do Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Fontes Termais/microbiologia , Naegleria fowleri/isolamento & purificação , Amebíase/epidemiologia , Infecções Protozoárias do Sistema Nervoso Central/epidemiologia , Criança , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Genótipo , Guadalupe , Humanos , Naegleria fowleri/patogenicidadeRESUMO
La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ubica a las enfermedades diarreicas en segundo lugar como causa de morbi-mortalidad de niños en países en vías de desarrollo, siendo las infecciones por protozoarios intestinales proporcionalmente una causa trascendente en dichas regiones. La mayoría de estos parásitos se transmiten por vía fecal-oral o por contacto interpersonal y exhiben ciclosde vida que, en general se desarrollan en dos estadios: el trofozoíto que coloniza el intestino y el quiste que es excretado con las heces y cuya rígida pared protectora, le confiere resistencia en el ambiente, permitiendo de este modo la propagación de la enfermedad. Entamoeba histolytica es uno de los agentes infecciosos de mayor distribución mundial, y es aproximadamente la causa de 100.000 muertes por año, siendo responsable de uno de los problemas de salud más serios en países en vías de desarrollo. Se reconocen al menos ocho amebas que podrían colonizar el intestino del hombre: E. histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, Iodamoeba butschlii y Endolimax nana. Aunque sólo E. histolytica es considerada como el agente etiológico de la Amebiosis. Su presentación clínica va desde la colonización asintomática, la disentería amebiana, hasta la propagación extraintestinal, originando abscesos en diversos órganos y tejidos. Por este motivo, la correcta identificación de E. histolytica en heces y tejidos y diferenciándola de otras amebas comensales y de otros protozoarios representa un desafío en la práctica médica, a que de ello dependerá el tratamiento y el pronóstico de laenfermedad.
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) includes diarrhea a the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality of children in developing countries. Among these causes, infections by intestinal protozoan parasites represent an important percentage in any place of the world. Most of these parasites are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or by inter personal contact and exhibit simple life cycles, consisting in the disease-causing, proliferating trophozoites and the dormant, resistant cyst responsible for the transmission of the infection among susceptible hosts. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most frequent of those parasites, causing about 100.000 deaths per year in developing countries, being one of the major health problems in areas where basic sanitation practices are inefficient. At least eight species of Entamoeba have been reported to infect the human large intestine: E. histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, odamoeba butschlii and Endolimax nana, although E. histolytica is the only one considered to cause pathology in humans. Clinical manifestation of this infection varies from asymptomatic infection to dysentery and extraintestinal invasion, producing abscesses in many tissues. Therefore, the correct identification of E. histolytica in stool and tissue samples and its differential diagnostic is an important challenge in parasitology because treatment and prognosis depend of the valid identification of this parasite.The health issue of protozoan intestinal infections, both in developed and developing parts of the world, is of such importance that it is clearly necessary the development of novel, better, cheap, and faster diagnostic methods. The incorporation of new approaches and technology to the efficient and sensitive detection of these infections is significantly relevant.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Amebíase/microbiologia , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Disenteria Amebiana/diagnóstico , Disenteria Amebiana/microbiologia , ArgentinaRESUMO
La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ubica a las enfermedades diarreicas en segundo lugar como causa de morbi-mortalidad de niños en países en vías de desarrollo, siendo las infecciones por protozoarios intestinales proporcionalmente una causa trascendente en dichas regiones. La mayoría de estos parásitos se transmiten por vía fecal-oral o por contacto interpersonal y exhiben ciclosde vida que, en general se desarrollan en dos estadios: el trofozoíto que coloniza el intestino y el quiste que es excretado con las heces y cuya rígida pared protectora, le confiere resistencia en el ambiente, permitiendo de este modo la propagación de la enfermedad. Entamoeba histolytica es uno de los agentes infecciosos de mayor distribución mundial, y es aproximadamente la causa de 100.000 muertes por año, siendo responsable de uno de los problemas de salud más serios en países en vías de desarrollo. Se reconocen al menos ocho amebas que podrían colonizar el intestino del hombre: E. histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, Iodamoeba butschlii y Endolimax nana. Aunque sólo E. histolytica es considerada como el agente etiológico de la Amebiosis. Su presentación clínica va desde la colonización asintomática, la disentería amebiana, hasta la propagación extraintestinal, originando abscesos en diversos órganos y tejidos. Por este motivo, la correcta identificación de E. histolytica en heces y tejidos y diferenciándola de otras amebas comensales y de otros protozoarios representa un desafío en la práctica médica, a que de ello dependerá el tratamiento y el pronóstico de laenfermedad.(AU)
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) includes diarrhea a the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality of children in developing countries. Among these causes, infections by intestinal protozoan parasites represent an important percentage in any place of the world. Most of these parasites are transmitted by the fecal-oral route or by inter personal contact and exhibit simple life cycles, consisting in the disease-causing, proliferating trophozoites and the dormant, resistant cyst responsible for the transmission of the infection among susceptible hosts. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most frequent of those parasites, causing about 100.000 deaths per year in developing countries, being one of the major health problems in areas where basic sanitation practices are inefficient. At least eight species of Entamoeba have been reported to infect the human large intestine: E. histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, odamoeba butschlii and Endolimax nana, although E. histolytica is the only one considered to cause pathology in humans. Clinical manifestation of this infection varies from asymptomatic infection to dysentery and extraintestinal invasion, producing abscesses in many tissues. Therefore, the correct identification of E. histolytica in stool and tissue samples and its differential diagnostic is an important challenge in parasitology because treatment and prognosis depend of the valid identification of this parasite.The health issue of protozoan intestinal infections, both in developed and developing parts of the world, is of such importance that it is clearly necessary the development of novel, better, cheap, and faster diagnostic methods. The incorporation of new approaches and technology to the efficient and sensitive detection of these infections is significantly relevant.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Disenteria Amebiana/microbiologia , Disenteria Amebiana/diagnóstico , Amebíase/microbiologia , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , ArgentinaRESUMO
Amebiasis is one of the main causes worldwide of morbidity and mortality by parasites. Application of recombinant DNA technology to the study of Entamoeba histolytica is bringing new light into our understanding of this remarkable protozoan parasite and of the disease it causes. New achievements affect the way we approach many essential questions about E. histolytica, form the mechanism of its pathogenicity to the definition of E. hitolytica as a separate species from the nonpathogenic E. dispar. To give a single example, transfection of trophozoites is now possible and a new generation of studies taking advantage of this capability of manipulation is expected in the short term. Our goal with this review is to provide an updated and simple guide to the growing information on the molecular biology of E. histolytica
Assuntos
Amebíase/microbiologia , DNA Recombinante/genética , Entamoeba histolytica/citologia , Genoma , Biologia MolecularRESUMO
Se denomina amibiasis la infección por Entamoeba histolytica, independientemente de que dé lugar o no manifestaciones clínicas. El que estas se presnten está supeditado a la interaccción entre el parásito, el huésped y diversas peculiaridades del medio ambiente, ya que dependiendo de la correlación de fuerzas entre los agentes que intervienen en dicha interacción, una infección amibiana puede permanecer limitada a la luz del intestino (amibiasis no invasora) o transformarse a corto o largo plazo en una infección que invade la pared y a su vez se constituye en el punto de partida para el desarrollo de diferentes cuadros clínicos. Precisamente a la descripción, diagnóstico clínico, diagnóstico paraclínico y diagnóstico por imágenes, al igual que al tratamiento de cada uno de los diversos síndromes y complicaciones derivadas de la infección por Entamoeba histolytica está dedicada la presente actualización
Assuntos
Humanos , Amebíase/classificação , Amebíase/diagnóstico , Amebíase/microbiologia , Amebíase/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Desde 1980 vários casos de ceratite por Acanthamoeba têm sido diagnóstico e, ao contrário dos primeiros relatos onde o fator desencadeante era o trauma, atualmente a quase totalidade dos casos relaciona-se com o uso de lentes de contacto. Estudos têm sido desenvolvidos para esclarecer o envolvimento destas lentes na fisiopatologia da ceratite por Acanthamoeba. Dentre estes, a avaliaçäo dos diferentes sistemas de desinfecçäo empregados na sua manutençäo, aponta como um assunto contoverso e de interesse cientifico, uma vez que, um grande número de espécies e cepas estäo envolvidas, apresentando, cada uma delas, um comportamento diferente, em relaçäo a estes sistemas. Este estudo teve por objetivo testar a susceptibilidade de cinco diferentes espécies de Acanthomoeba, A. Astronyxis, A. Polyphaga, A. castellani, A. Cellbertsoni e Acanthamoeba sp a um sistema de desinfecçäo térmica química (Hidrocare e Flex-care). Dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro, lentes de contato gelatinosas foram contaminadas com as diferentes espécies do protozoário e em seguida submetidas a desinfecçäo e cultivo. No segundo, cistos e trofozoítos das mesmas espécies foram expostos diretamente aos sistemas de desinfecçäo, sendo posteriormente lavados, com o objetivo de eliminar a soluçäo química eventualmente presentes na superfície da ameba. O controle foi defínido pelo aparecimento de forma trofozoíticas. A desinfecçäo térmica mostrou-se efetiva em 100% dos testes realizados com as cinco diferentes espécies de Acanthamoeba avaliadas. A culbertsoni resistiu a desinfecçäo química com Flexcare, sendo susceptível ao Hidrocare, e Acanthomoeba sp resistiu aos dois compostos testados. O estudo permitiu concluir que, dos métodos testados, a desinfecçäo térmica é a única totalmente efetiva para a desinfecçäo de lentes de contacto gelatinosas contaminadas com Acanthamoeba