RESUMO
The misuse of anabolic androgenic steroid associated or not with physical workouts disrupts gastrointestinal (GI) function homeostasis. Our goal was to investigate the effects of nandrolone decanoate (ND) and moderate swimming on the GI transit of solid meals, GI motor contractility, and intestinal histology in rats. Male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups that received intramuscular injections of ND (5.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (60.0 µL) and were submitted or not to swimming sessions (60 min, 5% body weight overload) for 4 weeks. Gastric emptying, intestinal transit, in vitro GI contractility, intestinal morphometry, and duodenal mucosal mast cells were evaluated in all experimental groups. ND treatment accelerated gastric emptying, slowed small intestine transit time, enhanced gastric carbachol-mediated reactivity, decreased crypt depth and villus height, reduced mucosal thickness, and increased the circular and longitudinal muscle layer thickness of the duodenum in sedentary rats. Moderate exercise accelerated intestinal transit time and reduced submucosa thickness. In vehicle-treated animals, a strong negative correlation was found between intestinal transit and mucosal mast cells, which was reversed by ND treatment. Combining ND treatment and swimming accelerated gastric emptying, increased duodenal cholinergic reactivity, inhibited the sodium nitroprusside relaxing response, increased the number of duodenal mast cells, decreased villus height, and increased the thickness of all muscle layers. ND changed the morphological and functional properties of the GI tract over time, with intense dysmotility, especially in sedentary animals, but moderate exercise seemed to have played a compensatory role in these harmful effects in the gut.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Duodeno , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Decanoato de Nandrolona , Nandrolona , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Ratos Wistar , Animais , Masculino , Decanoato de Nandrolona/farmacologia , Duodeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Anabolizantes/farmacologia , Nandrolona/farmacologia , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Natação , Esvaziamento Gástrico/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Trânsito Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are traditionally used for the treatment/control of various diseases; however, they are being used for non-therapeutic and indiscriminate purposes to enhance sports performance and physical appearance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AAS use among professional CrossFit® competitors. METHODS: We conducted an observational cross-sectional survey in which an anonymous questionnaire was applied to professional CrossFit® athletes. RESULTS: The prevalence of AAS usage was 33.3%. Most users were male (74.2%), aged between 30 and 39 years (51.6%), with completed higher education (83.9%), and had been training for more than 5 years (77.4%); the primary motivation for AAS use was performance enhancement (77.4%). Individuals who were older (p < 0.05) and more experienced in competitions (p < 0.01) are more likely to use AAS. Testosterone was the most employed AAS (71.0%); CrossFit® athletes typically used an average of 2 different AAS. The majority of users had notably sought advice from a physician (74.2%), and AAS were acquired from either drugstores (80.6%) or through illicit channels (29.0%). Moreover, 61.3% of AAS users reported experiencing adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated a higher prevalence of AAS users among professional competitors in CrossFit® compared to the general population; older age and greater experience in official competitions were decisive factors for a greater inclination toward AAS use. A significant percentage of athletes seek drugs through illegal channels. Despite the majority of users experiencing adverse effects, athletes report satisfaction with use, believing that the benefits still outweigh the drawbacks.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Atletas , Dopagem Esportivo , Motivação , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Atletas/psicologia , Atletas/estatística & dados numéricos , Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Dopagem Esportivo/psicologia , Dopagem Esportivo/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem , Congêneres da Testosterona/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Prevalência , Esteróides Androgênicos AnabolizantesRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: O principal objetivo da avaliação pré-participação (APP) é mitigar o risco de morte súbita (MS) durante a prática de exercício físico. A partir da experiencia italiana com grande redução da incidência de MS dos atletas (89%) com introdução do eletrocardiograma (ECG) nesta triagem investigativa, em grande parte das sociedades médicas e federações esportivas do mundo, o ECG se tornou um dos pilares desta avaliação, conjuntamente com a história clínica e o exame físico. Um dos achados frequentes nesta triagem é a inversão da onda T no ECG de repouso. Porém múltiplos fatores podem influenciar no resultado e na importância deste achado nos atletas OJETIVO: Avaliar a importância clínica da presença de inversão da onda T nos achados do ECG dos atletas de ambulatório de Cardiologia do Esportes do Município de São Paulo Metodologia: Realizado APP com realização de ECG em atletas de 10 diferentes modalidades esportivas, entre 10 e 87 anos, como a exigência de inversão de onda T presente no mínimo em 2 derivações contíguas em ECG de 12 derivações com o paciente em decúbito dorsal e descanso de no mínimo 10 minutos RESULTADO: Foram avaliados 145 atletas, sendo 110 do sexo masculino, com 18 atletas apresentando inversão de onda T (12,4%). 11 destes atletas com inversão de onda T com padrão afrocaribenho/juvenil. 7 (4,8%) atletas apresentaram inversão de onda T necessárias a investigação adicional (inversão de onda T em região inferior e lateral. Destes 1 (0,68%) com posterior diagnóstico de Não Compactação do Ventrículo Esquerdo, 2 (1,37%) com diagnóstico de Miocardite, 2 (1,37%) com uso prévio de drogas ilícitas e anabolizantes e 2 (1,37%) com exaustiva investigação adicional porém sem achados de doença estrutural a despeito da presença de inversão de onda T em região inferior(semelhança entre estes pacientes era a afrodescendência). Dos 7 atletas que apresentaram inversão da onda T que necessitaram de investigação adicional, segundo as recomendações internacionais para interpretação do ECG do atleta, 5 (71,4%) atletas, de fato, apresentaram alterações cuja a prática esportiva em alta intensidade, indubitavelmente, lhes aumentava o risco de MS e suas inelegibilidades ao menos temporária se faziam necessárias CONCLUSÃO: A despeito da baixa prevalência da inversão da onda T no atletas de nosso estudo, quando presente, principalmente em região inferior e lateral mostrou-se relevante marcador de doenças subjacente cuja prática de esportes em alta intensidade poderia aumentar o risco de MS, sendo então importante colaborador na APP desses atletas
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , MiocarditeRESUMO
Caffeine and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly used to improve muscle mass and athletic performance. Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) is one of the most abused AAS worldwide, leading to behavioral changes in both humans and rodents. Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychostimulant globally, is present in various thermogenic and gym supplements. Low and moderate doses of caffeine antagonize adenosine receptors and have been linked to improved memory and pain relief. We have previously demonstrated that consuming caffeine prevents the risk-taking behavior triggered by nandrolone. In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of ND and caffeine, either alone or in combination, on passive avoidance memory and nociception. We used the step-down and hot-plate tasks in male and female Lister Hooded rats. Our results confirmed the antinociceptive effect of caffeine and indicated that chronic administration of the ND-caffeine association promotes the evocation of aversive memory in female rats.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem da Esquiva , Cafeína , Memória , Decanoato de Nandrolona , Nociceptividade , Animais , Cafeína/farmacologia , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Decanoato de Nandrolona/farmacologia , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Nandrolona/farmacologia , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Anabolizantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study examined the acute and long-term effects of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on fractional synthetic rates (FSR). METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into ND ( n = 20) or sham ( n = 20) groups. ND injections (10 g·kg -1 ·wk -1 ) started at 7 months of ages and continued for 6 wk. Ten animals from each group were randomly separated and examined 1 wk following drug cessation. The remaining animals were examined at 16 months of age. Animals were injected IP with 1.5 mL of deuterated water 24 h before euthanasia. The kidney, liver, heart, gastrocnemius, and soleus were extracted. Samples were analyzed for deuterated alanine enrichment in the bound protein and intracellular fraction by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure estimated FSR (fraction/day (F/D)) of mixed tissue. RESULTS: One-way ANOVA, with treatment and age as fixed factors, indicated that kidney FSR was greater ( P = 0.027) in ND (0.41 ± 0.02 F/D) than sham (0.36 ± 0.014F/D) and higher ( P = 0.003) in young (0.42 ± 0.2 F/D) than old (0.35 ± 0.01 F/D). Liver and heart FSR values were greater ( P ≤ 0.001) in young (0.79 ± 0.06 F/D and 0.13 ± 0.01 F/D, respectively) compared with old (0.40 ± 0.01 F/D and 0.09 ± 0.01 F/D, respectively), but not between ND and sham. Gastrocnemius FSR was ( P ≤ 0.001) greater in young (0.06 ± 0.01 F/D) compared with old (0.03 ± 0.002 F/D), and greater ( P = 0.006) in ND (0.05 ± 0.01 F/D) compared with sham (0.04 ± 0.003 F/D). Soleus FSR rates were greater ( P = 0.050) in young (0.13 ± 0.01 F/D) compared with old (0.11 ± 0.003 F/D), but not between ND (0.12 ± 0.01 F/D) and sham (0.12 ± 0.01 F/D). Old animals who had received ND displayed elevated FSR in the gastrocnemius ( P = 0.054) and soleus ( P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: ND use in young adult animals appeared to maintain long-term elevations in FSR in muscle during aging.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Fígado , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Musculares , Músculo Esquelético , Animais , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Proteínas Musculares/biossíntese , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Decanoato de Nandrolona/farmacologia , Decanoato de Nandrolona/administração & dosagem , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Camundongos , Androgênios/administração & dosagem , Androgênios/farmacologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Nandrolona/farmacologia , Nandrolona/administração & dosagem , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Anabolizantes/administração & dosagem , Anabolizantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse is often associated with metabolic disorders and infertility. However, the current evidence on AAS-induced reproductive toxicity is mainly based on male studies. Thus, AAS repercussions on female reproductive capacity remain poorly understood, despite scarce evidence that fertility determinants may be more severely impaired in females than males exposed to these drugs. Accordingly, this study used an integrated framework to investigate the impact of different testosterone 17ß-cyclopentylpropionate (TC) doses on pain sensitivity, aggressiveness, anxiety, sexual behavior, ovarian, oviductal, uterine and reproductive morphofunctional and molecular outcomes. These parameters were used to explore the reproductive capacity in female mice exposed to this synthetic testosterone ester. The animals were untreated or intraperitoneally treated with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg TC every 48 h for 12 weeks. Our findings indicated that testosterone was upregulated while the hormones luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, estrogen and progesterone were down-regulated by TC. This AAS also exerted deleterious effects on anxiety, aggressivity, nociception, exploratory and sexual behavior in female mice. Concurrently, TC attenuated ovarian follicle maturation, interrupted the estrous cycle, induced oviductal and uterine hypotrophy. Estrous cyclicity was reestablished 60 days after AAS treatment. However, TC-treated mice still exhibited impaired reproductive capacity, a disturbance potentially related to deficiency in folliculogenesis, sex hormones production, and endometrial receptivity mediate by ER-α, PR, HOXA-10 and LIF down-regulation. Taken together, our findings indicated that in addition to female behavior, reproductive organs microstructure and function are markedly impaired by TC in a dose-dependent manner, whose time-dependent reversibility remains to be clarified.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Masculino , Feminino , Camundongos , Animais , Anabolizantes/farmacologia , Testosterona/farmacologia , Congêneres da Testosterona , Reprodução , Progesterona/farmacologiaRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is the most widely used among the anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), synthetic substances derived from testosterone, to improve muscular and health gains associated with exercises. The AAS leads to physical performance enhancement and presents anti-aging properties, but its abuse is associated with several adverse effects. Supraphysiological doses of AAS with or without physical exercise can cause morphological and functional alterations in neuromuscular interactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of ND supraphysiological doses in neuromuscular interactions, focusing on the soleus muscle and its neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in rats, associated or not with physical exercise. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sedentary and exercised groups, with or without ND at the dose of 10 mg/kg/week. The animals were treated for eight weeks, with intramuscular injections, and the soleus muscle was collected for morphological analyses. Results: The supraphysiological doses of ND in the sedentary group caused muscle degeneration, evidenced by splitting fibers, clusters of small fibers, irregular myofibrils, altered sarcomeres, an increase in collagen deposition and in the number of type I muscle fibers (slow-twitch) and central nuclei, as well as a decrease in fibers with peripheral nuclei. On the other hand, in the ND exercise group, there was an increase in the NMJs diameter with scattering of its acetylcholine receptors, although no major morphological changes were found in the skeletal muscle. Thus, the alterations caused by ND in sedentary rats were partially reversed by physical exercise. Conclusions: The supraphysiological ND exposure in the sedentary rats promoted an increase in muscle oxidative pattern and adverse morphological alterations in skeletal muscle, resulting from damage or post-injury regeneration. In the ND-exercised rats, no major morphological changes were found. Thus, the physical exercise partially reversed the alterations caused by ND in sedentary rats.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Nandrolona , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Decanoato de Nandrolona/farmacologia , Nandrolona/efeitos adversos , Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Ratos Wistar , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Junção NeuromuscularRESUMO
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and caffeine can induce several behavioral alterations in humans and rodents. Administration of nandrolone decanoate is known to affect defensive responses to aversive stimuli, generally decreasing inhibitory control and increasing aggressivity but whether caffeine intake influences behavioral changes induced by AAS is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate behavioral effects of caffeine (a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors) alone or combined with nandrolone decanoate (one of the most commonly AAS abused) in female and male Lister Hooded rats. Our results indicated that chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg, i.m., once a week for 8 weeks) decreased risk assessment/anxiety-like behaviors (in the elevated plus maze test), regardless of sex. These effects were prevented by combined caffeine intake (0.1 g/L, p.o., ad libitum). Overall, the present study heralds a key role for caffeine intake in the modulation of nandrolone decanoate-induced behavioral changes in rats, suggesting adenosine receptors as candidate targets to manage impact of AAS on brain function and behavior.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Esteróides Androgênicos Anabolizantes , Decanoato de Nandrolona , Receptores Purinérgicos P1 , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Anabolizantes/farmacologia , Esteróides Androgênicos Anabolizantes/farmacologia , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Cafeína/farmacologia , Decanoato de Nandrolona/farmacologia , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/metabolismoRESUMO
This paper reports the use of paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) combined with chemometric models to analyze seized samples of anabolic steroids. Because many forensic laboratories typically demand high-throughput analysis for this type of sample, we developed a quicker and simpler alternative analytical method for routine analysis with minimal sample preparation. Oily samples (n = 39) resulting from seizures carried out by Brazilian Federal and State Police units were selected for this study. These samples were analyzed by PS-MS in the positive ion mode and full scan (50-1000 m/z), providing spectra containing patterns of the respective active ingredients present in each product. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was built, which discriminated samples mainly according to their active ingredients and allowed to detect and characterize some cases of product counterfeiting. The variable selection method ordered predictors selection was employed jointly with PCA to improve sample cluster separation and to provide model simplification. The final PCA model was built with three principal components and using only 28 spectral variables. This model accounted for 69.82% of the variance and discriminated samples according to their specific active ingredients.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Quimiometria , Brasil , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Análise de Componente Principal , Congêneres da Testosterona/químicaRESUMO
Several drugs are available for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Over the last decades, most patients requiring pharmacological intervention were offered antiresorptive drugs as first-line therapy, while anabolic agents were considered a last resource for those with therapeutic failure. However, recent randomized trials in patients with severe osteoporosis have shown that anabolic agents reduce fractures to a greater extent than antiresorptive medications. Additionally, evidence indicates that increases in bone mineral density (BMD) are maximized when patients are treated with anabolic agents first, followed by antiresorptive therapy. This evidence is key, considering that greater increases in BMD during osteoporosis treatment are associated with a more pronounced reduction in fracture risk. Thus, international guidelines have recently proposed an individualized approach to osteoporosis treatment based on fracture risk stratification, in which the stratification risk has been refined to include a category of patients at very high risk of fracture who should be managed with anabolic agents as first-line therapy. In this document, the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism propose the definition of very high risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women, for whom anabolic agents should be considered as first-line therapy. This document also reviews the factors associated with increased fracture risk, trials comparing anabolic versus antiresorptive agents, efficacy of anabolic agents in patients who are treatment naïve versus those previously treated with antiresorptive agents, and safety of anabolic agents.