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Medicinal plants are worldwide used as an efficient treatment of many diseases. Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) is widely used Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammations and infections of the female genital tract, conditions of the stomach and throat, and to heal wounds on the skin and mucous membranes. Several pharmacological properties of extracts and compounds isolated from M. urundeuva are found in the literature, corroborating its uses as antiulcer and gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, as well as antimicrobial. Despite these many uses in traditional herbal medicine, there are few reports of its toxic-genetic effect. This work aimed to investigate the genotoxic and mutagenic potential in vivo of the dry decoction of M. urundeuva leaves on somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster, through the Comet assay and somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). Six concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mg/mL) were studied after feeding individuals for 24 hr in culture medium hydrated with extracts of M. urundeuva. In the Comet assay, all concentrations showed a genotoxic effect significantly higher than the negative control group, treated with distilled water. The two highest concentrations were also superior to the positive control group, treated with cyclophosphamide (1 mg/mL). In the SMART, there was a mutagenic effect at all concentrations tested, with a clear dose-dependent relationship. Both recombination and mutation account for these mutagenic effects. The set of results indicate that the dry decoction of M. urundeuva leaves is genotoxic and mutagenic for D. melanogaster under the experimental conditions of this study. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:329-337, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Medicinal plants have been used in primary healthcare since the earliest days of humankind. Turnera subulata and Spondias mombin × Spondias tuberosa are widely used in the Brazilian Northeast to treat several diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of the leaf extracts of these species by the somatic mutation and recombination test in the somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster wings. The experiments were performed using standard and high-bioactivation cross and three concentrations of the test substance [aqueous extract (AET and AES) at 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg/mL and ethanolic extract (EET and EES) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAFT and EAFS) at 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/mL]. Results indicated that the extracts and fractions induced spontaneous frequencies of mutant spots in both D. melanogaster crosses. Nevertheless, the highest concentrations of the tested plant chemical agents were responsible for the statistically significant genotypic effect. T. subulata and S. mombin × S. tuberosa displayed genotoxic effect under the experimental conditions. The results from this study are crucial as they indicated the deleterious and side effects, considering the indiscriminate use of the extracts of these plants for disease treatment.

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Medicinal plants are important for supplying raw materials for the synthesis of drugs and may also betoxic. The species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, popularly known as aroeira red or pink pepper is widelyconsumed by many people. This study aimed to assess adverse effects of the essential oil from the fruits ofSchinus terebinthifolius on pregnancy, administered during the preimplantation period. We used 32 pregnantanimals divided into four groups, a control (Tween 80) and three treated oil at doses of 25mg / kg, 50mg / kgand 100mg / kg treated once daily, the first to the seventh day of pregnancy, orally. Statistically there was nodifference between the treated groups compared to pre-implant loss, but there was a statistically significantdifference with respect to the increased weight of the empty uterus, both in relative mass as absolute. It isconcluded that the rats treated with oil of mastic-red fruits showed signs of gestational toxicity.(AU)

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The aroeira red is a plant of the species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, a plant native to Brazil andused in folk medicine for several people. This work was the objective of evaluate in the development of theprogeny of rats treated with essential oil of fruits of aroeira red. Was used four groups of pregnant rats, wherethree groups were treated with the oil at doses of 25, 50 and 100mg /kg each, and one control group treated withTween 80. All groups were treated orally once a day, from the 8º day of pregnancy until day before the birth,who interrupted in parturition day and continued treatment until day weaning (± 21 days). It was observed thatthere was an increase in bilateral ankle sprain while the progenies in the two higher doses. We conclude thatfemale rats treated with OE-St in the post-implementation period, showed a possible maternal-fetal toxicit.(AU)

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Medicinal plants are important for supplying raw materials for the synthesis of drugs and may also betoxic. The species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, popularly known as aroeira red or pink pepper is widelyconsumed by many people. This study aimed to assess adverse effects of the essential oil from the fruits ofSchinus terebinthifolius on pregnancy, administered during the preimplantation period. We used 32 pregnantanimals divided into four groups, a control (Tween 80) and three treated oil at doses of 25mg / kg, 50mg / kgand 100mg / kg treated once daily, the first to the seventh day of pregnancy, orally. Statistically there was nodifference between the treated groups compared to pre-implant loss, but there was a statistically significantdifference with respect to the increased weight of the empty uterus, both in relative mass as absolute. It isconcluded that the rats treated with oil of mastic-red fruits showed signs of gestational toxicity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aroeira red is a plant of the species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, a plant native to Brazil andused in folk medicine for several people. This work was the objective of evaluate in the development of theprogeny of rats treated with essential oil of fruits of aroeira red. Was used four groups of pregnant rats, wherethree groups were treated with the oil at doses of 25, 50 and 100mg /kg each, and one control group treated withTween 80. All groups were treated orally once a day, from the 8º day of pregnancy until day before the birth,who interrupted in parturition day and continued treatment until day weaning (± 21 days). It was observed thatthere was an increase in bilateral ankle sprain while the progenies in the two higher doses. We conclude thatfemale rats treated with OE-St in the post-implementation period, showed a possible maternal-fetal toxicit.

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The present study aimed to assess the preclinical toxicity of two plants commonly used to treat "stomach ailments" in Brazil: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (S) and Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (M). In male rats, chronic treatment (83 days) with both pepper trees (17.6 and 13.8 mg/kg, S and M, respectively) has been shown to decrease hematocrit. However, a reduction in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin was only seen following administration of S. terebinthifolius. None of the plants caused anatomopathological alterations following chronic treatment, and mating ability and fertility were not affected. Both pepper trees showed moderate toxicity following acute and chronic treatment by gavage, particularly S. terebinthifolius. Moreover, bone malformations were induced in fetuses, and a slight delay in recovery time of the postural reflex was observed in pups from female animals treated (18 days) with S. terebinthifolius. Given these results, a better assessment of the risks and benefits of the internal use of these plants is necessary, especially when used by women of childbearing age.

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Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a medicinal plant known in Brazil as "aroeira da praia", which has been used in popular medicine as antipyretic, analgesic, depurative and in the treatment of diseases of the urogenital system. On the other hand, the scientific literature has reported that this plant has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity. This review addresses the main biological properties and toxicological effects of "aroeira da praia", in addition to a systematic approach of the compounds that were already found in this species, the great majority of which is present in the essential oils.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi é uma planta medicinal conhecida no Brasil como "aroeira da praia", utilizada na medicina popular como antitérmica, analgésica, depurativa e no tratamento de doenças do sistema urogenital. Por outro lado, a literatura científica relata que essa planta apresenta atividade antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, e antiulcerogênica. Essa revisão trata das principais propriedades biológicas e efeitos toxicológicos da aroeira da praia, além de uma abordagem sistemática acerca dos compostos que já foram encontrados nessa espécie, estando a maioria deles presente nos óleos essenciais.

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OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated subcutaneous tissue response to Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) extract employing edemogenic and histological analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Test groups consisted of aqueous and ethanolic Aroeira extracts and saline (control). For edema quantification, 18 rats received an intravenous injection of Evan's Blue. After 30 min, the extracts and saline were injected on the dorsum of the rats, which were then sacrificed after 3 and 6 h. Readings were performed in a spectrophotometer. For subcutaneous implantation, 30 rats received a polyethylene tube containing the extracts on their dorsum and then they were killed after 7 and 28 days. The samples were processed for histological analysis and evaluated with a light microscope. The inflammatory infiltrate was quantified. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between aqueous extract and saline groups in relation to edema quantification in the different periods (p>0.05). Ethanolic solution resulted in more edema independently of the experimental period (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed similar results on the 7-day period for the 3 groups. There was a notable reduction on inflammatory cell number for saline and aqueous extract groups at 28 days. CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract showed biocompatible properties similar to those of saline.

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OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated subcutaneous tissue response to Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) extract employing edemogenic and histological analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Test groups consisted of aqueous and ethanolic Aroeira extracts and saline (control). For edema quantification, 18 rats received an intravenous injection of Evan's Blue. After 30 min, the extracts and saline were injected on the dorsum of the rats, which were then sacrificed after 3 and 6 h. Readings were performed in a spectrophotometer. For subcutaneous implantation, 30 rats received a polyethylene tube containing the extracts on their dorsum and then they were killed after 7 and 28 days. The samples were processed for histological analysis and evaluated with a light microscope. The inflammatory infiltrate was quantified. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between aqueous extract and saline groups in relation to edema quantification in the different periods (p>0.05). Ethanolic solution resulted in more edema independently of the experimental period (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed similar results on the 7-day period for the 3 groups. There was a notable reduction on inflammatory cell number for saline and aqueous extract groups at 28 days. CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract showed biocompatible properties similar to those of saline.

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