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This study evaluated the use of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for anesthesia and in transport of Colossoma macropomum. Experiment 1, Test 1, anesthesia induction and recovery times were determined using different EOOG concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg L-1), with two size classes: Juveniles I (0.86 g) and Juveniles II (11.46 g) (independent tests in a completely randomized design). Based on the results of Test 1, in Test 2 Juveniles II were exposed to EOOG concentrations: 0, 20, 100 mg L-1. Tissue samples were collected immediately after induction and 1 h post-recovery, to assess oxidative status variables. Experiment 2, Juveniles I (0.91 g) and Juveniles II (14.76 g) were submitted to transport in water with different concentrations of EOOG (0, 5, 10 mg L-1) (independent tests in a completely randomized design). The effects on oxidative status variables were evaluated. Concentrations between 50 and 200 mg L-1 EOOG can be indicated for Juveniles I, while concentrations between 50 and 100 mg L-1 EOOG for Juveniles II. The concentration of 100 mg L-1 EOOG was able to prevent oxidative damage in the liver. In Experiment 2, the concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L-1 EOOG added to the transport water caused sedation for both studied size classes of juveniles and did not cause oscillations in water quality variables nor any mortality. The concentration of 10 mg L-1 EOOG improved the oxidative status. It can be concluded that EOOG can be used for anesthesia and transport of C. macropomum.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the activity of essential oils from Nepeta Cataria (EON) at concentrations of 125 µ L  L-1, 150 µ L  L-1, 175 µ L  L-1, and 200 µ L  L-1 on the behavior of loss of the posture reflex and recovery of the posture reflex and electrocardiographic activity and recording of the opercular beat of Colossoma macropomum during immersion bathing for a period of 5 min, in order to obtain a window for safe use during anesthesia. The fish (23.38 ± 3.5 g) were assigned to the following experiments: experiment 1 (latency to loss and recovery of the posture reflex): (a) 125 µ L  L-1, (b) 150 µ L  L-1, (c) 175 µ L  L-1, and (d) 200 µ L  L-1 (n = 9) per group. Experiment 2 (electrocardiographic and heartbeat recordings): (a) control group; (b) vehicle control group (2 ml of alcohol per liter of water), (c) 125 µ L  L-1, (d) 150 µ L  L-1, (e) 175 µ L  L-1, and (f) 200 µ L  L-1 (n = 9), per group. All the concentrations used showed efficacy in inducing loss of the posture reflex and reversibility with recovery of the posture reflex, but the electrocardiographic recordings indicated morphographic changes such as bradycardia during induction and p wave apiculation during recovery at the highest concentrations tested. In this way, we suggest a safe use window for short-term anesthesia with EON in the concentration range of 125 to 150 µ L  L-1 for juvenile Colossoma macropomum.

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This study evaluated the anesthetic and sedative effects of the essential oil of Zingiber officinale (EOZO) on juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Experiment 1 evaluated concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1 EOZO for times of induction and recovery from anesthesia. Furthermore, hematological responses and residual components of EOZO in plasma were determined immediately after anesthesia. Experiment 2 evaluated the effect of 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1 EOZO on water quality, blood variables and residual components of EOZO in plasma and tissues (muscle and liver) immediately after 2 h of transport. Survival was 100%. The three main compounds of EOZO [zingiberene (32.27%), ß-sesquiphellandrene (18.42%) and ß-bisabolene (13.93%)] were observed in animal plasma and tissues (muscle and liver) after anesthesia and transport, demonstrating a direct linear effect among the evaluated concentrations. The concentration of 200 mg L-1 EOZO promoted surgical anesthesia of pacu and prevented an increase in monocyte and neutrophil levels, yet did not alter other hematological parameters. The use of 30 mg L-1 EOZO has a sedative effect on juvenile pacu, thereby reducing oxygen consumption during transport. Furthermore, the use of 30 mg L-1 EOZO in transport water prevented an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, with minimal influences on other blood variables.

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Descorna cirúrgica em bovinos é uma prática bastante realizada na medicina veterinária, com indicação principalmente para evitar acidentes com fraturas, trabalhadores e outros animais. O objetivo do presente relato seria ressaltar o uso de analgésicos e sedativos em bovinos submetidos a este procedimento cirúrgico, compartilhar técnica cirúrgica utilizada, informações de monitoramento de sinais vitais no trans cirúrgico e recomendações pré, trans e pós-cirúrgicas, assim como possíveis complicações. Foi atendido um bovino da raça Jersey, fêmea, 1 ano de idade, pesando cerca de 222kg, submetido a descorna bilateral devido ao comportamento agressivo. Contido em tronco de contenção e tranquilizado com acepromazina, recebeu meloxicam e associação de sulfa com trimetropim. Após tricotomia e antissepsia foi realizado bloqueio perineural do ramo cornual do nervo zigomático temporal e bloqueio infiltrativo ao contorno de cada corno com lidocaína sem vasoconstritor. Com os cornos insensíveis, se deu início ao procedimento de descorna cirúrgica pela associação das técnicas de serra de gigli com o alicate do tipo Dick Kaber. Concluímos ser de extrema importância a execução da técnica cirúrgica por médico veterinário apto, realizando o procedimento de forma asséptica e com analgesia visando o bem estar do animal. No caso em questão, a associação das técnicas de serra de gigli com o alicate do tipo Dick Kaber foi parcialmente satisfatória, o animal apresentou boa margem de fechamento da sutura e sem deiscência dos pontos, porém houve dificuldades de retirada de margens ósseas pontiagudas após uso do alicate. A tranquilização associada ao bloqueio local foi efetiva para tal procedimento.(AU)

Surgical dehorning in cattle is widely performed practice in veterinary medicine, primarily indicated to prevent accidents involving workers, fights between animals, and skull fractures. This procedure involves the removal of the horns of the horns of cattle and should be performed using ethical methods by a qualified veterinarian. The objective of this case report is to highlight the use of analgesics and sedatives in cattle undergoing this surgical procedure, share the surgical technique employed, information on vital sign monitoring during the procedure, and pre-, intra-, and post-surgical recommendations, as well as potential complications. A Jersey cattle, female, 1 year old, weighing approximately 222kg, underwent bilateral dehorning due to aggressive behavior. Restrained in a cattle chute and tranquilized with acepromazine, she received meloxicam and a combination of sulfadiazine with trimethoprim. After trichotomy and antiseptic preparation, perineural blockade of cornual branch of the zygomatic temporal nerve was performed, follows by infiltrative blockade around each horn with lidocaine without vasoconstrictor. With the horns desensitized, the surgical dehorning procedure began using a combination of Gigli saw and Dick Kaber-type wire snare. In conclusion, it is of utmost importance for the surgical technique to be performed by a qualified veterinarian, ensuring aseptic procedure and correct analgesia for the well-being of the cattle. In this case, the combination of Gigli saw and Dick Kaber-type wire snare was partially satisfactory; the animal had a good suture closure margin and did not present suture dehiscence, but there were difficulties in we moving pointed bony margins after using the wire snare. Tranquilization combined with local blockade was effective for this procedure.(AU)

El descornado quirúrgico del ganado bovino es una práctica muy utilizada en medicina veterinaria, indicada principalmente para prevenir accidentes que involucren fracturas, trabajadores y otros animales. El objetivo de este informe sería resaltar el uso de analgésicos y sedantes en bovinos sometidos a este procedimiento quirúrgico, compartir la técnica quirúrgica utilizada, información sobre el monitoreo de signos vitales durante la cirugía y recomendaciones pre, trans y posquirúrgicas, así como posibles complicaciones. Se trata de una hembra bovina Jersey, de 1 año de edad, con un peso aproximado de 222 kg, siendo sometida a descornado bilateral por comportamiento agresivo. Se recibieron contenidos en un baúl de contención y tranquilizados con acepromacina, meloxicam y una combinación de sulfas y trimetopim. Mediante tricotomía y antisepsia se realizó bloqueo perineural de la rama cornual del nervio temporal cigomático y bloqueo infiltrativo en todo el contorno de cada miembro con lidocaína sin vasoconstrictor. Con cuerpos insensibles se inició el procedimiento de descornado quirúrgico, combinando técnicas de aserrado con alicates Dick Kaber. Concluimos que es de suma importancia realizar la técnica quirúrgica por un veterinario calificado, realizando el procedimiento de manera aséptica y con analgesia administrada para el bienestar del animal. En el caso que nos ocupa, la asociación de técnicas de la sierra con la pinza tipo Dick Kaber fue parcialmente satisfactoria, el animal presentó un buen margen de cierre de sutura y ninguna dehiscencia de los puntos, sin embargo, hubo dificultades para eliminar los márgenes óseos afilados después de usar alicates La tranquilidad asociada al bloqueo local fue eficaz para este procedimiento.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in Holstein steers using electric stimulation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: A total of 15 Holstein steers aged 7.3 ± 1.2 months and weighing 121 ± 25 kg. METHODS: Animals were anesthetized with sevoflurane at 8% in oxygen at 5 L minute-1 via facemask and were intubated with an orotracheal tube of a compatible size. After 15 minutes of stabilization of the initial expired concentration of sevoflurane (Fe'Sevo) at 2.6%, electrical stimulation on the thoracic limb was initiated with a sequence of 2 × 10 ms followed by 2 × 3 second electrical currents of 50 V and 50 Hz, 5 seconds apart. Following each stimulus with a negative response, the Fe'Sevo was decreased by 0.2% and a 15 minute interval was awaited before the next stimulus. The procedure was repeated until the first Fe'Sevo value with a positive motor response was obtained. The Fe'Sevo was then increased by 0.1%, followed by a new stimulus, until a negative response was obtained. The value of MAC was calculated as the arithmetic mean between the lowest Fe'Sevo associated with a negative motor response and the highest Fe'Sevo associated with a positive response. RESULTS: The mean MAC for the 15 steers was 2.0 ± 0.3%, which corresponds to 2.1 ± 0.3% at sea level. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the proposed methodology, the MAC of sevoflurane for healthy Holstein steers is 2.1 ± 0.3% at sea level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This Fe'Sevo value can be used to guide depth of anesthesia in steers weighing approximately 120 kg in clinical practice.

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Biomedical waste is a well-recognized environmental problem, yet less is known about the waste generated in the delivery of veterinary care compared to human medicine. The objective of this project was to develop and pilot a waste audit protocol for veterinary medicine that could inform waste management at a US university veterinary teaching hospital and the broader veterinary community. We conducted a multi-day review of the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital's small animal surgery and anesthesia units to measure the types and amounts of waste generated during routine surgeries. Metrics included total weight, number of bags, and individual counts for specific items of concern and items with sustainable alternatives. We calculated frequencies and percentages of waste by waste audit material category and noted any erroneous materials sorted. Despite waste being a prioritized sustainability issue in veterinary medicine, this work highlighted opportunities for better education on managing and optimizing existing resources through behavior modification. This article explores ways the 5Rs (Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Research) could be better operationalized in veterinary hospitals.

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This study evaluated the effectiveness of the essential oil of Hesperozygisringens (EOHR) for anesthesia of Colossomamacropomum by documenting hematological and blood biochemical responses after biometric handling. In Experiment 1, juveniles (14.12 ± 3.53 g) were exposed to different concentrations of EOHR: 0 (control), 75, 150, 300 and 450 µL L-1 (n=10 fish for each concentration), to determine times for induction and recovery from anesthesia, as well as its effects on ventilatory frequency (VF). Based on these results, Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of 0 (control), 75 (with induction and recovery times outside that recommended for fish anesthesia) and 150 µL L-1 EOHR (within recommended times) on hematological and biochemical variables of juveniles (20.52 ± 3.47 g) after anesthesia and after 24 h of recovery (n = 6 fish for each concentration and collection time). Survival was 100%. Induction time showed a quadratic effect of EOHR concentration. Recovery time did not differ among EOHR concentrations. Concentrations between 150 and 450 µL L-1 EOHR caused rapid induction (< 3 min) and recovery (< 5 min). EOHR concentration affected VF. The concentration of 150 µL L-1 EOHR had little influence on hematological and biochemical parameters of C. macropomum of 20 g.

Este estudo avaliou a eficiência do óleo essencial de Hesperozygis ringens (EOHR) para anestesia de Colossoma macropomum, documentando as respostas hematológicas e bioquímicas do sangue após o manuseio biométrico. No experimento 1, juvenis (14,12 ± 3,53 g) foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de EOHR: 0 (controle), 75, 150, 300 e 450 µL L-1 (n = 10 peixes para cada concentração), para determinar os tempos de indução e recuperação da anestesia, bem como seus efeitos na frequência ventilatória (VF). Com base nesses resultados, o experimento 2 avaliou os efeitos de 0 (controle), 75 (com tempos de indução e recuperação fora do recomendado para anestesia de peixes) e 150 µL L-1 EOHR (dentro dos tempos recomendados) sobre variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas de juvenis (20,52 ± 3,47 g) após a anestesia e após 24h de recuperação (n = 6 peixes para cada concentração e tempo de coleta). A sobrevivência foi de 100%. O tempo de indução mostrou efeito quadrático da concentração de EOHR. O tempo de recuperação não diferiu entre as concentrações de EOHR. Concentrações entre 150 e 450 µL L-1 EOHR causaram rápida indução (< 3 min) e recuperação (< 5 min). As concentrações de EOHR afetaram a VF. A concentração de 150 µL L-1 de EOHR teve pouca influência nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de C. macropomum de 20 g.

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O jejum pré-anestésico de cães é de suma importância, pois com ele podem ser evitados problemas antes, durante e após o procedimento cirúrgico. Como o animal encontra-se em uma posição jacente, o jejum inadequado pode ocasionar refluxo, que pode levar a uma broncoaspiração e esofagite, causando complicações pós-cirúrgicas, como: apatia, pneumonia, regurgitação, êmese, disfagia e emagrecimento. Um dos carboidratos fundamentais no jejum é a glicose, que tem como função básica o fornecimento de energia. Para que o procedimento aconteça de forma equilibrada, a mensuração da concentração de glicose é indispensável, pois a identificação de um animal hiperglicêmico ou hipoglicêmico possibilita o diagnóstico precoce de inúmeras morbidades, além de atuar diretamente na terapêutica. O ideal é que o cão esteja com os níveis glicêmicos adequados (60 a 120 mg/dL), dessa forma, evita-se a ocorrência de adversidades.(AU)

Pre-anesthetic fasting of dogs is of paramount importance, because with it it is possible the avoidance of some problems before, during and after the surgery procedure. Since the animal is in a recumbent position, inadequate fasting can cause reflux, which can lead to bronchoaspiration and esophagitis, causing post-surgical complications, such as: apathy, pneumonia, regurgitation, emesis, dysphagia and slimming. One of the fundamental carbohydrates in fasting is glucose, because its basic function is to provide energy. For the procedure to happen in a balanced way, the measurement of glucose concentration is essential, since identifying a hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic animal helps the early diagnosis of numerous morbidities, in addition to acting directly in the therapy. The ideal is that the dog has adequate glycemic levels (60 to 120 mg/dL), thus avoiding possible adversities.(AU)

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Different anesthetic agents are commonly used during procedures performed in aquaculture to minimize stress and maximize fish welfare during handling. A Kinguio fish was treated with a history of a mass near the left eye. In the clinical evaluation, a pedunculated neoformation was found in the periocular region. The fish was submitted to anesthesia for surgical removal of the mass, which was later referred to histopathological evaluation, revealing myxoma. The anesthesia protocol used 1% propofol at a concentration of 5 mg/liter of water and morphine at a dose of 5 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Immediately after the end of the procedure, the fish was returned to the aquarium and its anesthetic recovery was observed. The objective of this report is to describe a surgical procedure in kinguio fish and to determine the efficacy of propofol associated with morphine in this species. As a result, complete immobilization of the fish was obtained with propofol, reaching the fourth stage of anesthesia and the administration of morphine suggested being able to provide effective and long-lasting analgesia. It is concluded that despite the positive results obtained, anesthesia in fish still needs to be extensively investigated to refine analgesia protocols during procedures that cause pain and stress.

Diferentes agentes anestésicos são usados durante procedimentos realizados na aquicultura para minimizar o estresse e maximizar o bem-estar dos peixes durante o processo de manejo. Um peixe kinguiu foi atendido com histórico de presença de uma massa próxima ao olho esquerdo. Na avaliação clínica, constatou-se uma neoformação pedunculada na região periocular. O peixe foi submetido à anestesia para remoção cirúrgica da massa, que posteriormente foi encaminhada para avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou mixoma. Como protocolo de anestesia, utilizou-se propofol 1% diluído em água, na concentração de 5mg/litro, e morfina, na dose de 5mg/kg, na concentração de 10mg/mL, intramuscular. Imediatamente após o procedimento, o peixe foi devolvido ao aquário para observação da recuperação anestésica. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um procedimento cirúrgico em peixe kinguio e determinar a eficácia do propofol associado à morfina nessa espécie. Como resultados, obteve-se a imobilização completa do peixe com o uso do propofol, atingindo o quarto estágio da anestesia, e a administração da morfina sugeriu ser capaz de proporcionar analgesia eficaz e duradoura. Conclui-se que, apesar dos resultados positivos obtidos, a anestesia em peixes precisa ainda ser bastante investigada para refinar os protocolos de analgesia durante os procedimentos que causam dor e estresse.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult female Beagles. PROCEDURES: Dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements while anesthetized with isoflurane. Two hours after recovery, dogs received 1 of 4 IM combinations in a crossover design with 1 week between treatments: hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.005 mg/kg; HA); hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine (0.0025 mg/kg; HD); hydromorphone, acepromazine, and dexmedetomidine (HAD); and hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg/kg; HADG). Sedation was scored after 30 minutes. Physiologic variables and cardiac index were measured after sedation, after anesthetic induction with propofol, and every 15 minutes during maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane for 60 minutes (target expired concentration at 760 mm Hg, 1.3%). RESULTS: Sedation scores were not significantly different among treatments. Mean ± SD cardiac index was significantly higher for the HA (202 ± 45 mL/min/kg) and HADG (185 ± 59 mL/min/kg) treatments than for the HD (88 ± 31 mL/min/kg) and HAD (103 ± 25 mL/min/kg) treatments after sedation and through the first 15 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were noted with any treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In healthy dogs, IM administration of HADG before propofol and isoflurane anesthesia provided acceptable cardiopulmonary function with no adverse effects. This combination should be considered for routine anesthetic premedication in healthy dogs.

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