RESUMO
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, has evolved to have a wide range of hosts, including non-human primates, wild and domestic animals. The ACE2 protein has a high level of conservation and is the common receptor invertebrate species for a viral infection to occur; this receptor could give rise to anthroponotic events. This article describes the first event of symptomatic transmission in Latin America from a human to a dog by the B.1.625 lineage of SARS-CoV-2. We found 21 shared mutations in the complete genomes of viral sequences from owners and dogs. Further phylogenetic and molecular analysis showed that 100% co-localization of the clade helps to understand human-animal transmission. Prediction of the Spike protein structure of the sequenced virus and docking analyzes showed that the E484K mutation in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) could contribute to the viral affinity of dACE2. Therefore, close contact between SARS-CoV-2-infected humans and pets should be avoided to prevent the emergence of novel mutations of public health importance from anthroponotic events.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Animais Domésticos/metabolismo , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Cães , Humanos , Mutação , Pandemias , Filogenia , Ligação Proteica , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismoRESUMO
The Developmental Origins of health and Disease state that environmental conditions during pregnancy affect long term outcomes in offspring. In the present paper, effects of maternal size and breed as well as maternal nutrition on offspring size, growth and production traits are described. Although birthweight is mostly not affected, metabolic perturbations are often observed in adult offspring. In animal production, however, the relation between developmental conditions and long-term offspring outcome may remain unnoticed. Nevertheless, improving dams' health and nutrition before and during pregnancy may help improving production traits in domestic animals.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Reprodução , Transferência Embrionária/classificação , Transferência Embrionária/instrumentação , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Animais Domésticos/embriologia , Animais Domésticos/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Desenvolvimento FetalRESUMO
The Developmental Origins of health and Disease state that environmental conditions during pregnancy affect long term outcomes in offspring. In the present paper, effects of maternal size and breed as well as maternal nutrition on offspring size, growth and production traits are described. Although birthweight is mostly not affected, metabolic perturbations are often observed in adult offspring. In animal production, however, the relation between developmental conditions and long-term offspring outcome may remain unnoticed. Nevertheless, improving dams' health and nutrition before and during pregnancy may help improving production traits in domestic animals.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Animais Domésticos/embriologia , Animais Domésticos/metabolismo , Reprodução , Transferência Embrionária/classificação , Transferência Embrionária/instrumentação , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição AnimalRESUMO
In a plant-herbivore system, a management strategy called threshold policy is proposed to control grazing intensity where the vegetation dynamics is described by a plant-water interaction model. It is shown that this policy can lead the vegetation density to a previously chosen level under an overgrazing regime. This result is obtained despite both the potential occurrence of vegetation collapse due to overgrazing and the possibility of complex dynamics sensitive to vegetation initial densities and parameter uncertainties.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/metabolismo , Cadeia Alimentar , Modelos Biológicos , Plantas/metabolismo , Água/metabolismo , Algoritmos , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Animais Domésticos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
Grazing systems in harsh environments are common throughout the world, and animal production is the mainstay of the livelihoods of many resource-poor farmers. The energy cost of the various activities involved in the process of harvesting the pasture to transform it into animal product can be estimated through an energy balance. This cost would be the difference between the metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and the energy expenditures for maintenance (MEm), temperature regulation (MEtr), and the energy for production (MEp). Each of the ME has its own net energy (NE) and its associated efficiency (K). When MEI>MEm+MEtr+MEp, the difference is attributable to the energy dissipated during grazing. The efficiency of converting the energy consumed into animal products depends on the magnitude of the dissipation. The inefficiency is associated with the energy spent in locomotion and the stress produced when there is low availability of energy in the pasture. This paper presents a method to quantify the dissipation of energy by grazing animals by considering it as a function of available energy. Such an understanding is required in order to develop management strategies to increase conversion efficiency.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Meio Ambiente , Estresse Fisiológico/metabolismo , Ração Animal , Animais , Ingestão de Alimentos , Modelos Biológicos , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The important physiological properties described for marine oils rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have give rise to increasing efforts to develop procedures for obtaining, preserve and concentrate these oils aiming its nutritional and pharmacological use. The fish meal industry provides high quantities of fish oil, however this oil being not suitable for human consumption must be subjected to different refining procedures to allow its use for feeding purposes. This review describes the current research about the employment of different procedures to incorporate n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to our feeding. The feasibility for the application of chemical methods and stereospecific enzyme-transesterification procedures for obtaining oil concentrates, and the use of natural substances for stabilizing the oil against oxidation are discussed. The possibility that some birds such as the chicken, feeding a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as a healthy, safe and suitable vehicle to provide these fatty acid for human nutrition is also discussed.