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BACKGROUND: Quantitative (hyposmia and anosmia) and qualitative (phantosmia and parosmia) olfactory disorders are common consequences of COVID-19 infection found in more than 38% of patients even months after resolution of acute disease. SARS-CoV-2 has tropism for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the respiratory system, suggesting that it is the mechanism of damage to the olfactory neuroepithelium and of involvement at the central nervous system. The olfactory bulb is the organ with the highest insulin uptake in the central nervous system. Insulin increases the production of Growth Factors (GF); therefore, in this study, the administration of intranasal insulin is proposed as a viable treatment for olfactory disturbances. The aim of this study was to obtain improvement in olfaction after 4 weeks of intranasal insulin administration in a group of patients presenting chronic olfactory disturbances secondary to COVID-19 infection, quantified using the Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification (TDI) score based on the Sniffin Sticks®. METHODS: Experimental, longitudinal, prolective and prospective study of patients with a previous diagnosis of COVID-19 in the last 3-18 months and who persisted with anosmia or hyposmia. The sample size was calculated with "satulator". The intervention was performed from January to May 2022. Throughout four appointments, a baseline olfactory measurement was obtained using the TDI score based on the Sniffin Sticks® test. In the first three appointments, Gelfoam® cottonoids soaked in 40 IU of NPH insulin were placed on the nasal roof of each nostril for 15 min. Descriptive statistics, student's paired t test and a multiple linear regression were utilized to ascertain statistical significance of the outcome on the TDI score obtained on the fourth and final appointment. RESULTS: 27 patients were included in the study. Table 1 summarizes the sample characteristics. The results exhibit that 93% of the sample had an improvement. The initial mean TDI score was 67% (63-71) compared to the final mean of 83% (80-86, p < 0.01). TDI subsection analysis is shown in Table 2. There was no significant difference in pre-intervention and post-intervention glucose measurements after the intranasal insulin administration. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of intranasal insulin has promising results, pointing towards an alternative of treatment for chronic olfactory disturbances secondary to neuroepithelial damage caused by upper respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, this is the first study to use a three-point assessment of olfaction in post-COVID-19 patients, while using the Sniffin Sticks® TDI score adapted to Latin Spanish.

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A infecção humana causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), diagnosticada como pneumonia de causa desconhecida originalmente na cidade de Wuhan (China), foi considerada como pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Com a inexistência inicial de uma vacina para proteção dos sadios, foi adotada a estratégia de isolamento social e tratamento com medidas de suporte geral e/ou avançado. Neste contexto, coube investigar a contribuição da terapêutica homeopática no enfrentamento da doença, notadamente no alívio dos sintomas desconfortáveis por ela provocados em sua fase inicial, com acompanhamento e registro dos resultados obtidos pelos médicos homeopatas. MÉTODO: Este estudo coletou, durante o período de maio a setembro de 2020 (após aprovação pelo CEP), informações de pacientes diagnosticados com a doença, tratados por médicos homeopatas com medicamentos homeopáticos escolhidos de acordo com a sintomatologia apresentada pelo paciente. Foram avaliados os efeitos no estado de saúde do paciente, por meio de escores e escalas clínicas, bem como aspectos relacionados à segurança do medicamento, variação na duração da doença e medicamentos mais associados a eventuais sucessos terapêuticos. Questionário padronizado e específico para a COVID-19 foi elaborado e e aplicado para preenchimento dos médicos colaboradores do estudo durante o acompanhamento dos pacientes. Os dados foram armazenados em planilhas eletrônicas e analisados com técnicas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Os pacientes selecionados eram colaboradores do Hospital Santo Antônio - Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce (OSID) e foram submetidos a uma avaliação preliminar presencial no ambulatório de Otorrinolaringologia deste hospital. As consultas homeopáticas foram realizadas por plataforma de Telemedicina para seguimento e acompanhamento do caso. Foram avaliados 116 colaboradores, com faixa etária que variou entre 21 e 66 anos, sendo a média de idade 38 anos; destes, 84 (72%) eram do gênero feminino e 32 (16%) gênero masculino; 53 pacientes (70% dos colaboradores atendidos) eram profissionais da saúde (médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem); 63 (30%) eram colaboradores de áreas administrativas ou técnicas; 50 pacientes tinham critérios para inclusão no grupo de risco (43%). Quanto ao resultado do RT-PCR: 58 pacientes (50%) tiveram RT-PCR detectado (confirmados); 58 pacientes (50%) tiveram RT-PCR não-detectado - destes, 18 pacientes (31%) apresentaram anosmia em sua evolução. Dos 116 pacientes do critério de inclusão, 77 estavam incluídos na síndrome clássica da COVID19. Destes 77 colaboradores, 3 não usaram o medicamento homeopático (N=74). Os medicamentos homeopáticos mais indicados foram: Arsenicum album (42%); Bryonia (24%), Phosphorus (15%); Gelsemium (15%); Pulsatilla (2%); outros (4%). O Score médio de sintomas antes do tratamento foi 12,27 e após o tratamento foi 0,52 (p < xxxxx). Dos 57 pacientes que tiveram anosmia, houve recuperação total em 43 (75%) dos casos no momento da reavaliação. O tempo médio decorrido entre o uso da medicação homeopática e a recuperação dos sintomas foi de 9 dias. Apenas 3 pacientes (3,9%) necessitaram de internamento hospitalar sem necessidade de intubação, sendo 2 deles pertencentes ao grupo de risco. apesar destes resultados serem parciais (pois ainda existem sujeitos da pesquisa ainda em fase de avaliação), os resultados sugerem que o tratamento homeopático promoveu o restabelecimento do quadro infeccioso sem necessidade de internamento em 97% dos pacientes. A anosmia teve recuperação completa em 75% dos pacientes. Arsenicum album, Bryonia e Phosphorus foram os medicamentos predominantemente eleitos para o tratamento, o que corrobora com outros estudos homeopáticos.

The human infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19), originally diagnosed as pneumonia of unknown cause in the city of Wuhan (China), was considered a pandemic by the World Health Organization. With the initial lack of a vaccine to protect healthy people, the strategy relating to social isolation and treatment with general and/or advanced support measures was adopted. In this context, it was necessary to investigate the contribution of homeopathic therapy in coping with the disease, particularly in terms of relieving the uncomfortable symptoms caused by it in its initial phase, with monitoring and recording of the results obtained by homeopathic physicians. METHOD: This study collected information from patients diagnosed with the disease, treated by homeopathic physicians with homeopathic medications chosen according to the symptoms manifested by the patient, from May to September 2020 (after approval by the REC). The effects on the health conditions of patients were assessed using clinical scores and scales, as well as aspects related to the safety of the medication, variations in the duration of the disease and the medications most associated with any therapeutic successes. A standardized questionnaire specific to COVID-19 was drawn up and filled in by the physicians who collaborated in the study during patient monitoring. The data was stored in electronic spreadsheets and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The selected patients were employees of Hospital Santo Antônio - Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce (OSID) and underwent a preliminary in-person assessment at the otolaryngology outpatient clinic of this hospital. The homeopathic consultations were carried out via a telemedicine platform to follow-up and monitor the case. A total of 116 employees were assessed, ranging in age from 21 to 66, with the average age being 38; of these, 84 (72%) were females and 32 (16%) males; 53 patients (70% of the employees cared for) were health care professionals (physicians, nurses and nursing technicians); 63 (30%) were employees from administrative or technical areas; 50 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the risk group (43%). As for the RT-PCR result: 58 patients (50%) had RT-PCR detected (confirmed); 58 patients (50%) had RT-PCR not detected - of these, 18 patients (31%) had anosmia during their evolution. Of the 116 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 77 were included in the classic COVID-19 syndrome. Of these 77 collaborators, 3 did not use homeopathic medication (N=74). The most indicated homeopathic medications were: Arsenicum album (42%); Bryonia (24%), Phosphorus (15%); Gelsemium (15%); Pulsatilla (2%); others (4%). The average symptom score before treatment was 12.27 and after treatment was 0.52 (p < xxxxx). Of the 57 patients who had anosmia, there was full recovery in 43 (75%) of the cases at the time of reassessment. The average time elapsed between the use of homeopathic medication and the recovery of symptoms was 9 days. Only 3 patients (3.9%) required hospitalization without the need for intubation, 2 of whom belonged to the risk group. Although these results are partial (as there are still research subjects in the evaluation phase), the results suggest that homeopathic treatment promoted the re-establishment of the infectious condition without the need for hospitalization in 97% of the patients. Anosmia recovered completely in 75% of the patients. Arsenicum album, Bryonia and Phosphorus were the drugs predominantly chosen for treatment, which corroborates other homeopathic studies.

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El síndrome de fatiga crónica es una enfermedad caracterizada, principalmente, por la manifestación de la fatiga, el dolor muscular difuso, y alteraciones en el sueño, en un periodo de no menos de 6 meses y que no son explicables por alguna causa. Es llamativo que, luego de un periodo de tiempo de padecer la COVID-19, los pacientes presenten síntomas similares a los hallados en el síndrome de fatiga crónica. A esta afección se la denomino síndrome pos-COVID. Los virus son los principales sospechosos en la aparición de ambos síndromes, estos podrían ocasionar la generación de daño mitocondrial, una neuroinflamación, alteración en el sistema glinfático o la disfunción en el eje hipotálamo-pituitario-adrenal entre otros. Dichos mecanismos serían los implicados en la aparición de los síntomas que padecen los pacientes con estos síndromes. El objetivo de esta revisión literaria es analizar y describir los posibles mecanismos que explicarían la manifestación de los síntomas del síndrome de fatiga crónica en los pacientes que hayan sufrido la COVID-19. Hasta el momento no existen tratamientos totalmente efectivos para erradicar los síntomas en ambos síndromes. Dado el abanico de síntomas que padecen estos pacientes, el enfoque terapéutico debe ser interdisciplinario para tratar de mejorar su calidad de vida.

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