RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Specific and thorough identification of cancer cell subsets with higher tumorigenicity and chemoresistance, such as cancer stem cells (CSCs), could lead to the development of new and promising therapeutic targets. For better CSC identification, a complete or extended surface marker phenotype is needed to provide increased specificity for new cell targeting approaches. Our goal is to identify and characterize a putative extended phenotype for CSCs derived from patients with GC before treatment, as well as to evaluate its clinical value. In addition, we aim to ensure that cells with this phenotype have stemness and self-renewal capabilities. METHODS: This is a cohort study including 127 treatment-naïve patients with GC who attended the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Multiparametric flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine the extended phenotype of cells derived from gastric biopsies. The tumorigenic capability of cells identified in patients was assessed in a zebrafish model. RESULTS: CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells were present in all treatment-naïve patients included, with a median abundance of 1.16% (0.57-1.89%). The percentage of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells was categorized as high or low using 1.19% as the cutoff for the CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cell subset. Additionally, a higher TNM stage correlated with a higher percentage of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells (Rho coefficient 0.369; p < 0.0001). We also demonstrated that a higher percentage of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells was positively associated with metastasis. The metastatic potential of these cells was confirmed in a zebrafish model. Ultimately, under our conditions, we conclude that CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells are true gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs). CONCLUSION: The CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells present in tissue samples from patients are true GCSCs. This extended phenotype results in better and more specific characterization of these highly tumorigenic cells. The relative quantification of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells has potential clinical value, as these cells are associated with metastatic disease, making their presence an additional prognostic marker and possibly a target for the design of new antineoplastic treatments in the era of precision oncology. Overall, the extended CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ phenotype of GCSCs could support their isolation for the study of their stemness mechanisms, leading to the identification of better molecular targets for the development of both new therapeutic approaches such as oncoimmunotherapy and new diagnostic and clinical prognostic strategies for GC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Gástricas , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Antígeno CD24/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial/genética , Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial/metabolismo , Receptores de Hialuronatos/genética , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Medicina de Precisão , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular , HumanosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Penile cancer has a high incidence in developing countries. The standard treatment is removal of the primary tumor and, when necessary, inguinal lymphadenectomy. Currently, the most important prognostic factor is lymph node disease, however, the available staging methods are inaccurate, and the high morbidity rate of lymphadenectomy has stimulated the study of predictive biomarkers of lymph node metastasis for selecting the patients who need lymphadenectomy. SOX2, STAT3 and CD44high/CD24low were chosen because they have provided good predictive results in other squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although there are no studies for penile cancer. Thus, the expression of SOX2, STAT3, CD24+, and CD44+ in the penile cancer tumor microenvironment was investigated for correlation with tumor behavior in SCC. METHODS: This observational, prospective, translational study included 34 men and investigated the expression of SOX2, STAT3, CD24+, and CD44+ in tumor tissue by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The median age of the 38 evaluated patients with penile cancer was 61 (37-80) years. Most patients presented a tumor located on the glans penis (82.3%), with the usual histological type (79.4%) and 61.7% of patients presented stage pT2. No metastasis was found in 85.3% of patients. The expression of SOX2, STAT3 and CD44high/CD24low in the microenvironment of penile SCC treated with lymphadenectomy was significantly associated with aggressive tumor behavior (p < 0.05). STAT3 expression shows discrepant points when evaluated in context of angiolymphatic vascular invasion. CONCLUSION: SOX2, STAT3 and CD44high/CD24low in penile SCC can be indicators of prognosis, allowing for selection of more aggressive treatment when necessary.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Penianas , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Prognóstico , Neoplasias Penianas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Penianas/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Antígeno CD24 , Microambiente Tumoral , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/metabolismoRESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: Existe información periodística respecto a un nuevo tratamiento contra COVID-19 denominado EXO-CD24, que habría sido administrado en Israel a 30 participantes con COVID-19 moderado o severo, con una recuperación de 29 de ellos(1). El presente informe se realiza a solicitud de la Jefatura del INS, a fin de identificar si existen publicaciones científicas referentes a EXO-CD24. RESULTADOS: Los exosomas constituyen un tipo de vesícula extracelular que se origina a partir del sistema endosomal y tiene una estructura de membrana de bicapa lipídica. Su tamaño varía entre 30 y 150 nm de diámetro. Se le reconoce como un mecanismo de comunicación intercelular, transportando moléculas bioactivas como proteínas, lípidos, ARN, e incluso fragmentos de ADN entre células. Según sus diferentes orígenes celulares, los exosomas desempeñan funciones distintas en los procesos fisiológicos normales, como la respuesta inmune, la proliferación celular, la inflamación, el metabolismo y la función neuronal y en diferentes etapas de las enfermedades, incluido el cáncer. Se está investigando su potencial uso diagnóstico (biomarcadores) y como un sistema de administración terapéutica dadas las siguientes ventajas: 1) se consideran más seguros que la terapia celular porque son biocompatibles, no inmunogénicos y carecen del potencial de formación de tumores endógenos y émbolos. 2) Son fisiológicamente más estables que las células, porque sus proteínas de adhesión a múltiples membranas permiten una unión eficiente en los tejidos diana. 3) Gracias a su membrana resistente, los exosomas mantienen su integridad durante los procedimientos de congelación y descongelación, haciendo posible el almacenamiento a largo plazo sin degradación biológica. 4) Podrían modificarse potencialmente con varios tipos de cargas, incluido mRNA, microRNA y proteínas, adaptados al proceso de la enfermedad de interés(2,3). El EXO-CD24 es un producto de investigación biológico basado en exosomas portadores de CD24 que se está investigando como tratamiento de COVID-19. El fundamento de este tratamiento es que los exosomas que sobre expresan CD24, aislados y purificados a partir de células T-REx-293 diseñadas para expresar CD24 en niveles altos, pueden suprimir la tormenta de citocinas, ya que el CD24 ejerce control negativo de la proliferación homeostática de las células T. Este producto es desarrollado por Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center(4). Estudios publicados: No se identificó ningún estudio publicado concerniente a EXO-CD24, al efectuar la búsqueda a través de la Plataforma Living Overview of the Evidence (L·OVE)1 de la Fundación Epistemonikos, con fecha 22 de febrero de 2021. CONCLUSIONES: EXO-CD24 es un producto de investigación biológico, basado en exosomas portadores de CD24, que se está investigando como tratamiento para COVID-19 moderado/severo en un ensayo clínico fase 1 en Israel, cuyo objetivo principal es evaluar su seguridad. No se identificó ninguna publicación científica respecto EXO-CD24. Por consiguiente, los resultados del referido ensayo clínico de fase 1 aún no han sido publicados ni registrados en ClinicalTrials.gov hasta la fecha.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antígeno CD24/uso terapêutico , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19/tratamento farmacológico , Eficácia , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by almost all cell types in vivo or in vitro. Among them, exosomes are small nanovesicles with a lipid bilayer, proteins and RNAs actively involved in cellular communication, suggesting that they may be used both as biomarkers and for therapeutic purposes in diseases such as cancer. Moreover, the idea of using them as drug delivery vehicle arises as a promising field of study. Here, we reviewed recent findings showing the importance of EVs, with special focus in exosomes as biomarkers including the most relevant proteins found in different cancer types and it is discussed the FDA approved tests which use exosomes in clinical practice. Finally, we present an overview of the different chimeric EVs developed in the last few years, demonstrating that they can be conjugate to nanoparticles, biomolecules, cancer drugs, etc., and can be developed for a specific cancer treatment. Additionally, we summarized the clinical trials where EVs are used in the treatment of several cancer types aiming to improve the prognosis of these deadly diseases.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Exossomos/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antígeno CD24/administração & dosagem , Comunicação Celular , Humanos , Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos por Nanopartículas , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of mortality. Recent studies suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can survive after chemotherapy and promote tumor invasiveness and aggression. According to a higher hierarchy complexity of CSC, different protocols for isolation, expansion, and characterization have been used; however, there are no available resistance biomarkers that allow predicting the clinical response of treatment 5fluorouracil (5FU) and oxaliplatin. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of gene resistance on tumors and CSCderived isolates from patients CRC. In the present study, adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum (CRAC) were classified based on an in vitro adenosine triphosphatebased chemotherapy response assay, as sensitive and resistant and the percentage of CD24 and CD44 markers are evaluated by immunohistochemistry. To isolate resistant colonCSC, adenocarcinoma tissues resistant to 5FU and oxaliplatin were evaluated. Finally, all samples were sequenced using a custom assay with chemoresistanceassociated genes to find a candidate gene on resistance colonCSC. Results showed that 59% of the CRC tissue analyzed was resistant and had a higher percentage of CD44 and CD24 markers. An association was found in the expression of some genes between the tumorresistant tissue and CSC. Overall, isolates of the CSC population CD44+ resistant to 5FU and oxaliplatin demonstrated different expression profiles; however, the present study was able to identify overexpression of the KRT18 gene, in most of the isolates. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed overexpression of KRT18 in CD44+ cells is associated with chemoresistance to 5FU and oxaliplatin in CRAC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Antígeno CD24 , Feminino , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxaliplatina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The capacity of tumor cells to shift dynamically between different states could be responsible for chemoresistance and has been commonly linked to the acquisition of stem cell properties. Here, we have evaluated the phenotype switching associated with drug resistance in breast cancer cell lines and cell lineage obtained from Brazilian patients. We have highlighted the role of the cancer stem cell marker CD24 in the dynamics of cell plasticity and the acquirement of drug resistance. We showed that the translocation of CD24 from cytosol to cell membrane is a triggering event for the phenotype change of breast tumor cells exposed to drug stress. Here, we provide evidence that the phenotype switching is due to the presence of a cytosolic pool of CD24. Importantly, the cellular localization of CD24 was correlated with the changes in the dynamics of p38 MAPK activation. A strong and continuous phosphorylation of the p38 MAPK led to the overexpression of Bcl-2 after treatment in persistent cells presenting high density of CD24 on cell membrane. This phenotype enabled the cells to enter in slow-down of cell cycle, after which several weeks later, the dormant cells proliferated again. Importantly, the use of a p38 activity inhibitor sensitized cells to drug treatment and avoided chemoresistance.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Antígeno CD24/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Citosol/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Even though exosome-based therapy has been shown to be able to control the progression of different pathologies, the data revealed by pharmacokinetic studies warn of the low residence time of exogenous exosomes in circulation that can hinder the clinical translation of therapeutic exosomes. The macrophages related to the organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system are responsible primarily for the rapid clearance and retention of exosomes, which strongly limits the amount of exosomal particles available to reach the target tissue, accumulate in it and release with high efficiency its therapeutic cargo in acceptor target cells to exert the desired biological effect. Aim of review: Endowing exosomes with surface modifications to evade the immune system is a plausible strategy to contribute to the suppression of exosomal clearance and increase the efficiency of their targeted content delivery. Here, we summarize the current evidence about the mechanisms underlying the recognition and sequestration of therapeutic exosomes by phagocytic cells. Also, we propose different strategies to generate 'invisible' exosomes for the immune system, through the incorporation of different anti-phagocytic molecules on the exosomes' surface that allow increasing the circulating half-life of therapeutic exosomes with the purpose to increase their bioavailability to reach the target tissue, transfer their therapeutic molecular cargo and improve their efficacy profile. Key scientific concepts of review: Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis are the main responsible behind the short half-life in circulation of systemically injected exosomes, hindering their therapeutic effect. Exosomes 'Camouflage Cloak' strategy using antiphagocytic molecules can contribute to the inhibition of exosomal clearance, hence, increasing the on-target effect. Some candidate molecules that could exert an antiphagocytic role are CD47, CD24, CD44, CD31, ß2M, PD-L1, App1, and DHMEQ. Pre- and post-isolation methods for exosome engineering are compatible with the loading of therapeutic cargo and the expression of antiphagocytic surface molecules.
Assuntos
Mimetismo Biológico , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Exossomos/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Antígeno CD24/metabolismo , Antígeno CD47/metabolismo , Exossomos/imunologia , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Sistema Imunitário , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Sistema Fagocitário Mononuclear/metabolismo , Fagócitos/imunologia , Fagócitos/metabolismoRESUMO
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) are major components of the glycocalyx. The secreted GAG and CD44 ligand hyaluronic acid (HA), and the cell surface PG syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) modulate the expression and activity of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules, acting as critical regulators of tumor cell behavior. Here, we studied the effect of Sdc-1 siRNA depletion and HA treatment on hallmark processes of cancer in breast cancer cell lines of different levels of aggressiveness. We analyzed HA synthesis, and parameters relevant to tumor progression, including the stem cell phenotype, Wnt signaling constituents, cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and angiogenic markers in luminal MCF-7 and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Sdc-1 knockdown enhanced HAS-2 synthesis and HA binding in MCF-7, but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Sdc-1-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells showed a reduced CD24-/CD44+ population. Furthermore, Sdc-1 depletion was associated with survival signals in both cell lines, affecting cell cycle progression and apoptosis evasion. These changes were linked to the altered expression of KLF4, MSI2, and miR-10b and differential changes in Erk, Akt, and PTEN signaling. We conclude that Sdc-1 knockdown differentially affects HA metabolism in luminal and triple-negative breast cancer model cell lines and impacts the stem phenotype, cell survival, and angiogenic factors.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glicocálix/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurônico/metabolismo , Sindecana-1/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Via de Sinalização Wnt/genética , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/genética , Antígeno CD24/genética , Antígeno CD24/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Glicocálix/química , Glicocálix/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/genética , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Hialuronan Sintases/genética , Hialuronan Sintases/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Fator 4 Semelhante a Kruppel , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/genética , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/genética , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Análise de Sobrevida , Sindecana-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Sindecana-1/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/mortalidade , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is multistage with heterogeneous outcomes. We studied the influence of insulin resistance (IR) on the hepatic transcriptome of early NAFLD stages, to understand disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, possible clinicopathological risk factors were compared between mild-NAFL (Nâ¯=â¯72) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; Nâ¯=â¯51) patients. Liver tissue-transcriptome difference was studied between a subset of 25 mild-NAFL and 20 NASH biopsies and validated on another subset of 12 mild-NAFL and 13 NASH biopsies, using RT-PCR. The relationship between IR driven gene expression changes with fibrosis in NASH was investigated. RESULTS: Significantly higher weight (pâ¯=â¯0.005) and elevated levels of HbA1c (pâ¯=â¯0.009), FBG (pâ¯=â¯0.03) and HOMA-IR (pâ¯=â¯0.009) were found in NASH patients. Five differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold changeâ¯>â¯1.5) were identified in NASH-FABP4, FABP5L2, CD24, PRAP1, and SPP1. The DEGs were positively associated with disease severity and HOMA-IR, and were found to be efficient classifiers of mild-NAFL and NASH. Additional 1218 genes identified related to IR (IrCGs), which can classify NASH-with-fibrosis patients separately from mild-NAFL and NASH patients. IrCGs can promote intra-hepatic fat accumulation, dysregulation of the lipid metabolism, lipotoxicity, and activation of cell survival pathways including activation of cell proliferation and differentiation pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic expression of genes associated with insulin resistance may drive NAFLD development and progression.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Cirrose Hepática/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/genética , Transcriptoma , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Antígeno CD24/genética , Antígeno CD24/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Progressão da Doença , Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/metabolismo , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Osteopontina/genética , Osteopontina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Gravidez/genética , Proteínas da Gravidez/metabolismo , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
The cancer cell population is heterogeneous, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are important for tumor growth and maintenance. The CSC population is associated with different neoplastic characteristics, such as cell migration, resistance to apoptosis, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. To increase the knowledge of CSCs in canine prostate cancer (PC), we characterized CSC markers in canine PC tissues and tumorspheres. We performed immunohistochemistry of OCT3/4, Nestin, NANOG, CD44 and CD24 in 10 normal canine prostatic tissue samples, 10 prostatic hyperplastic (PH) tissue samples and 28 PC tissue samples. Then, we established two canine prostate cancer cell cultures and characterized the CSC profile of tumorspheres grown from these cultures. Normal and PH tissues were positive for Nestin, NANOG, CD44 and CD24 only in the basal cell layer. OCT3/4 was expressed in the luminal cells of normal and PH tissues. There was no significant difference in Nestin expression among the prostatic tissues. However, we found higher expression of NANOG and CD44 in canine PC tissues than that in normal and PH tissues. Tumorspheres from canine prostate cancer cells express OCT3/4, Nestin, NANOG and CD44, indicating that these markers may be potential cancer stem cell markers in canine PC. The results obtained can be useful to better characterize the stem cell population in canine prostatic cancer and to guide future studies in comparative oncology.