RESUMO
Ozonioterapia é uma técnica de tratamento de diversas doenças locais e sistêmicas por meio da administração de uma mistura oxigênio-ozônio. O gás pode ser aplicado diretamente no corpo do paciente ou ainda ser diluído em soro ou sangue, a chamada auto-hemoterapia ozonizada. Seus efeitos são mediados por mecanismos de oxidação direta ou indireta de células ou patógenos. Dentre os efeitos de oxidação direta, destaca-se a microporação na superficie de microorganismos incapazes de se protegerem por antioxidantes, resultando em destruição fisica de suas membranas e/ou paredes celulares, o conhecido efeito antisséptico ou desinfetante da ozonioterapia local, tópica ou cavitaria. Ao entrar em contato com sangue ou outros fluidos biológicos, o gás ozônio imediatamente se combina com a água resultando em radicais livres e oxida lipídeos, formando os lipoperóxidos. Os radicais livres e lipoperóxidos passam a ser os mediadores dos efeitos do ozônio em diversas células, como as hemácias, leucócitos, plaquetas, fibroblastos, entre outras. Como resultado, obtém-se os efeitos de melhora de perfusão e oxigenação tecidual, modulação da inflamação, analgesia, cicatrização e produção de antioxidantes enzimáticos. Porém, o planejamento terapêutico deve compreender a escolha das vias adequadas de tratamento, concentrações, doses de aplicações sistêmicas e frequência de aplicação para que os resultados sejam maximizados. Além disso, o profissional deve estar corretamente capacitado e conhecer todas as limitações e efeitos adversos possíveis da técnica.
Ozone therapy is a technique for treating various local and systemic diseases by administering an oxygen-ozone mixture. The gas can be applied directly to the patient's body or diluted in serum or blood, the so-called ozone auto-hemotherapy. Its effects are mediated by mechanisms of direct or indirect oxidation of cells or pathogens. Among the direct oxidation effects is microporation on the surface of microorganisms that are unable to be protected by antioxidants, resulting in physical destruction of their membranes and/or cell walls, the well-known antiseptic or disinfectant effect of local, topical or cavitating ozone therapy. When in contact with blood or other biological fluids, ozone gas immediately combines with water resulting in free radicals and oxidizes lipids, forming lipoperoxides. The free radicals and lipoperoxides become the mediators of ozone effects on various cells, such as red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, and others. As a result, we obtain the effects of improved tissue perfusion and oxygenation, modulation of inflammation, analgesia, healing, and production of enzymatic antioxidants. However, the therapeutic planning must include the choice of adequate treatment routes, concentrations, doses of systemic applications, and frequency of application so that the results are maximized. In addition, the professional must be properly trained and know all the possible limitations and adverse effects of the technique.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Ozônio/administração & dosagem , Ruminantes , Ozonioterapia , Cavalos , Boas Práticas de Manipulação , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Antioxidantes/análiseRESUMO
The effectiveness of antisepsis of surgical sites in 20 animals (canine species) was compared and subdivided into two groups, using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate associated with alcohol (group 1) and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate (group 2). The samples were collected through skin swab after trichotomy (T1), after definitive antisepsis (T2) and one hour after the use of antiseptic (T3), and then submitted to the count of colony forming units (CFU). In both groups, bacterial growth occurred in T1; in T2, the reduction of CFUs was significant for both groups (G1 and G2); however, if we consider absolute values, we can see in T1 a greater amount of CFUs in G2, and when evaluating the results of T2, we can see values which are very similar between G1 and G2, which may suggest greater efficiency of G2 in initial times after antisepsis. In T3, the reduction of CFUs was more effective for G1, suggesting a greater residual effect when compared to G2. Both antiseptic protocols were effective as they significantly reduced the number of skin bacteria, both in T2 and T3.(AU)
A eficácia da antissepsia dos sítios cirúrgicos em 20 animais (espécie canina) foi comparada e subdividida em dois grupos, utilizando gluconato de clorexidina 4% associado ao álcool (grupo 1) e gluconato de clorexidina 0,5% (grupo 2). As amostras foram coletadas por meio de swab cutâneo após tricotomia (T1), após antissepsia definitiva (T2) e uma hora após o uso de antisséptico (T3), sendo então submetidas à contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Em ambos os grupos, o crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em T1; em T2, a redução das UFCs foi significativa para ambos os grupos (G1 e G2); porém, se considerarmos os valores absolutos, podemos observar em T1 uma maior quantidade de UFCs no G2, e ao avaliar os resultados de T2, podemos observar valores que são muito semelhantes entre G1 e G2, o que pode sugerir maior efi-ciência de G2 em tempos iniciais após a antissepsia. No T3, a redução das UFCs foi mais efetiva para o G1, sugerindo maior efeito residual quando comparado ao G2. Ambos os protocolos antissépticos foram eficazes, pois reduziram significativamente o número de bactérias cutâneas, tanto em T2 quanto em T3.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cães/cirurgiaRESUMO
The effectiveness of antisepsis of surgical sites in 20 animals (canine species) was compared and subdivided into two groups, using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate associated with alcohol (group 1) and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate (group 2). The samples were collected through skin swab after trichotomy (T1), after definitive antisepsis (T2) and one hour after the use of antiseptic (T3), and then submitted to the count of colony forming units (CFU). In both groups, bacterial growth occurred in T1; in T2, the reduction of CFUs was significant for both groups (G1 and G2); however, if we consider absolute values, we can see in T1 a greater amount of CFUs in G2, and when evaluating the results of T2, we can see values which are very similar between G1 and G2, which may suggest greater efficiency of G2 in initial times after antisepsis. In T3, the reduction of CFUs was more effective for G1, suggesting a greater residual effect when compared to G2. Both antiseptic protocols were effective as they significantly reduced the number of skin bacteria, both in T2 and T3.
A eficácia da antissepsia dos sítios cirúrgicos em 20 animais (espécie canina) foi comparada e subdividida em dois grupos, utilizando gluconato de clorexidina 4% associado ao álcool (grupo 1) e gluconato de clorexidina 0,5% (grupo 2). As amostras foram coletadas por meio de swab cutâneo após tricotomia (T1), após antissepsia definitiva (T2) e uma hora após o uso de antisséptico (T3), sendo então submetidas à contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Em ambos os grupos, o crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em T1; em T2, a redução das UFCs foi significativa para ambos os grupos (G1 e G2); porém, se considerarmos os valores absolutos, podemos observar em T1 uma maior quantidade de UFCs no G2, e ao avaliar os resultados de T2, podemos observar valores que são muito semelhantes entre G1 e G2, o que pode sugerir maior efi-ciência de G2 em tempos iniciais após a antissepsia. No T3, a redução das UFCs foi mais efetiva para o G1, sugerindo maior efeito residual quando comparado ao G2. Ambos os protocolos antissépticos foram eficazes, pois reduziram significativamente o número de bactérias cutâneas, tanto em T2 quanto em T3.
Assuntos
Animais , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Gluconatos/administração & dosagem , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Cães/cirurgiaRESUMO
This manuscript reports a 3-year study on occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and triclosan in surface waters of a central urban region of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil (the Monjolinho River in São Carlos). Water samples collected once at every 2 months were pre-concentrated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The most frequently detected compounds in higher concentrations were caffeine, paracetamol, and atenolol (maximum concentrations 129,585, 30,421, and 8199 ng L(-1), respectively), while hormones estrone and 17-ß-estradiol were the least detected, in levels up to 14.8 ng L(-1). There was an increasing trend in concentrations of most of the compounds along the river course, especially downstream of the river where there is discharge of both wastewater treatment plant effluent and raw sewage from a particular region of São Carlos city. Concentrations of contaminants were higher during dry periods as a result of decline in the water levels. Decrease in concentrations near the river mouth occurred to different extents for each compound. It was high for caffeine and atenolol, but was very low for carbamazepine and diclofenac. The present study reports the first data about the occurrence of some major emerging contaminants in the Monjolinho River. Besides its regional significance, this work may assist in composing a dataset for water contamination diagnosis focusing on emerging contaminants, both in the Brazilian as well as in the Global studies related to aquatic ecosystems. Such datasets can be helpful for making future public policies on water quality, since these compounds are not yet legally regulated.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Hormônios/análise , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Triclosan/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Brasil , Cafeína/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Cidades , Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios/química , Estações do Ano , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study determined the chemical components derived from degradation of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and solution by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three 2% CHX gels were used to identify the products of CHX gel degradation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A solution of CHX was also evaluated to compare the degradation between gel and solution. Degradation was evaluated in four storage situations (on the worktable with light: on the worktable without light; in the Pasteur oven at 36.5°C without light; and in the refrigerator at 8°C without light). Measurements were made at four time points: initial analysis and 1, 3 and 6 months after. The conversion of CHX into para-chloroaniline in storage situations and in different periods was analyzed statistically using chi-square test (α = 5%). RESULTS: The 2% CHX gel or solution had already degraded vial found within the period of validity, at all time points and for all storage conditions. The amount of para-chloroaniline (pCA) was directly proportional to time in the case of CHX solution, but not in CHX gel due to lack of homogeneity. CHX homogeneity in hydroxyethylcellulose gel was directly dependent on compounding mode. CONCLUSIONS: Degradation products, such as para-chloroaniline (pCA), orto- chloroaniline (oCA), meta-chloroaniline (mCA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organochlorines (ortho-chlorophenyl isocyanate and 2-amino-5-clorobenzonitrila) were found in 2% CHX gel and solution, regardless of storage conditions or time. In relationship to gel homogenization an alternative to produce 2% CHX gel and a new homogenization method have been developed.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Irrigantes do Canal Radicular/análise , Compostos de Anilina/análise , Celulose/análogos & derivados , Celulose/análise , Clorexidina/análise , Cromatografia/métodos , Temperatura Baixa , Escuridão , Composição de Medicamentos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Géis , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Isocianatos/análise , Luz , Teste de Materiais , Nitrilas/análise , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Soluções , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta/métodos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to 1,550 ng/L, reflecting contradicting protection goals. In this work, six rivers in the state of São Paulo were monitored for TCS and caffeine, a tracer for untreated sewage disposal, over a period of more than 1 year. From 71 samples analyzed, 32 contained TCS at concentrations above the limit of quantification, ranging from 2.2 to 66 ng/L, corresponding to a frequency of exceedance of the lowest PNEC of 86 % (six out of seven sites). No correlation between TCS and caffeine was observed, and one of the reasons for that could be the different use patterns in the local populations. Given the high values found in the investigated rivers, TCS seems to be a strong candidate in the priority list of compounds that should be regulated in Brazil to preserve the aquatic environment.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água Doce/química , Triclosan/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Biota , BrasilRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is likely to decompose into reactive by-products. This study evaluated the generation of 4-chloroaniline (pCA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in high concentrations of CHX and in a mixture of CHX and calcium hydroxide at different time points. METHODS: A gas chromatography method was developed to detect pCA and CHX by-products. Mass spectroscopy was used to elucidate the structure of compounds. The samples, which were kept at 36.5°C and 95% relative humidity during the study, were analyzed immediately and 7 days after preparation. RESULTS: pCA was detected in the 2% CHX solution and in the mixture of CHX and calcium hydroxide at all time points. pCA concentrations increased after storing under those conditions. The 2% CHX solution alone and the mixture of CHX and calcium hydroxide released ROS at all time points, but 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene was not found. CONCLUSIONS: pCA and ROS were identified as by-products of the 2% CHX aqueous solution alone and as ointment base of calcium hydroxide paste.
Assuntos
Compostos de Anilina/análise , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/química , Hidróxido de Cálcio/química , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Nitrobenzenos/análise , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Triptofano Hidroxilase/antagonistas & inibidores , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Hidróxido de Cálcio/análise , Clorexidina/análise , Clorexidina/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Umidade , Teste de Materiais , Temperatura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic that is used in many topical pharmaceutical formulations. Because there is no official microbiological assay reported in the literature that is used to quantify CHX, this paper reports the development and validation of a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method for the dosage of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX-D) in an aqueous solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of CHX-D upon the strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, which is used as the test microorganism. The design 3x3 parallel-line model was used. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and they were excellent in terms of linearity (r = 0.9999), presenting a significant regression between the zone diameter of growth inhibition and the logarithm of the concentration within the range of 0.5 to 4.5%. The results obtained were precise, having relative standard deviations (RSD) for intra-day and inter-day precision of 2.03% and 2.94%, respectively. The accuracy was 99.03%. The method proved to be very useful and appropriate for the microbiological dosage of CHX-D in pharmaceutical formulations; it might also be used for routine drug analysis during quality control in pharmaceutical industries.
Clorexidina (CHX) é um antisséptico com amplo espectro de ação utilizada em muitos tipos de preparações farmacêuticas para uso tópico. Uma vez que não há na literatura ensaio microbiológico oficial para quantificar a clorexidina, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e validação de um ensaio microbiológico simples, sensível, exato e reprodutível, por difusão em ágar, para doseamento de digliconato de clorexidina (CHX-D) em solução aquosa. O ensaio é baseado no efeito da inibição de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, utilizado como microorganismo teste, pela CHX-D. Utilizou-se o delineamento 3x3. Os resultados foram verificados estatisticamente pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e apresentaram excelente linearidade (r = 0,9999), demonstrando que o método segue o modelo linear com regressão significativa entre o diâmetro da zona de inibição e o lagaritmo da concentração no intervalo de 0,5 a 4,5%. Os resultados obtidos foram precisos apresentando desvio padrão relativo (DPR) para precisão intra-dia de 2,03% e DPR para precisão inter-dias de 2,94%. A exatidão foi 99,03%. O método provou ser muito útil e apropriado para doseamento microbiológico da CHX-D em formas farmacêuticas e pode ser empregado para análise desta substância no controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas.
Assuntos
Clorexidina/análise , Estudo de Validação , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Controle de Qualidade , Ágar/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Clove essential oil, used as an antiseptic in oral infections, inhibits Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeast. The influence of clove essential oil concentration, temperature and organic matter, in the antimicrobial activity of clove essential oil, was studied in this paper, through the determination of bacterial death kinetics. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the microorganisms selected for a biological test. To determine the temperature effect, they were assayed at 21° and 37° C. The concentration coefficient was determined with 0.4%, and 0.2% of essential oil. The influence of the presence of organic matter was determined with 0.4% of essential oil. The results obtained demonstrated that Escherichia coli were more sensitive even though the essential oil exerted a satisfactory action in three cases. In the three microbial species, 0.4% of essential oil at 21º C have reduced the bacterial population in 5 logarithmic orders. Organic matter reduces the antibacterial activity even though the bactericide efficacy was not lost. Clove essential oil can be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent for external use.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos Locais/análise , Antibacterianos/análise , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Bioensaio/métodos , Óleo de Cravo/análise , Oleum Caryophyllatum/análise , MétodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the substantivity of chlorhexidine (CHX) solution and gel within a root canal system for 24 hours, 30 days, and 90 days. METHODS: Forty-five extracted human anterior teeth were used for this study. The samples were divided into 3 groups according to the chemical auxiliary substance used to perform the root canal preparation: group 1, 2% liquid CHX; group 2, 2% gel CHX; and group 3, distilled water (the control group). The working length was determined by inserting a #10 K-file into the canal up to the moment its tip was seen in the apex foramen and then withdrawing it 1 mm. The roots were prepared up to the instrument #45. Longitudinal grooves were carved on the free surfaces of the roots, providing 2 halves of each root and resulting in 30 samples per group. Each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10), and substantivity was evaluated after 24 hours, 30 days, and 90 days of incubation. The amount of CHX (in micrometers) was measured through reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test for post hoc comparisons (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The control group showed no substantivity. Significant amounts of CHX solution and gel remained retained in dentin substrates independent of the time of incubation (P < .05). CHX solution showed a higher substantivity than CHX gel, with the exception of groups incubated for 90 days. The decreasing amounts of retained CHX inside the canal were for 24 hours >30 days >90 days for CHX solution and 24 hours >30 days ≥ 90 days for CHX gel. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that CHX solution and gel are retained in root canal dentin for up to 90 days.