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Abstract The present research aims to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of the mouthwashes based on cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), before aerosol producing dental procedures. A data search was performed during August 2021 in five databases MEDLINE (PubMed), SCOPUS, SCIELO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Google Scholar. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included based on the PICO question, comparing the efficacy of the mouthwashes based on cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), versus other mouthwashes and water, before aerosol producing dental procedures, papers in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included without time limits. The risk of the included studies was evaluated with the tool RoB 2.0. Number of registration PROSPERO N° CRD42021275982. 120 papers were obtained in the preliminary search, discarding those that didn't comply with the selection criteria, leaving only 3 studies. These papers reported the use of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was effective for the reduction of bacteria during the ultrasonic prophylactic procedure. The use of CPC mouthwashes previous to the dental treatment with ultrasonic prophylaxis showed only antibacterial capacity.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la eficacia antimicrobiana de los colutorios a base de cloruro de Cetilpiridinio (CPC), previo a tratamientos dentales que generen aerosol. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica hasta agosto del 2021 en cinco bases de datos: MEDLINE (vía PubMed), SCOPUS, SCIELO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECAs), basándose en la pregunta PICOS, que compare la eficacia del colutorio a base de cloruro de Cetilpiridinio (CPC) con otro colutorio, placebo o agua, previo a un tratamiento dental que genere aerosol, en los idiomas español, inglés o portugués y sin límite de tiempo. El riesgo de los estudios incluidos se evaluó con la herramienta RoB 2.0. Número de registro PROSPERO N° CRD42021275982. Se obtuvo un total de 120 artículos en la búsqueda preliminar, descartando aquellos que no cumplían con los criterios de selección, quedando sólo 3articulos. Estos artículos informaron que el uso de CPC es efectivo para la reducción de bacterias durante el procedimiento de profilaxis con ultrasonido. El uso de los enjuagues bucales a base de CPC previo al tratamiento dental de profilaxis con ultrasonido sólo tiene eficacia antibacteriana.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using an ionized monocalcium phosphate and enamelin derivatives (IMP+ED) based mouthwash for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH) after scaling and root planing (SRP). 47 patients who reported DH after SRP treatment were included in this prospective cohort study. The Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale (SCASS) was applied to classify their degree of pain in mild, moderate or intense at two times: after SRP (T0), and after one month of using a IMP+ED-based mouthwash (T1). The McNemar-Bowker test was used to compare the correlated proportions between both times (p<0.05). After the SRP therapy (T0), all the sample members reported pain distributed in the following manner: 12.8% were mild, 27.6% moderate, and 59.6% intense. At one month since treatment and with the use of the IMP+ED-based mouthwash (T1), the distribution of pain levels changed to 83% mild, 12.8% moderate, and 4.3% intense, this change was statistically significant (p<0.001). IMP+ED-based mouthwash produces a positive effect in reducing painful responses caused by exposure of the dentin tubules to the oral environment after SRP therapy.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de un enjuague bucal a base de fosfato monocálcico ionizado y derivados de enamelina (FCI+DE) para el tratamiento de hipersensibilidad dentinaria (HD) posterior al tratamiento de raspado y alisado radicular (RAR). 47 pacientes que reportaron tener HD posterior al tratamiento de RAR fueron incluidos en este estudio prospectivo de cohorte. Con el fin de clasificar la HD de los pacientes en leve, moderada o intensa se utilizó la Escala de Sensiblidad al Aire Frío de Schiff (ESAFS). Los pacientes fueron evaluados después del tratamiento de RAR (T0) y posterior al uso de un enjuague bucal basado en FCI+DE (T1). Para comparar las proporciones correlacionadas se utilizó la prueba de McNemar-Bowker (p<0.05). La distribución del dolor de los pacientes posterior al tratamiento de RAR (T0) fue la siguiente: 12.8% fueron leves, 27.6% moderado, and 59.6% intenso. Un mes después del uso del enjuague buccal basado en FCI+DE (T1) la distribución en los niveles de dolor cambio a 83% leve, 12.8% moderado, and 4.3% intenso, este cambio fue estadísticamente significativo (p<0.001). El uso del enjuague bucal basado en FCI+DE produce una reducción significativa a la respuesta de dolor causada por la exposición de la dentina al ambiente oral como consecuencia del tratamiento de RAR.

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Abstract This study aimed to develop promising and innovative mucoadhesive gel systems containing dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle to increase the effectiveness of treatment for oral precancerous lesions and to reduce side effects. In this respect, a dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle formulation was prepared by using emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The nanoparticle has high zeta potential (-10.3±0.5 mV), low particle size (218.42±2.1), low polydispersity index (0.070±0.014) and high encapsulation efficiency (95.018±2.982%). To improve the mucosal retention time, the dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle was dispersed in mucoadhesive gel using gellan gum. The developed gels offered appropriate pH value, high drug content, suitable mechanical and mucoadhesive performance and appropriate viscosity for mucosal administration. All formulations exhibited plastic flow and typical gel-type mechanical spectra after the determined frequency value. The developed formulations exhibited extended drug release as intended for these systems. Cytotoxicity was tested by MTT assay in human epithelioid carcinoma cell (HeLa) in vitro. The MTT assay showed that the blank formulations were non-toxic to cells. It was observed that the bioactivity of the free dexamethasone was potentiated by mucoadhesive gels containing dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle in HeLa cells. Results from this study indicate that mucoadhesive gels are effective for the local treatment of precancerous lesions. Our findings showed that the developed formulations were worthy of further studies.

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Abstract: Objective: This study investigated the effects of three types of mouthwash on the color stability of three resin-based restorative materials (nanohybrid resin composite, sonic-activated bulk-fill material, and compomer). Materials and Methods: To this end, 120 cylindrical disc specimens were prepared and polished, after which they were incubated in distilled water for 24 hours for post-polymerization. The baseline color values of each specimen were measured with a spectrophotometer, then the specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Following immersion in the mouthwashes for 24 hours, the specimens were rinsed with distilled water and dried before the color measurement was repeated. The values of color change (ΔE₀₀) were subsequently calculated. A two-way analysis of variance and Duncan's post hoc multiple comparison tests were conducted to determine statistically significant differences among the restorative materials. Results: All samples showed discoloration after immersion, albeit some instances of discoloration were imperceptible. In this respect, a statistically significant difference was found among the restorative materials and mouthwashes (p<0.05). Imperceptible ΔE₀₀ values were derived on the nanohybrid resin composite and compomer, but perceptible and acceptable ΔE₀₀ values were detected on the sonic-activated bulk-fill materials (p<0.05). The clinically unacceptable discoloration was observed on the sonic-activated bulk-fill composite immersed in Listerine®. Conclusions: Clinicians should make recommendations based on the potential staining capacity of mouthwashes prescribed for daily use in restorative materials. In this way, the need for renewal of restorations due to discoloration could be avoided.

Resumen: Objetivo: Este estudio investigó los efectos de tres tipos de enjuague bucal en la estabilidad del color de tres materiales de restauración a base de resina (resina nanohíbrida, resina bulk-fill de activación sónica y compómero). Materiales y Métodos: Para ello se prepararon y pulieron 120 muestras de discos cilíndricos, después de lo cual se incubaron en agua destilada durante 24 horas pospolimerización. Los valores de color de base de cada muestra se midieron con un espectrofotómetro, después las muestras se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. Tras la inmersión en los enjuagues bucales durante 24 horas, los especímenes se enjuagaron con agua destilada y se secaron antes de repetir la medición del color. Posteriormente se calcularon los valores de cambio de color (ΔE₀₀). Se llevó a cabo un análisis bidireccional de la varianza y las pruebas de comparación múltiple post hoc de Duncan para determinar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los materiales de restauración. Resultados: Todas las muestras mostraron decoloración después de la inmersión, aunque algunos casos esta fue imperceptible. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los materiales de restauración y los enjuagues bucales (p<0,05). Se obtuvieron valores imperceptibles de ΔE₀₀ en el compuesto de resina nanohíbrida y el compómero, pero se detectaron valores perceptibles y aceptables de ΔE₀₀ en la resina bulk-fill activada sónicamente (p<0,05). Se observó una decoloración clínicamente inaceptable en la resina bulk-fill activada sónicamente inmersa en Listerine®. Conclusiones: Los clínicos deben hacer recomendaciones basadas en la capacidad potencial de coloración de los enjuagues bucales prescritos para uso diario en los materiales de restauración. De esta manera, se podría evitar la necesidad de renovar las restauraciones debido a la decoloración.

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Buccal route of administration has many advantages such as improving patient compliance, bypassing the GIT and hepatic first pass effect. The objectives are to formulate mucoadhesive buccal tablet using Mefenamic acid and compatible excipients, and to evaluate the product using quality control tests and in vitro tests. The ingredients were subjected to Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies for compatibility test and the results showed no interaction. Two batches of mefenamic buccal tablet were prepared. The tablet thickness and diameter are 3.75 mm and 12 mm respectively. All tablets are within the specification of +/- 5%. The in-house tablet hardness is 6.8-15kg and percent friabilation is not more than 0.8%. The disintegration test showed that all tablets disintegrated within 4 hours. The content uniformity showed that tablets are within the range of 85%-115%. The tablet weight is within the 5% range. The percent swelling is 53.83% to 58.86% and moisture absorption is 14.79% to 15.56%. The surface pH of the tablet is close to the salivary pH, which means that it would not irritate the buccal mucosa. The buccal tablet has a mucoadhesiveness of 0.196 to 0.200. There was no change in pH and size after subjecting it to stability studies in human saliva. Drug release studies showed 80.7% to 83.4% after 3 hours. Even after 3 months of subjecting the tablets to 40 ºC and 75% RH, results are within acceptable range. The results show the potential of the formulation as a mucoadhesive buccal tablet.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans (SM) in comparison with 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Listerine-Zero. Material and Methods: The sensitivity and growth inhibition of SM bacterial species were evaluated and compared between Listerine-green tea, 0.12% CHX and Listerine-Zero mouthwashes. Sixty plates containing SM colonies were prepared in three groups (n=20), and growth inhibition zones were measured using the disk diffusion agar test in mm. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the efficacy of the three mouthwashes tested. Post hoc Tukey tests were used for two-by-two comparisons. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Analysis of data showed significant differences between the three groups (p<0.001); 0.12% CHX was the most effective mouthwash, and Listerine-Zero exhibited the least effect on the growth inhibition of SM (p<0.004). Conclusion: All three mouthwashes were significantly effective in inhibiting the growth of SM. The effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash was higher than that of Listerine-Zero and less than that of 0.12% CHX.

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Objective: To evaluate in the vitro effectiveness of three chemical agents for toothbrush disinfection. Material and Methods: Sixteen new toothbrushes were evaluated, previously sterilized and classified in five experimental groups (n=3) and one item as control. Three chemical agents were assessed: 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), essential oil mouth rinse (Listerine) and 3.5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The five selected strains were inoculated on toothbrushes and incubated for a 24 hours period and 37°C temperature in aerobic conditions. The incubated toothbrushes were immersed for a 15 min period into selected chemical agents and after drying in a controlled air stream, again re-cultured into enriched broth. A comparison was made between the initial and final microorganisms density recovered after chemical disinfection based on Mc Farland scale. The data obtained was compared by descriptive analysis and ANOVA methodology. Results: 3.5% NaOCl was the most effective chemical agent for toothbrush disinfection followed by CHX; Listerine was not effective to eliminate the inoculated bacteria in toothbrushes. Conclusion: 3.5% NaOCl and 0.12% CHX are the most effective chemical agents for toothbrush disinfection and Listerine was only effective against C. albicans.

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Objective: To determine the effectiveness effectivity of mouthwash from Aloe vera juice after scaling treatment on patient with gingivitis. Material and Methods: This was an experimental research using pretest and posttest design with control group. The number of samples of 30 people selected using sampling method quota sampling. Samples were divided into two groups: test (n = 15 skeletons with Aloe vera juice) and control (n = 15 just scaling). Gingival inflammation is measured using a gingival index according to Loe and Sillness on the first day before scaling treatment and 7th day after scaling. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20. Independent-samples t-test and paired-samples t-test were used for data analysis. The statistical test performed has a significance level of 0.05 (p = 0.05) and confidence level of 95% (α = 0,05). Results: There was a significant decrease in the mean score of the gingival index in the control group (1.1 to 0.5) and the test group (1.2 to 0.4) significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of mouthwash from Aloe vera juice can decrease gingival inflammation, which can be seen from the gingival index score on all test subjects. The decrease in gingival index in the test group using the Aloe vera juice was greater than that of the control group, which was not given the mouthwash.

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OBJETIVOS: verificar a atividade antifúngica e a citotoxicidade da própolis de copaíba e de um protótipo de enxaguante bucal contra espécies do gênero Candida spp. METODOLOGIA: o perfil cromatográfico do extrato de própolis foi realizado por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultraeficiência em Fase Reversa (RP-UPLC). A atividade antifúngica do extrato de própolis de copaíba (EPC) e do seu protótipo de enxaguante bucal contra C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. krusei foi avaliada por microdiluição em caldo e discodifusão em ágar. A citotoxicidade foi verificada pelo ensaio de MTT em fibroblastos 3T3 ¿ L1. RESULTADOS: Fenóis foram os principais compostos encontrados, sendo identificados dentre eles o ácido caféico (ácido fenólico) e canferol (flavonóide). Os valores de CIM foram 156 ug/ml, 312 ug/ml e 625 ug/ml para C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. krusei respectivamente, indicando atividade antifúngica presente, mas moderada. Os valores das zonas de inibição verificaram inibição do crescimento das leveduras e sugeriram uma atividade fungistática do enxaguante bucal. Em relação aos testes de citotoxicidade, o EPC exerce, em baixas concentrações, um efeito dose dependente sobre a proliferação de fibroblastos 3T3-L1 e pode exercer um efeito regenerador de tecidos. CONCLUSÕES: a própolis investigada apresenta potencial antifúngico moderado contra Candida spp., podendo ser o enxaguante bucal uma opção terapêutica no combate da candidíase oral, já que o seu tratamento é baseado no controle e não na erradicação das leveduras. Estudos futuros sobre a caracterização dos seus compostos químicos, aperfeiçoamento do produto e ensaios clínicos deverão ser realizados

Objectives: verify the antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of copaiba propolis and its mouthwash prototype against Candida spp. Methodology: the chromatographic profile of the propolis extract was perpormed by Reverse Phase Ultra-efficiency Liquid Chromatography (RP-UPLC)....

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Introduction: mechanical hygiene is still the best method forthe maintenance of oral health and prevention of biofilm formation. However, mouthrinses have been increasingly used as an adjunct support especially for post-operatory conditions or when periodontal conditions require. In this way, a number of mouthrinses are available, presenting different active ingredients with predominant antimicrobial action. Objectives: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the topical action of a green-tea extract-based mouthwash on gingival tissue. Materials and Methods: a longitudinal double-blind comparison was performed with two groups of patients clinically evaluated and diagnosed as suffering from gingivitis (n= 40). The patients were divided into two groups, according to the mouthrinse used: GT - green tea (concentration of 20mg/ml), and P - placebo, 0.9% saline solution. Clinical examination of the mucosa, tooth staining, plaque and gingival indices were peformed before and 15 days after the continuous use of the products twice a day. Results: no mucosal or tasting alterations were found, neither tooth staining regardless the mouthrinse used. Statistical assessment did not detect differences on gingival indexes between the groups before and after mouthrinses use; however, plaque indexes were significant lower in patients of GT group, compared to the P group. Conclusions: the use of phytotherapic products with active ingredients should be investigated for biofilm control, responsible for the onset and progression of periodontal disease, as well as other various oral pathologies. Considering the period of evaluation pro-posed in this study, relevant decrease in initial phase of plaque for-mation could be observed with the green tea mouthrinse. Further long-term evaluation studies should be carried-out in order to eluci-date its continuous effects on oral structures.

Introdução: higiene mecânica ainda é o melhor método para a manutenção da saúde bucal e prevenção da formação de biofilmes. No entanto, enxagues têm sido cada vez mais usado como um suporte auxiliar especialmente para as condições pós-operatórias ou quando as condições periodontais exigem. Desta forma, um número de bochechos estão disponíveis, apresentando diferentes ingredientes ativos com predominante ação antimicrobiana. Objetivos: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ação tópica de um bochecho à base de extrato de chá verde no tecido gengival. Materiais e Métodos: a comparação longitudinal, duplo-cego, foi realizada com dois grupos de pacientes clinicamente avaliados e diagnosticados como portadores de gengivite (n = 40). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o enxaguatório oral usado: CV - chá verde (concentração de 20 mg / ml), e P - placebo, solução salina a 0,9%. O exame clínico da mucosa, coloração dos dentes, índice de placa e índice gengival foram realizados antes e 15 dias após o uso contínuo dos produtos duas vezes por dia. Resultados: nenhuma alteração na mucosa ou de degustação foi encontrada, assim como não foi identificado modificação na coloração do dente. A Avaliação estatística não detectou diferenças no índice gengival entre os grupos antes e depois de usar enxaguatórios. No entanto, índice de placa inferior foi menor de forma significativa nos pacientes do grupo CV, em comparação com o grupo P. Conclusões: o uso de produtos fitoterápicos com ingredientes ativos deve ser investigado para o controle de biofilme, responsável pelo aparecimento e progressão da doença periodontal. Considerando o período de avaliação proposto, a redução correspondente na fase inicial da formação de placa pôde ser observada com o enxaguatório à base de chá verde. Além disso, estudos de avaliação de longo prazo devem ser realizados, a fim de elucidar seu efeito contínuo em longo prazo sobre as estruturas orais.

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