RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Interpretations of the primate and human fossil record often rely on the estimation of somatic dimensions from bony measures. Both somatic and skeletal variation have been used to assess how primates respond to environmental change. However, it is unclear how well skeletal variation matches and predicts soft tissue. Here, we empirically test the relationship between tissues by comparing somatic and skeletal measures using paired measures of pre- and post-mortem rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Somatic measurements were matched with skeletal dimensions from 105 rhesus macaque individuals to investigate paired signals of variation (i.e., coefficients of variation, sexual dimorphism) and bivariate codependence (reduced major axis regression) in measures of: (1) limb length; (2) joint breadth; and (3) limb circumference. Predictive models for the estimation of soft tissue dimensions from skeletons were built from Ordinary Least Squares regressions. RESULTS: Somatic and skeletal measurements showed statistically equivalent coefficients of variation and sexual dimorphism as well as high epiphyses-present ordinary least square (OLS) correlations in limb lengths (R2 >0.78, 0.82), joint breadths (R2 >0.74, 0.83) and, to a lesser extent, limb circumference (R2 >0.53, 0.68). CONCLUSION: Skeletal measurements are good substitutions for somatic values based on population signals of variation. OLS regressions indicate that skeletal correlates are highly predictive of somatic dimensions. The protocols and regression equations established here provide a basis for reliable reconstruction of somatic dimension from catarrhine fossils and validate our ability to compare or combine results of studies based on population data of either hard or soft tissue proxies.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos , Macaca mulatta , Animais , Macaca mulatta/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Masculino , Porto Rico , Osso e Ossos/anatomia & histologia , Antropologia Física , Caracteres Sexuais , Extremidades/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between the anthropometric status at birth and brain and bone growth during the first year of life. According to the brain-sparing hypothesis, we expect catch-up to be faster in head circumference (HC) than in body length. METHODS: This is a longitudinal design that included Argentinian infants under 12 months of age with at least three anthropometric records. We classified study participants into four growth status categories according to z-scores for HC (HCZ) and length (LAZ) at birth, with z-score = -2 as a threshold. We used the Count model to describe growth trajectories in HC and length in the first year of life according to the growth status at birth. Recovery indicator for HC and length was taken as the time until the predicted growth trajectory surpassed the threshold curve predicted by z-score = -2 for age. RESULTS: Growth models included 3399 infants. There were significant differences in the growth parameters between groups in all cases (p < 0.05). Within the group with a low HCZ and a low LAZ at birth, HC recovery was faster than length. In the case of a low z-score for only one of the variables, newborns with a low HCZ recovered faster than individuals born with a low LAZ. CONCLUSIONS: The postnatal growth pattern in HC and length is associated with the growth status of HC and length at birth. As we hypothesized, the fastest postnatal recovery occurs for HC in cases of intrauterine delayed growth.
Assuntos
Cefalometria , Cabeça , Humanos , Argentina , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Cabeça/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cabeça/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Estatura/fisiologia , Antropologia FísicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Determine the geographic place of origin and maternal lineage of prehistoric human skeletal remains discovered in Puyil Cave, Tabasco State, Mexico, located in a region currently populated by Olmec, Zoque and Maya populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All specimens were radiocarbon (14C) dated (beta analytic), had dental modifications classified, and had an analysis of 13 homologous reference points conducted to evaluate artificial cranial deformation (ACD). Following DNA purification, hypervariable region I (HVR-1) of the mitogenome was amplified and Sanger sequenced. Finally, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed for total DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups were determined using BioEdit 7.2 and IGV software and confirmed with MITOMASTER and WebHome softwares. RESULTS: Radiocarbon dating (14C) demonstrated that the inhabitants of Puyil Cave lived during the Archaic and Classic Periods and displayed tabular oblique and tabular mimetic ACD. These pre-Hispanic remains exhibited five mtDNA lineages: A, A2, C1, C1c and D4. Network analysis revealed a close genetic affinity between pre-Hispanic Puyil Cave inhabitants and contemporary Maya subpopulations from Mexico and Guatemala, as well as individuals from Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and China. CONCLUSIONS: Our results elucidate the dispersal of pre-Hispanic Olmec and Maya ancestors and suggest that ACD practices are closely related to Olmec and Maya practices. Additionally, we conclude that ACD has likely been practiced in the region since the Middle-Archaic Period.
Assuntos
Restos Mortais , Cavernas , DNA Mitocondrial , Humanos , México , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Restos Mortais/química , Restos Mortais/anatomia & histologia , Datação Radiométrica , Masculino , História Antiga , Feminino , Antropologia Física , ArqueologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Comparisons between Indigenous peoples over time and within a particular geographic region can shed light on the impact of environmental transitions on the skeleton, including relative bone strength, sexual dimorphism, and age-related changes. Here we compare long bone structural properties of the inhabitants of the late prehistoric-early historic Pecos Pueblo with those of present-day Indigenous individuals from New Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Femora and tibiae of 126 adults from Pecos Pueblo and 226 present-day adults were included in the study. Cross-sectional diaphyseal properties-areas and second moments of area-were obtained from past studies of the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample, and from computed tomography scans of recently deceased individuals in the present-day sample. RESULTS: Femora and tibiae from Pecos individuals are stronger relative to body size than those of present-day Indigenous individuals. Present-day individuals are taller but not wider, and this body shape difference affects cross-sectional shape, more strongly proximally. The tibia shows anteroposterior strengthening among Pecos individuals, especially among males. Sexual dimorphism in midshaft bone shape is stronger within the Pecos Pueblo sample. With aging, Pecos individuals show more medullary expansion but also more subperiosteal expansion than present-day individuals, maintaining bone strength despite cortical thinning. DISCUSSION: Higher activity levels, carried out over rough terrain and throughout adult life, likely explain the relatively stronger lower limb bones of the Pecos individuals, as well as their greater subperiosteal expansion with aging. Greater sexual dimorphism in bone structure among Pecos individuals potentially reflects greater gender-based differences in behavioral patterns.
Assuntos
Fêmur , Tíbia , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , New Mexico , Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Tíbia/anatomia & histologia , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antropologia Física , Idoso , Povos Indígenas/história , História Antiga , Desenvolvimento Industrial/história , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/históriaRESUMO
Although the evolutionary history of anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) appears relatively well-documented, there is limited data available regarding their origins and early evolution. We review and discuss here the earliest records of anthropoid primates from Asia, Africa, and South America. New fossils provide strong support for the Asian origin of anthropoid primates. However, the earliest recorded anthropoids from Africa and South America are still subject to debate, and the early evolution and dispersal of platyrhines to South America remain unclear. Because of the rarity and incomplete nature of many stem anthropoid taxa, establishing the phylogenetic relationships among the earliest anthropoids remains challenging. Nonetheless, by examining evidence from anthropoids and other mammalian groups, we demonstrate that several dispersal events occurred between South Asia and Afro-Arabia during the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene. It is possible that a microplate situated in the middle of the Neotethys Ocean significantly reduced the distance of overseas dispersal.
Assuntos
Antropologia Física , Evolução Biológica , Fósseis , Filogenia , Animais , África , Ásia , América do Sul , Humanos , Primatas/classificaçãoRESUMO
SUMMARY: Osteotechnics is one of the different anatomical preservation techniques and can be defined as the technique designed to prepare, clean, obtain and preserve bone structures that can be used in the teaching, museographic or research field. The osteotechnical technique procedure consists of the following phases: debulk and disjoint, maceration, cooking, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and labeling to obtain bone material. Seven phases will be explained in detail, as well as the materials, instruments, quantities of the substances used, and the time required to obtain human bone material. We consider that this article can serve as a guide, given that all the experimentation was carried out with human biological material. This methodological proposal could be consolidated and established based on the experience acquired during the creation of the contemporary skeletal collection of the department of innovation in human biological material (DIMBIH). Therefore, the purpose of our proposal is to provide tools that facilitate the work of those who carry out this work and fundamentally to avoid irreversible or irreparable damage to the osteological material, since it is of great value and difficult to acquire for disciplines as anatomy, veterinary, physical and forensic anthropology, medicine, dentistry and biology.
La osteotecnia es una de las técnicas diferentes de conservación anatómica y puede definirse como la técnica destinada a preparar, limpiar, obtener y conservar estructuras óseas que pueden ser utilizadas en el ámbito docente, museográfico o de investigación. El procedimiento de la técnica osteotécnica consta de las siguientes fases: descarnado y desarticulado, maceración, cocción, limpieza, desengrase, blanqueo y marcaje para la obtención de material óseo. Se explicarán en detalle siete fases, así como los materiales, instrumentos, cantidades de las sustancias utilizadas y el tiempo necesario para obtener material óseo humano. Consideramos que este artículo puede servir de guía, dado que toda la experimentación se realizó con material biológico humano. Esta propuesta metodológica pudo consolidarse y establecerse a partir de la experiencia adquirida durante la creación de la colección esquelética contemporánea del Departamento de Innovación en Material Biológico Humano (DIMBIH). Por lo tanto, el propósito de nuestra propuesta es brindar herramientas que faciliten el trabajo de quienes realizan este trabajo y fundamentalmente evitar daños irreversibles o irreparables en el material osteológico, ya que es de gran valor y difícil adquisición para las disciplinas como la anatomía, veterinaria, antropología física y forense, medicina, odontología y biología.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Preservação Biológica/métodos , Osso e Ossos , Anatomia/métodos , Antropologia Física , OsteologiaRESUMO
Introducción: El sistema de conocimientos de Antropología Física responde a especialidades médicas como la Anatomía Humana y la Medicina Legal. En Cuba estas especialidades médicas no cuentan con la profundidad y superación profesional adecuada que permita el uso práctico de estos conocimientos. Objetivo: Caracterizar el entrenamiento de posgrado "Osteología y Odontología en función de la identificación humana", realizado en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas entre enero y marzo de 2020. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por 25 cursistas, especialistas en Medicina Legal y Anatomía Humana. Se consideraron variables como programa de estudio, categoría docente de los participantes, satisfacción con su desarrollo y resultados de la promoción docente. Para las indagaciones empíricas se aplicó la técnica de PNI como parte de la valoración general del curso. Resultados: El curso se impartió durante 56 horas en 7 semanas. Como parte de sus logros se realizó la clasificación y caracterización antropológica de una parte de la osamenta de la Osteoteca de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, así como la ampliación de esta mediante una sección de Antropología Física que incorporó seis cadáveres completos caracterizados antropológicamente. Conclusiones: Este entrenamiento permitió adiestrar y actualizar a los cursistas sobre la identificación humana, a partir del estudio de los restos óseos referentes a la expresión cualitativa y cuantitativa de los caracteres morfológicos, que responden a las necesidades de la práctica docente en anatomía y la asistencia médico legal(AU)
Introduction: The knowledge system of Physical Anthropology responds to medical specialties such as Human Anatomy and Legal Medicine. In Cuba, these medical specialties do not have adequate depth and professional improvement that allows the practical use of this knowledge. Objective: To characterize the training about osteology and dental medicine in view of human identification, carried out at the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas between January and March 2020. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 25 trainees, specialists in Legal Medicine and Human Anatomy. Some variables were considered, such as study program, teaching category of the participants, satisfaction with their development and results of teaching promotion. For the empirical inquiries, the positive-negative-interesting technique was applied as part of the general assessment of the course. Results: The course lasted 56 hours distributed in seven weeks. As part of its achievements, the anthropological classification and characterization of a part of the materials from the bone collection of the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas was carried out, as well as its expansion through a physical anthropology section that incorporated six complete corpses anthropologically characterized. Conclusions: This training allowed to train and update the students on human identification, based on the study of bone remains referring to the qualitative and quantitative expression of morphological characters, which respond to the needs of teaching practice in Anatomy, as well as in legal-medical assistance(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Antropologia Forense/métodos , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia , Osteologia/educação , Antropologia Física , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Cursos , Estudo Observacional , Medicina Legal/educaçãoRESUMO
The Lake Titicaca basin was one of the major centers for cultural development in the ancient world. This lacustrine environment is unique in the high, dry Andean altiplano, and its aquatic and terrestrial resources are thought to have contributed to the florescence of complex societies in this region. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent local aquatic resources, particularly fish, and the introduced crop, maize, which can be grown in regions along the lakeshores, contributed to facilitating sustained food production and population growth, which underpinned increasing social political complexity starting in the Formative Period (1400 BCE to 500 CE) and culminating with the Tiwanaku state (500 to 1100 CE). Here, we present direct dietary evidence from stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains spanning over two millennia, together with faunal and floral reference materials, to reconstruct foodways and ecological interactions in southern Lake Titicaca over time. Bulk stable isotope analysis, coupled with compound-specific amino acid stable isotope analysis, allows better discrimination between resources consumed across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Together, this evidence demonstrates that human diets predominantly relied on C3 plants, particularly quinoa and tubers, along with terrestrial animals, notably domestic camelids. Surprisingly, fish were not a significant source of animal protein, but a slight increase in C4 plant consumption verifies the increasing importance of maize in the Middle Horizon. These results underscore the primary role of local terrestrial food resources in securing a nutritious diet that allowed for sustained population growth, even in the face of documented climate and political change across these periods.
Assuntos
Agricultura/tendências , Dieta/tendências , Condições Sociais/tendências , Agricultura/história , Animais , Antropologia Física , Arqueologia/métodos , Restos Mortais/química , Bolívia/etnologia , Osso e Ossos/química , Camelídeos Americanos , Isótopos de Carbono/análise , Chenopodium quinoa , Alimentos , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Lagos , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/análise , Peru/etnologia , Tubérculos , Condições Sociais/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Solanum tuberosumRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We study the genetic diversity between Classic Teotihuacan and its neighboring towns trying to understand how far or close they are at the genetic level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We use cranial nonmetric traits to study a sample of 280 adult skulls from archaeological sites running from the late Preclassic to the early Postclassic. Samples of Classic Teotihuacan were studied for La Ventilla and San Sebastián Xolalpan neighbors. For the Epiclassic period, samples from Xaltocan, Toluca valley, Mogotes and Xico were used. For the Preclassic and Postclassic samples from Xico were also used. We used a parametric bootstrap for the mean measure of divergence for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Samples from Xico have small biodistance from Preclassic to Postclassic. Samples from Los Mogotes differ depending on the functional context of deposition, with individuals from household burials (funerary) differing from non-funerary, ceremonial interments and exhibiting affinities to Epiclassic samples from Toluca valley. Epiclassic populations from Xaltocan vary significantly from any samples analyzed. Samples from Classic period Teotihuacan vary considerably among them but form a separate genetic group from all the other populations under study. CONCLUSIONS: The great biodistance separation among Classic Teotihuacan and its neighbor villages of central Mexico let us conclude that, contrary from the classical idea that those villages were confirmed by the inhabitants of Teotihuacan's collapse: They indeed remain as separate populations by themselves.
Assuntos
Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Antropologia Física , Evolução Biológica , Sepultamento , História Antiga , Migração Humana , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/classificação , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We quantified variation in fecal cortisol across reproductive periods in Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) to examine physiological mechanisms that may facilitate biparental care. Specifically, we evaluated evidence for the explanation that owl monkeys have hormonal mechanisms to mobilize energy during periods when each sex is investing heavily in reproduction, that is, the gestation period for females and the infant care period for males. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2011 and 2015, we monitored 10 groups of Azara's owl monkeys from a wild population in Formosa, Argentina and collected fecal samples from 26 adults (13 males, 13 females). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we quantified fecal cortisol as a proxy for evaluating stress responses, including energetic demands, on both sexes during periods of reproduction and parental care. RESULTS: Male cortisol was lowest during periods when they were caring for young infants (<3 months) compared with periods with older infants or no infant. Female cortisol was elevated during gestation compared with other periods. Mean fecal cortisol in both males and females was lower when an infant was present compared with when females were gestating. DISCUSSION: Our results do not support the hypothesis that owl monkey males have elevated fecal cortisol during periods when they need to mobilize energy to provide intensive infant care. Our findings are also inconsistent with the Maternal Relief hypothesis. However, results from studies measuring fecal cortisol must be interpreted with care and alternative explanations, such as seasonal fluctuations in diet and thermoenergic demands, should be considered when drawing conclusions.