RESUMO
Separation of domestic effluents at the source and the utilization of low-flush toilets offer alternative approaches for developing efficient wastewater treatment systems while promoting energy generation through anaerobic digestion. This study focused on assessing toilet usage in Mexico and exploring the potential of anaerobic co-digestion of brown water (feces) and toilet paper as influential factors in wastewater treatment systems. A survey was conducted on a representative sample of Mexicans to gather information on toilet usage frequency, toilet paper use and disposal practices, as well as the type and quantity of commercial disinfectants and pharmaceutical compounds they use or consume. The survey revealed that per capita toilet paper consumption is 2.9 kg annually, that 58 % of respondents do not dispose used paper in the toilet, and that about 47 % use two to three cleaning and disinfection products. Notably, 97 % of the sampled Mexican population expressed a willingness to transition to more eco-friendly toilet options. Subsequently, in a second step, the anaerobic co-digestion of brown water with toilet paper was evaluated, demonstrating a relatively high production of volatile fatty acids but low methane production. This suggests an efficient hydrolysis/acidogenesis process coupled with restrained methanogenesis, probably due to pH decrease caused by acidogenesis. This study underscores that toilet paper and brown water are potential suitable substrates for anaerobic co-digestion. Furthermore, it sheds light on the behaviors of Mexican society regarding bathroom use and cleaning, contributing to the establishment of foundations for wastewater treatment systems with effluent separation at the source.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário , População Norte-Americana , Esgotos , Humanos , Anaerobiose , Esgotos/química , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , México , Estudos de Viabilidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Metano , Reatores BiológicosRESUMO
Non-parasitic vermiform organisms can circumstantially be associated with humans and their identification can be challenging for medical professionals. The present report describes the finding of a worm in the toilet bowl by a patient from Brazil, who thought he had expelled it in his feces. The gross analyses in a clinical laboratory reveal the worm was different from other macroscopic organisms routinely identified, and the laboratory staff requested assistance in an academic laboratory specialized in helminthology. After preliminary analysis in a stereomicroscope, the supposed human worm was identified as an oligochaete annelid (earthworm). The patient was contacted to investigate a possible case of pseudoparasitism. However, we were informed that the organism had been collected in a toilet bowl from a rural environment where the untreated water comes from a cistern indicating our finding was circumstantial. The methodology revisited herein allowed a quick microscopic analysis of easy-to-view morphological structures, which are useful to separate oligochaete annelids from helminths and can prevent misdiagnosis in similar situations. We discuss the overly restricted view on human parasites by health professionals in collecting clinical history and laboratory analysis, providing some epistemological insights on the necessary interdisciplinarity between parasitology and other basic knowledge with health practice.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário , Parasitos , Masculino , Animais , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , FezesRESUMO
Public toilets are essential infrastructure to guarantee the right to sanitation in public spaces and, in more general terms, the right to inclusive and sustainable cities. Moreover, since the equipment has a direct user interface, it is important to understand their demands and needs. Given this, the present research aims to understand the perspective of public toilet users on the Pampulha Lake Shore (PLS), a public touristic place in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. For that, observations and semi-structured interviews were carried out with different public toilet users. In addition, comments posted on the Google Local Guides tool of Google Maps were used as a secondary database for understanding users' experience of PLS toilets. The analysis made it possible to identify aspects related to availability, quality (health and hygiene), security, and accessibility. Collected data showed how the conflicting choice of whether or not to use the toilet was directly related to the health and conservation of the urban equipment and interfered with social and leisure prospects. On the whole, the importance of the user's perspective was highlighted in this study with emphasis on elaborating adequate urban planning with regard to health, sanitation, and accessibility issues.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário , Brasil , Higiene , Saneamento , BanheirosRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Enterobacterales productores de carbapenemasas (EPC) son una importante causa de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS). El principal reservorio de EPC lo constituyen pacientes infectados y colonizados, sin embargo, también se han identificado reservorios ambientales. OBJETIVO: Detectar la presencia de EPC en los sifones de lavamanos de la unidad de cuidados críticos de pacientes quemados adultos (UPC QMD) y unidad de cuidados críticos de pacientes pediátricos crónicos (UCEP). MÉTODO: Se recolectaron cuatro muestras de sifones de los lavamanos ubicados en el interior de las unidades de pacientes en UCEP y 10 de UPC QMD. A las muestras se les realizó estudio fenotípico y molecular para detección de carbapenemasas en el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile. RESULTADOS: En los sifones estudiados de UCEP no se aislaron cepas de EPC. En UPC QMD, 50% de los sifones estudiados se aislaron cepas de EPC. CONCLUSIONES: En UPC QMD se objetivó la presencia de EPC en una alta proporción de los sifones de lavamanos testeados, lo que demuestra un reservorio ambiental de bacterias multi-resistentes.
INTRODUCTION: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are an important cause of health care associated infections (HAI). The main reservoir is constituted by infected and colonized patients; however, environmental reservoirs have also been identified. OBJECTIVE: To detect the presence of CPE in the sink traps of the critical care unit for adult burn patients (UPC QMD) and the critical care unit for chronic pediatric patients (UCEP). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Four samples of trap were collected from the sinks located inside the patient units at PICU and 10 at UPC QMD. The samples underwent a phenotypic and molecular study for the detection of carbapenemases at the Institute of Public Health of Chile. RESULTS: In the UCEP no EPC strains were isolated. In UPC QMD, CPE was detected in 50% of the traps. CONCLUSIONS: In UPC QMD, the presence of CPE was observed in a high proportion of the tested sinks traps, which shows an environmental reservoir of multi-resistant bacteria.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Aparelho Sanitário/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias , beta-Lactamases , Reservatórios de Doenças , Acessórios Sanitários , Cuidados Críticos , Higiene das MãosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the results of two methods of hospital bedpan reprocessing. METHODS: cross-sectional study. Hospital bedpans containing a biological material contamination simulator or organic matter were submitted to manual cleaning followed by disinfection with 70% alcohol solution or thermodisinfection. Permanence of simulated contamination was evaluated by using the fluorescence technique and presence of organic matter was verified by carrying out the protein detection test. RESULTS: the contamination simulator was found in bedpans submitted to both processes. The seat was dirtier after manual cleaning (p=0.044) in comparison with the result obtained with thermodisinfection. Automatized decontamination led to worse results when compared to the manual procedure for the scoop and external bottom (p=0.000). The protein detection test was positive in two items after thermodisinfection. CONCLUSIONS: manual cleaning followed by rubbing with 70% alcohol solution proved more effective than automatized cleaning in the reprocessing of hospital bedpans. There are relevant issues regarding reuse of hospital bedpans.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário , Infecção Hospitalar , Estudos Transversais , Desinfecção , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Reutilização de Equipamento , Hospitais , HumanosRESUMO
La guía contiene los procedimientos sanitarios para la prevención y control de la COVID-19 en los viajeros que ingresan y salen del país por vía aérea, terrestre y fluvial en el contexto de la Emergencia Sanitaria por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Incluye modificatorio con R.M. N° 831-2021.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Controle Sanitário de Viajantes , COVID-19 , Guias como AssuntoRESUMO
El documento contiene las pautas y acciones para desarrollar y afianzar la coordinación y articulación funcional entre el Ministerio de Salud y los Gobiernos regionales para el cumplimiento de los lineamientos, objetivos, disposiciones y logro de resultados sanitarios establecidos por la Autoridad Nacional de Salud, en un marco de corresponsabilidad y complementariedad, frente a la emergencia sanitaria COVID-19 y otros riesgos sanitarios.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário , Saúde , Guias como Assunto , Infecções por Coronavirus , Equipamentos e ProvisõesRESUMO
Information about factors potentially favoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in rural settings is limited. Following a case-control study design in a rural Ecuadorian village that was severely struck by the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected by real-time PCR in swabs obtained from inner and upper walls in 24/48 randomly selected latrines from case-houses and in 12/48 flushing toilets from paired control-houses (P = 0.014; McNemar's test). This association persisted in a conditional logistic regression model adjusted for relevant covariates (OR: 4.82; 95% CI: 1.38-16.8; P = 0.014). In addition, SARS-CoV-2-seropositive subjects were more often identified among those living in houses with a latrine (P = 0.002). Latrines have almost five times the odds of containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA than their paired flushing toilets. Latrines are reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and it cannot be ruled out that latrines could contribute to viral transmission in rural settings. Frequent disinfection of latrines should be recommended to reduce the likelihood of fecal contamination.
Assuntos
Aparelho Sanitário/virologia , COVID-19/virologia , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/genética , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Características da Família , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Testes Sorológicos , Banheiros , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El documento contiene el proceso de solicitud de productos farmacéuticos, dispositivos médicos y productos sanitarios por parte de las IPRESS Públicas, y el uso de los recursos para la adquisición y distribución de los mismos a través del Centro Nacional de Abastecimiento de Recursos Estratégicos en Salud (CENARES), a favor de afiliados al Seguro Integral de Salud en el marco del aseguramiento universal en salud.