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For nearly forty years, at three institutions, our team conducted studies to advance the use of ARTs for propagating threatened and endangered mammalian species. The initial studies began in 1978 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, moving in the mid-1980’s to The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CREW) at the Cincinnati Zoo and lastly at the Audubon Center for Research in Endangered Species (ACRES) in New Orleans from 1996 to 2015. Our collaborative endeavors with more than two dozen zoological and academic institutions resulted in the births of ET offspring in two non-human primate species, four non-domestic bovid species and seven non-domestic felid species, six of which were interspecies transfers (Table 1). Origin of embryos that were successfully transferred ranged from those flushed from the uterus of mated females (baboon and bovids) to those generated by IVF, ICSI, and SCNT (gorilla and non-domestic felids). Additionally, embryos of five species underwent cryopreservation (baboon, common eland, African wildcat, caracal, black-footed cat) before successful transfer.

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For nearly forty years, at three institutions, our team conducted studies to advance the use of ARTs for propagating threatened and endangered mammalian species. The initial studies began in 1978 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, moving in the mid-1980s to The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CREW) at the Cincinnati Zoo and lastly at the Audubon Center for Research in Endangered Species (ACRES) in New Orleans from 1996 to 2015. Our collaborative endeavors with more than two dozen zoological and academic institutions resulted in the births of ET offspring in two non-human primate species, four non-domestic bovid species and seven non-domestic felid species, six of which were interspecies transfers (Table 1). Origin of embryos that were successfully transferred ranged from those flushed from the uterus of mated females (baboon and bovids) to those generated by IVF, ICSI, and SCNT (gorilla and non-domestic felids). Additionally, embryos of five species underwent cryopreservation (baboon, common eland, African wildcat, caracal, black-footed cat) before successful transfer.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To understand health research in Colombia in the context of governmental and legislative agendas related to the health sector between 1990 and 2010. METHODS: Official sources were used such as development plans, bills and institutional documents. RESULTS: The National Government, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (MSPS by its acronym in Spanish) and the Colombian Congress have focused their attention on health research as a public concern at certain presidential periods due to their interest in reducing the gap between research and health needs. In the 1990s, government plans showed greater interest in formulating a Science and Technology (S&T) policy in health led by the Ministry, an entity that had directorates, commissions and committees responsible for promoting and planning health research. In Congress, some health system reform projects included initiatives to formulate a health research policy that were not approved. DISCUSSION: Health research is recognized as a fundamental tool to help solve health problems. However, said recognition by governmental and legislative actors has not been constant and the institutionality in the health sector has been precarious considering that there is no permanent interest in formulating an S&T policy in health.

OBJETIVO: Entender la investigación en salud en Colombia como parte de agendas gubernamentales y legislativas relacionadas con el sector salud entre 1990 y 2010. MÉTODOS: Se usaron fuentes documentales oficiales como planes de desarrollo, proyectos de ley y otras publicaciones institucionales. RESULTADOS: El Gobierno Nacional, el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (MSPS) y el Congreso colombiano han puesto la atención a la investigación en salud como un problema público en diferentes periodos presidenciales debido al interés de reducir la brecha entre la investigación y las necesidades en salud. En los planes gubernamentales durante los años noventa se presentó mayor interés en la formulación de una política de Ciencia y Tecnología (CyT) en salud liderado por el MSPS, entidad que contaba con direcciones, comisiones y comités encargados de promover y planear la investigación en salud. En el Congreso, algunos proyectos de reforma al sistema de salud incluyeron iniciativas para formular una política de investigación en salud que no fueron aprobadas. DISCUSIÓN: La investigación en salud es reconocida como fundamental para contribuir a solucionar los problemas de salud. Sin embargo, este reconocimiento no ha sido constante por parte de los actores gubernamentales y legislativos, la institucionalidad en el sector salud ha sido precaria y no hubo insistente interés por formular una política de CyT en salud.

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The STD experiments in Guatemala from 1946-1948 have earned a place of infamy in the history of medical ethics. But if the Guatemala STD experiments were so "ethically impossible," how did the U.S. government approve their funding? Although much of the literature has targeted the failings of Dr. John Cutler, we focus on the institutional context and research ethos that shaped the outcome of the research. After the end of WWII, Dr. Cassius Van Slyke reconstructed the federal research contracts process into a grant program. The inaugural NIH study section recommended approval of the Guatemala STD experiments at its first meeting. The funding and oversight process of the Guatemala research was marked with serious conflicts of interest and a lack of oversight, and it was this structure, as opposed to merely a maleficent individual, that allowed the Guatemala STD experiments to proceed. We conclude that while current research regulations are designed to prevent the abuses perpetrated on the subjects of the Guatemala STD experiments, it takes a comprehensive understanding of research ethics through professional education to achieve the longstanding ideal of the responsible investigator, and ensure ethical research under any regulatory scheme.

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Faz uma abordagem histórica sobre a atuação da Fundação Rockefeller nas instituições brasileiras de ensino e pesquisa. No campo biomédico, um marco significativo pode ser localizado em 1915, quando desembarcou em São Paulo a primeira Comissão de Estudos da Fundação Rockefeller (FR). A comissão chegou ao Brasil depois de uma longa viagem pela América Latina, incluindo Equador, Peru, Colômbia e Venezuela, cujo objetivo fora identificar áreas para atuação no continente, especialmente nos setores de Saúde Pública e ensino médico. Para as instituições selecionadas, a FR dispunha-se a liberar grandes somas, desde que os estatutos fossem ajustados à sua concepção de excelência científica, cujo cerne associava a limitação do número de alunos (numerus clausus) à implantação do tempo integral para o ensino e a pesquisa nas disciplinas pré-clínicas, acrescida da construção do hospital de clínicas. (AU)

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Faz uma abordagem histórica sobre a atuação da Fundação Rockefeller nas instituições brasileiras de ensino e pesquisa. No campo biomédico, um marco significativo pode ser localizado em 1915, quando desembarcou em São Paulo a primeira Comissão de Estudos da Fundação Rockefeller (FR). A comissão chegou ao Brasil depois de uma longa viagem pela América Latina, incluindo Equador, Peru, Colômbia e Venezuela, cujo objetivo fora identificar áreas para atuação no continente, especialmente nos setores de Saúde Pública e ensino médico. Para as instituições selecionadas, a FR dispunha-se a liberar grandes somas, desde que os estatutos fossem ajustados à sua concepção de excelência científica, cujo cerne associava a limitação do número de alunos (numerus clausus) à implantação do tempo integral para o ensino e a pesquisa nas disciplinas pré-clínicas, acrescida da construção do hospital de clínicas.

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El objetivo de este estudio es brindar una visión panorámica de la relación entre el desarrollo de los estudios naturalistas con el control del territorio en el Perú desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Durante esta etapa se produjo un notable desarrollo científico - tanto de investigadores como de instituciones académicas - que recibieron el respaldo del Estado peruano que empezaba a contar con mas recursos después del periodo de relativa inestabilidad que se sucedió a la Independencia en 1821. Aunque este desarrollo fue fragmentado y discontinuo permitió la elaboración de los primeros mapas, estudios geográficos y naturalistas, establecimiento de vías de comunicación y estuvo justificado por su potencial contribución a una economía de exportación y al prestigio cultural de elites civiles.

This study offers a panoramic view of the relation between the development of naturalist studies and the control of territory in Peru from the mid-nineteenth century through the first decades of the twentieth. Notable scientific development took place during this period, in terms of research and of academic institutions. Both research and academe enjoyed the support of the State, which had greater resources within its reach following the period of relative instability subsequent to Independence in 1821. Although this process of development was fragmented and discontinuous, it resulted in the first mapmaking work and geographic and naturalist studies, as well as the creation of communication pathways. Further, it was justified by its potential contribution to an export economy and to the cultural prestige of civilian elites.

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