Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Ambiental/tendências , Aquecimento Global/legislação & jurisprudência , Áreas Alagadas , Incêndios Florestais/prevenção & controle , Incêndios Florestais/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Política Ambiental/economia , Aquecimento Global/economia , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Aquecimento Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Chuva , Medição de Risco , Clima Tropical , Incêndios Florestais/economiaRESUMO
Extensive ecosystem restoration is increasingly seen as being central to conserving biodiversity1 and stabilizing the climate of the Earth2. Although ambitious national and global targets have been set, global priority areas that account for spatial variation in benefits and costs have yet to be identified. Here we develop and apply a multicriteria optimization approach that identifies priority areas for restoration across all terrestrial biomes, and estimates their benefits and costs. We find that restoring 15% of converted lands in priority areas could avoid 60% of expected extinctions while sequestering 299 gigatonnes of CO2-30% of the total CO2 increase in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. The inclusion of several biomes is key to achieving multiple benefits. Cost effectiveness can increase up to 13-fold when spatial allocation is optimized using our multicriteria approach, which highlights the importance of spatial planning. Our results confirm the vast potential contributions of restoration to addressing global challenges, while underscoring the necessity of pursuing these goals synergistically.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/tendências , Cooperação Internacional , Animais , Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/economia , Mapeamento Geográfico , Aquecimento Global/economia , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW), deployable with croplands, has potential use for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which is now necessary to mitigate anthropogenic climate change1. ERW also has possible co-benefits for improved food and soil security, and reduced ocean acidification2-4. Here we use an integrated performance modelling approach to make an initial techno-economic assessment for 2050, quantifying how CDR potential and costs vary among nations in relation to business-as-usual energy policies and policies consistent with limiting future warming to 2 degrees Celsius5. China, India, the USA and Brazil have great potential to help achieve average global CDR goals of 0.5 to 2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year with extraction costs of approximately US$80-180 per tonne of CO2. These goals and costs are robust, regardless of future energy policies. Deployment within existing croplands offers opportunities to align agriculture and climate policy. However, success will depend upon overcoming political and social inertia to develop regulatory and incentive frameworks. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of ERW deployment, including the potential for excess industrial silicate materials (basalt mine overburden, concrete, and iron and steel slag) to obviate the need for new mining, as well as uncertainties in soil weathering rates and land-ocean transfer of weathered products.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Dióxido de Carbono/isolamento & purificação , Produtos Agrícolas , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Objetivos , Silicatos/química , Atmosfera/química , Brasil , China , Política Ambiental/economia , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Aquecimento Global/economia , Índia , Ferro/isolamento & purificação , Mineração , Política , Probabilidade , Silicatos/isolamento & purificação , Aço/isolamento & purificação , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Aquecimento Global/legislação & jurisprudência , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Objetivos , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Liderança , Otimismo , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/economia , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/tendências , Animais , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos/tendências , Costa Rica , Tomada de Decisões , União Europeia , Agricultura Florestal , Aquecimento Global/economia , Paris , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/legislação & jurisprudência , Suíça , TemperaturaRESUMO
Water management impacts both methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rice paddy fields. Although controlled irrigation is one of the most important tools for reducing CH4emission in rice production systems it can also increase N2O emissions and reduce crop yields. Over three years, CH4 and N2O emissions were measured in a rice field in Uruguay under two different irrigation management systems, using static closed chambers: conventional water management (continuous flooding after 30 days of emergence, CF30); and an alternative system (controlled deficit irrigation allowing for wetting and drying, AWDI). AWDI showed mean cumulative CH4 emission values of 98.4 kg CH4 ha1, 55 % lower compared to CF30, while no differences in nitrous oxide emissions were observed between treatments ( p > 0.05). No yield differences between irrigation systems were observed in two of the rice seasons ( p > 0.05) while AWDI promoted yield reduction in one of the seasons ( p 0.05). When rice yield and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions were considered together, the AWDI irrigation system allowed for lower yield-scaled total global warming potential (GWP). Higher irrigation water productivity was achieved under AWDI in two of the three rice seasons. These findings suggest that AWDI could be an option for reducing GHG emissions and increasing irrigation water productivity. However, AWDI may compromise grain yield in certain years, reflecting the importance of the need for fine tuning of this irrigation strategy and an assessment of the overall tradeoff between relationships in order to promote its adoption by farmers.
Assuntos
Aquecimento Global/economia , Irrigação Agrícola/economia , Irrigação Agrícola/tendências , Oryza/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Water management impacts both methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rice paddy fields. Although controlled irrigation is one of the most important tools for reducing CH4emission in rice production systems it can also increase N2O emissions and reduce crop yields. Over three years, CH4 and N2O emissions were measured in a rice field in Uruguay under two different irrigation management systems, using static closed chambers: conventional water management (continuous flooding after 30 days of emergence, CF30); and an alternative system (controlled deficit irrigation allowing for wetting and drying, AWDI). AWDI showed mean cumulative CH4 emission values of 98.4 kg CH4 ha1, 55 % lower compared to CF30, while no differences in nitrous oxide emissions were observed between treatments ( p > 0.05). No yield differences between irrigation systems were observed in two of the rice seasons ( p > 0.05) while AWDI promoted yield reduction in one of the seasons ( p 0.05). When rice yield and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions were considered together, the AWDI irrigation system allowed for lower yield-scaled total global warming potential (GWP). Higher irrigation water productivity was achieved under AWDI in two of the three rice seasons. These findings suggest that AWDI could be an option for reducing GHG emissions and increasing irrigation water productivity. However, AWDI may compromise grain yield in certain years, reflecting the importance of the need for fine tuning of this irrigation strategy and an assessment of the overall tradeoff between relationships in order to promote its adoption by farmers.(AU)
Assuntos
Aquecimento Global/economia , Irrigação Agrícola/economia , Irrigação Agrícola/tendências , Oryza/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Congressos como Assunto , Política Ambiental/tendências , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Brasil , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Dióxido de Carbono/isolamento & purificação , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Diplomacia , Política Ambiental/economia , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/legislação & jurisprudência , Agricultura Florestal/tendências , Aquecimento Global/economia , Aquecimento Global/legislação & jurisprudência , Objetivos , Metano/análise , Negociação , Otimismo , Paris , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo , Nações Unidas/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Among environmental problems, climate change presents the greatest challenges to developing countries, especially island nations. Changes in climate and the resulting effects on human health call for examination of the interactions between environmental and social factors. Important in Cuba's case are soil conditions, food availability, disease burden, ecological changes, extreme weather events, water quality and rising sea levels, all in conjunction with a range of social, cultural, economic and demographic conditions.
Assuntos
Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Planejamento em Desastres/organização & administração , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Planejamento em Saúde/organização & administração , Saúde Pública , Política Pública , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/economia , Cuba/epidemiologia , Planejamento em Desastres/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/métodos , Ecossistema , Aquecimento Global/economia , Aquecimento Global/mortalidade , Planejamento em Saúde/economia , Planejamento em Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Política Pública/economia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
The biological and economic values of coral reefs are highly vulnerable to increasing atmospheric and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. We applied the COMBO simulation model (COral Mortality and Bleaching Output) to three major U.S. locations for shallow water reefs: South Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. We compared estimates of future coral cover from 2000 to 2100 for a "business as usual" (BAU) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenario with a GHG mitigation policy scenario involving full international participation in reducing GHG emissions. We also calculated the economic value of changes in coral cover using a benefit transfer approach based on published studies of consumers' recreational values for snorkeling and diving on coral reefs as well as existence values for coral reefs. Our results suggest that a reduced emissions scenario would provide a large benefit to shallow water reefs in Hawaii by delaying or avoiding potential future bleaching events. For Hawaii, reducing emissions is projected to result in an estimated "avoided loss" from 2000 to 2100 of approximately $10.6 billion in recreational use values compared to a BAU scenario. However, reducing emissions is projected to provide only a minor economic benefit in Puerto Rico and South Florida, where sea-surface temperatures are already close to bleaching thresholds and coral cover is projected to drop well below 5% cover under both scenarios by 2050, and below 1% cover under both scenarios by 2100.