RESUMO

O presente relato de caso avaliou o meloxicam solução oral spray com o sistema de absorção transmucosa no tratamento de um cão tripedal acometido por osteoartrose em joelho e coluna. Além da avaliação ortopédica, foram realizados questionários de avaliação de dor, baropodometria, termografia e monitoramento de atividade.

The present case report evaluated the meloxicam oral solution spray with the transmucosal absorption system in the treatment of a three-legged dog affected by osteoarthritis in the knee and spine. In addition to the orthopedic evaluation, assessments of pain, baropodometry, thermography, and activity monitoring were carried out.

El presente informe de caso evaluó el spray de solución oral de meloxicam con el sistema de absorción transmucosa en el tratamiento de un perro de tres patas afectado por osteoartritis en la rodilla y columna. Además de la evaluación ortopédica, se realizaron cuestionarios de evaluación del dolor, baropodometría, termografía y monitoreo de la actividad.

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The incidence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs is high, which is considered the main arthropathy in the species. Once diagnosed, surgical stabilization is recommended and different treatments are categorized as intracapsular, extracapsular, and osteotomies. There is still no consensus regarding the most optimal method of stabilization, and some studies have attempted to create or improve existing techniques, making them more effective. This study presented an intra-articular stifle stabilization technique using a synthetic polyester implant using 32 anatomical specimens from canine cadavers, which were separated by weight into two groups. The drawer movement was analyzed at three timepoints: intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), dissected ligament, and after surgical stabilization using the proposed technique. Results showed a mean cranial displacement of the tibia relative to the femur of 0.61 ± 0.08 millimeters before dissection (mm), 2.61 ± 0.08 mm after dissection, and 0.68 ± 0.08 mm after surgical stabilization (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the intra-articular stabilization technique with polyester thread was effective in stabilizing ex vivo dog stifles after CCL dissection at the immediate postoperative period.

A incidência de ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr) em cães é alta, sendo considerada a principal artropatia na espécie. Uma vez diagnosticada, a estabilização cirúrgica é recomendada e diversos autores indicam diferentes tratamentos, sendo divididos em intracapsulares, extracapsulares e osteotomias. Ainda não há consenso sobre a melhor forma de estabilização e estudos tem sido desenvolvidos buscando criar ou aprimorar técnicas existentes, tornando-as mais eficazes. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar técnica de estabilização intra-articular de joelho, utilizando implante sintético de poliéster. Para isso, 32 peças anatômicas oriundas de cadáveres caninos foram separadas em dois grupos, conforme o peso do animal. Analisamos o movimento de gaveta, em três momentos: ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) íntegro, ligamento desmotomizado e pós estabilização cirúrgica pela técnica proposta. Os resultados demonstram deslocamento cranial médio da tíbia em relação ao fêmur antes da desmotomia de 0,61 ± 0,08 milímetros (mm), 2,61 ± 0,08 mm após a desmotomia e 0,68 ± 0,08 mm após estabilização cirúrgica (P < 0.01). Concluímos que, no momento pós-cirúrgico imediato, a técnica de estabilização intra-articular com fio de poliéster é eficaz em estabilizar a articulação de modelo ex vivo de cães após desmotomia do LCCr.

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A microbiota intestinal realiza a homeostase e a regulação de diversos mecanismos fisiológicos, e está associada a múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. Sabe-se que o desequilíbrio da microbiota, denominado disbiose, acarreta e liberação de metabólitos e fatores inflamatórios, que resulta em quadros de obesidade e enfermidades do sistema esquelético em humanos e roedores. Porém, há poucos estudos sobre essa temática nos cães. Assim sendo, esta revisão de literatura pretende destacar a influência da microbiota intestinal no excesso de peso e no sistema esquelético em cães, com o propósito de colaborar com pesquisas futuras e contribuir para melhoria da conduta clínica dos médicos-veterinários.(AU)

The intestinal microbiota consists of many microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans and viruses. It plays an important role in homeostasis and in regulating various physiological mechanisms, being directly and indirectly associated with several organs and systems. It is proven that in humans and mice the imbalance in this medium, known as dysbiosis leads to the release of metabolites and inflammatory factors, which translates into the emergence of diseases such as obesity and skeletal pathology, but there's always a lack of studies on the subject of dogs hence, this literature review aims to analyze the influence of the intestinal microbiota on overweight and skeletal system in dogs to collaborate on future research and contribute to the selection of veterinary resolutions.(AU)

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The synovial membrane (SM) presents itself with distinctive characteristics during arthroscopic procedures in cases of osteoarthritis (OA) as well as osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in horses. Most of the arthroscopic findings of the SM are limited to a description of a nonspecific inflammation state. In the present study, the macroscopic and histological aspects of the SM in OA and OCD horses were compared to those of healthy horses. The expression of interleukin (IL) in SM was also investigated. Besides, the concentrations of ILs and keratan sulfate (KS) in the synovial fluid (SF), and the molecular weights of the SF hyaluronic acid (HA) were also determined and correlated to the macroscopic and histological aspects of SM. This study included 10 healthy horses (control group), 12 horses with OA, and 12 with OCD. Macroscopic scores of the SM were higher in the OA group in comparison to the control and OCD groups. However, histological scores between OA and OCD were not different, and both were higher than the control group. Only in the OA group, there was a correlation between macroscopic and histological aspects of the SM, especially between volume and quantity of villi with perivascular inflammatory cells and synovial proliferation. The OA group has shown decreased expression of IL-10 in the SM, lower IL-10 and KS, and higher IL-1ß and IL-6 in the SF in comparison to the control and OCD groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the macroscopic aspect of the SM and the molecular weights AH in the OA group. There was no correlation between the macroscopic aspect of the SM and all dosages in the OA and OCD group. In the OA joints, the evaluation of the shape of the SM during arthroscopy promotes a better indicator for joint inflammatory or tissue repair processes, while in the osteochondritic joints, investigation of the histological aspects are recommended to rule out an incipient OA development process. Both are helpful and should be considered to guide the postoperative treatment.

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This prospective, comparative, randomized, horizontal, and double-blind clinical study investigated the clinical efficacy of leucocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma (PRP, n=8) or allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC, n=8) in dogs with bilateral degenerative hip joint disease (DHJD). Sixteen dogs were treated with two intra-articular injections of PRP or ADSCs, within a 30-day interval. The Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI), and Visual Analogue Scales for pain (VAS-pain) and locomotion (VAS-loc) were assessed by the dog owners. Analysis-of-gait using a force plate, response to palpation (VAS-palp), and the descriptive numerical scale for pain (DNS) were measured by a veterinarian. The assessments were performed before (baseline), 30 and 60 days after the first treatment. Data were analyzed using the unpaired t test, paired Wilcoxon test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (P<0.05). Compared with baseline HCPI, CBPI, VAS-pain, and VAS-palp scores reduced 41%, 52%, 51%, and 48% (P=0.0001-0.03) at 60 days in the ADSC group. In PRP-treated dogs, CBPI, VAS-loc, and DNS scores decreased by 43%, 43%, and 33% at 60 days, respectively (P=0.0003-0.011). Based on CBPI data, the rate of success at 60 days was 75% and 25% in the ADSC and PRP groups (P=0.13), respectively. Both therapies were apparently safe and effective to reduce chronic pain in dogs with bilateral DHJD during a 60-day period. However, a trend towards greater improvement was provided by the ADSC treatment.

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The term juvenile osteochondral condition (JOCC) has been used to identify developmental changes in the growth plates. The condition is characterized by a set of changes with similar pathogenesis that affect the immature skeleton and joints of growing foals. The aim of the current study is to investigate the prevalence and degree of severity of osteochondral changes in Brazilian warmblood (BW) foals in two farms in the south of Brazil. Radiological evaluation was applied to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP), carpal (C), metatarsophalangeal (MTP), tarsal (T), and femorotibiopatellar (FTP) joints of 90 foals (47 females and 43 males) in the age group 16-36 months. The evaluation was made before the animals started their athlete performance. Changes were classified as a degree of severity 0 to 4. Changes were diagnosed in 56 foals (58%) that had 105 affected joints. Thirty-three (59%) out of the 56 animals had changes in more than one joint; 57% (19/33) of them had bilateral changes. MTP and MCP were the joints with the most severe changes, respectively (severity 2 and 3), followed by FTP, T, and C. Osteochondral fragments (59%), tarsal arthropathies (48%), irregularities and radiolucency in the FTP joint (7%), and subchondral cystic lesion in the FTP joint (1%), were the most observed changes. BW foals recorded the high prevalence of osteochondral alterations; although MTP and T were the most affected joints, MTP and MCP presented the most severe changes. The present study confirmed significant JOCC prevalence in BW. Further studies should be carried out in different properties.

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Horses performing tasks is a common scene in urban centers, evidenced by the significant number of animals pulling carts along the streets (cart horses). Despite the rising concern of the population for animal welfare, as well as the creation of laws that prohibit traction activity in several Brazilian municipalities, these attitudes must be based on the impact of such activity on equine health. Locomotor system disorders are commonly observed in animals of this species, and become even more frequent when they are submitted to unhealthy working conditions. In this context, we conducted a survey on locomotor system disorders in 11 active draft horses. To this end, we performed lameness assessments and radiographic and ultrasound examinations. Information on management regarding the horses' hooves, type of harness used, and type of work performed was also obtained through the application of questionnaires to the owners. The collected data showed that, although most of the animals in the study presented critical orthopedic conditions, they were not treated and the horses did not rest for adequate time. We observed that the disorders, which are often chronic, may be directly associated with incorrect management of the animals. We emphasize the importance to disseminate information that values the welfare of traction animals in order to tackle mistreatment.(AU)

Cavalos desempenhando tarefas para o homem é ainda uma cena marcante nos centros urbanos, evidenciada pela grande quantidade de animais que tracionam carroças pelas ruas (carroceiros). Apesar da crescente preocupação da população com o bem estar animal, assim como a criação de leis que proíbem a atividade de tração em diversos municípios brasileiros, é imprescindível que estas atitudes estejam embasadas no impacto de tal atividade sobre a saúde dos equinos. Nesta espécie, afecções do aparelho locomotor são comuns, tornando-se ainda mais frequentes quando os animais são submetidos a condições insalubres de trabalho. Por conseguinte, este estudo promoveu um levantamento das afecções que acometem o aparelho locomotor de 11 equinos de tração em atividade, por meio de exames de claudicação, radiográficos e ultrassonográficos. Informações sobre manejo realizado pelos proprietários quanto aos cascos de seus animais, tipos de arreios utilizados e tipo de trabalho ao qual eram submetidos foram obtidas através de questionários. Verificou-se ao relacionar dados coletados, que a maioria dos animais do estudo apresentava afecções ortopédicas importantes, e que, entretanto, não eram tratados ou mantidos em repouso por tempo adequado. Observou-se que as afecções encontradas, muitas vezes crônicas, podem ter relação direta com o manejo incorreto dos animais, e ressalta-se a importância da disseminação de informações que prezem pelo bem estar do animal de carroça, a fim de combater maus tratos nesta categoria animal.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Horses performing tasks is a common scene in urban centers, evidenced by the significant number of animals pulling carts along the streets (cart horses). Despite the rising concern of the population for animal welfare, as well as the creation of laws that prohibit traction activity in several Brazilian municipalities, these attitudes must be based on the impact of such activity on equine health. Locomotor system disorders are commonly observed in animals of this species, and become even more frequent when they are submitted to unhealthy working conditions. In this context, we conducted a survey on locomotor system disorders in 11 active draft horses. To this end, we performed lameness assessments and radiographic and ultrasound examinations. Information on management regarding the horses' hooves, type of harness used, and type of work performed was also obtained through the application of questionnaires to the owners. The collected data showed that, although most of the animals in the study presented critical orthopedic conditions, they were not treated and the horses did not rest for adequate time. We observed that the disorders, which are often chronic, may be directly associated with incorrect management of the animals. We emphasize the importance to disseminate information that values the welfare of traction animals in order to tackle mistreatment.(AU)

Cavalos desempenhando tarefas para o homem é ainda uma cena marcante nos centros urbanos, evidenciada pela grande quantidade de animais que tracionam carroças pelas ruas (carroceiros). Apesar da crescente preocupação da população com o bem estar animal, assim como a criação de leis que proíbem a atividade de tração em diversos municípios brasileiros, é imprescindível que estas atitudes estejam embasadas no impacto de tal atividade sobre a saúde dos equinos. Nesta espécie, afecções do aparelho locomotor são comuns, tornando-se ainda mais frequentes quando os animais são submetidos a condições insalubres de trabalho. Por conseguinte, este estudo promoveu um levantamento das afecções que acometem o aparelho locomotor de 11 equinos de tração em atividade, por meio de exames de claudicação, radiográficos e ultrassonográficos. Informações sobre manejo realizado pelos proprietários quanto aos cascos de seus animais, tipos de arreios utilizados e tipo de trabalho ao qual eram submetidos foram obtidas através de questionários. Verificou-se ao relacionar dados coletados, que a maioria dos animais do estudo apresentava afecções ortopédicas importantes, e que, entretanto, não eram tratados ou mantidos em repouso por tempo adequado. Observou-se que as afecções encontradas, muitas vezes crônicas, podem ter relação direta com o manejo incorreto dos animais, e ressalta-se a importância da disseminação de informações que prezem pelo bem estar do animal de carroça, a fim de combater maus tratos nesta categoria animal.(AU)

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A ultrassonografia não é utilizada com frequência na avaliação musculoesquelética de cães. Em pacientes humanos, o uso dessa modalidade de imagem tem demonstrado sua importância no diagnóstico e na monitoração das afecções musculoesqueléticas durante as últimas três décadas. A ultrassonografia permite identificar as diferentes estruturas anatômicas envolvidas com as articulações e detectar alterações patológicas em tendões, ligamentos, cápsula e cartilagem articular, menisco e superfícies ósseas. A dependência das habilidades do operador e a dificuldade de acesso a determinadas estruturas são as principais limitações dessa modalidade. Porém, sua disponibilidade e seu baixo custo podem torná-la parte importante da avaliação das alterações musculoesqueléticas em cães.

Ultrasonography is not frequently used in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system of dogs. During the last three decades this imaging technique has been shown to be valuable in the diagnosis and monitoring the musculoskeletal disorders of human patients. Ultrasonography allows recognitions of different anatomical joint structures and enable detection of lesions in tendons, ligaments, joint capsule, cartilage, meniscus and bone surfaces. The diagnostic value of the technique is highly operator-dependent, and can be influenced by the difficult to access to some anatomical structures. In spite of its limitations, the availability and low cost of the ultrasonography can make it an important tool in the assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs.

La ecografía no es una técnica que se use con frecuencia para la evaluación musculoesquelética de los perros. En pacientes humanos, esta modalidad de imagen ha demostrado su importancia en el diagnóstico y monitoreo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas durante las últimas tres décadas. La ecografía permite identificar las estructuras anatómicas de las articulaciones, detectando alteraciones patológicas en tendones, ligamentos, cápsula y cartílago articular, meniscos y superficies óseas. Las principales limitaciones son su dependencia en cuanto a las habilidades del operador y las dificultades de acceso a determinadas estructuras. No obstante, su disponibilidad y bajo costo pueden hacer que esta técnica pase a formar parte de la evaluación de las alteraciones musculoesqueléticas en perros.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A ultrassonografia não é utilizada com frequência na avaliação musculoesquelética de cães. Em pacientes humanos, o uso dessa modalidade de imagem tem demonstrado sua importância no diagnóstico e na monitoração das afecções musculoesqueléticas durante as últimas três décadas. A ultrassonografia permite identificar as diferentes estruturas anatômicas envolvidas com as articulações e detectar alterações patológicas em tendões, ligamentos, cápsula e cartilagem articular, menisco e superfícies ósseas. A dependência das habilidades do operador e a dificuldade de acesso a determinadas estruturas são as principais limitações dessa modalidade. Porém, sua disponibilidade e seu baixo custo podem torná-la parte importante da avaliação das alterações musculoesqueléticas em cães.(AU)

Ultrasonography is not frequently used in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system of dogs. During the last three decades this imaging technique has been shown to be valuable in the diagnosis and monitoring the musculoskeletal disorders of human patients. Ultrasonography allows recognitions of different anatomical joint structures and enable detection of lesions in tendons, ligaments, joint capsule, cartilage, meniscus and bone surfaces. The diagnostic value of the technique is highly operator-dependent, and can be influenced by the difficult to access to some anatomical structures. In spite of its limitations, the availability and low cost of the ultrasonography can make it an important tool in the assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs.(AU)

La ecografía no es una técnica que se use con frecuencia para la evaluación musculoesquelética de los perros. En pacientes humanos, esta modalidad de imagen ha demostrado su importancia en el diagnóstico y monitoreo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas durante las últimas tres décadas. La ecografía permite identificar las estructuras anatómicas de las articulaciones, detectando alteraciones patológicas en tendones, ligamentos, cápsula y cartílago articular, meniscos y superficies óseas. Las principales limitaciones son su dependencia en cuanto a las habilidades del operador y las dificultades de acceso a determinadas estructuras. No obstante, su disponibilidad y bajo costo pueden hacer que esta técnica pase a formar parte de la evaluación de las alteraciones musculoesqueléticas en perros.(AU)

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