RESUMO
This study examined the perceived talent development environment (TDE) of youth track and field athletes within the Caribbean region and explores the relationship with their subjective wellbeing and burnout levels. A sample of 400 Caribbean youth track and field athletes (male = 198, and female = 202; age 13-20 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Athletes responded to a survey which included the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5), the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Structural equation modelling showed that a positive and supportive TDE was associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower athlete burnout. Moreover, gender and hours of training moderated relationships of athletes' perceptions of their development environment with wellbeing and burnout levels respectively. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the support network and athlete wellbeing, while holistic quality preparation was negatively associated with athlete burnout. Development environments perceived as supportive and geared towards a holistic athlete-centred approach were associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower burnout.
Assuntos
Aptidão , Atletas/psicologia , Esgotamento Psicológico/psicologia , Meio Social , Atletismo/psicologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Atletas/classificação , Esgotamento Psicológico/epidemiologia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Condicionamento Físico Humano/psicologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Atletismo/classificação , Atletismo/fisiologia , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) são utilizados clinicamente para tratar diferentes doenças, porém propagou-se o uso não terapêutico por atletas de elite e fisiculturistas, com o intuito de aumentar a massa muscular e melhorar o desempenho físico. O uso de substâncias ergogênicas, como fármacos estimulantes e narcóticos analgésicos no esporte, foi proibido em 1967 pelo International Olympic Committee (COI), mas somente em 1976 os EAA entraram para a lista de substâncias proibidas. O uso de EAA está associado a diversos efeitos adversos, principalmente cardiovasculares, neuroendócrinos e distúrbios psiquiátricos, além de dislipidemia, elevação dos marcadores inflamatórios e disfunção endotelial. As análises toxicológicas constam como a maneira mais eficaz de minimizar o doping no esporte. O material é fornecido pelo atleta durante as competições ou treinamentos e previne que os competidores alcancem vantagem competitiva devido ao uso de EAA. A utilização de métodos para amostragem alternativos tem ganhado força, devido à necessidade de técnicas mais práticas que utilizam pouco volume de amostra e possuem facilidade de armazenamento. O dried urine spots é um método no qual pequenas amostras de urina são aplicadas em papéis de filtro para análises qualitativas ou quantitativas. Ele se caracteriza por ser uma técnica rápida, fácil, simples e barata para a coleta, armazenamento e distribuição, além de minimizar os riscos de infecção, podendo ser utilizado na rotina. A técnica de paper spray (PS-MS) foi desenvolvida a partir da relevância de métodos como o dried blood spots por proporcionar análises mais rápidas, apresenta alta especificidade, capacidade de analisar diferentes analitos simultaneamente, baixo limite de detecção e dispensa a necessidade de reagentes específicos. Sendo assim, neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e validado o método de screening de EAAs em dried urine spots por ionização por paper spray acoplada à espectrometria de massas. O método apresentou limites de detecção entre 2-15ng/mL e presença de três interferentes endógenos. Os dez analitos de interesse deste estudo são estáveis por 150 dias em temperatura ambiente. Dessa forma, a análise de EAAs em dried urine spots por PS-MS demonstra grande potencial para se tornar um método alternativo no monitoramento rápido de drogas de abuso
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used clinically to treat different diseases, but non-therapeutic use has spread among elite athletes and bodybuilders, with the aim of increase muscle mass and improve physical performance. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned the use of ergogenic substances, such as stimulating drugs and analgesic narcotics in sports, in 1967, but only in 1976, AAS were included on the list of prohibited substances. The use of AAS is associated with several adverse effects, mainly cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and psychiatric disorders, in addition to dyslipidemia, elevated inflammatory markers and endothelial dysfunction. Toxicological analyzes are the most effective approach to minimize doping in sport. The material is provided by the athlete during competitions or training and prevents competitors from achieving a competitive advantage due to the use of AAs. The use of alternative sampling methods has gained strength, due to the need for more practical techniques that use low sample volume and can be easily storage. Dried urine spots are a method, which a small amount of urine samples is applied to filter papers for qualitative or quantitative analysis. It is characterized by being a fast, easy, simple and inexpensive technique for collection, storage and distribution, in addition to minimizing the risks of infection, and can be used in the routine. The paper spray technique (PS-MS) was developed based on the relevance of methods such as dried blood spots for providing faster analysis, high specificity, ability to analyze different analytes simultaneously, low detection limit and for eliminating the need for specific reagents. Therefore, this work developed and validated a screening method for AAS in dried urine spots by paper spray-mass spectrometry ionization. The method provided detection limits between 2-15ng/mL and the presence of three endogenous interferents. The ten analytes of interest in this study are stable for 150 days at room temperature. Thus, the analysis of AAS in dried urine spots by PS-MS demonstrates great potential to become an alternative method for the rapid monitoring of drugs of abuse
Assuntos
Espectrometria de Massas/instrumentação , Esportes/classificação , Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Atletas/classificação , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Drogas Ilícitas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Entorpecentes/efeitos adversosRESUMO
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o sistema de ranqueamento do voleibol brasileiro e suas consequências na formação das equipes participantes. A metodologia é de natureza qualitativa, do tipo descritivo, utilizando como estratégia a análise documental. Os resultados exploram as justificativas para implantação do ranking dos atletas; o sistema de pontuação e suas consequências na composição das equipes; e as demandas recentes que têm feito a discussão ganhar contornos polêmicos. Concluise que o sistema vigente apresenta forte mecanismo restritivo na carreira de atletas nacionais e estrangeiros e somente com a constante atualização dos critérios atuais é que poderá se dinamizar os campeonatos nacionais formados por clubes e empresas dedicados ao esporte
This article analyzes Brazilian volleyball's ranking system and its impacts on the make-up of participating teams. Its methodology is qualitative, descriptive, using documentary analysis as its strategy. The results explore the reasons for implementing the athlete ranking; the scoring system and its consequences on the make-up of teams; and the recent demands that made the discussion controversial. It concludes that the current system is strongly restrictive for Brazilian and foreign athletes' careers and only constant updating of the current criteria can dynamize Brazilian championships formed by clubs and companies dedicated to volleyball
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el sistema de ranking del voleibol brasileño y sus consecuencias en la formación de los equipos. La metodología es de naturaleza cualitativa, del tipo descriptivo, utilizando como estrategia el análisis documental. Los resultados exploran las justificaciones para la implantación del ranking de los atletas; el sistema de puntuación y sus consecuencias en la composición de los equipos; y las demandas recientes que han hecho que la discusión gane contornos polémicos. Se concluye que el sistema vigente presenta un fuerte mecanismo restrictivo en la carrera de atletas nacionales y extranjeros y solo con la constante actualización de los criterios actuales será posible dinamizar los campeonatos nacionales formados por clubes y empresas dedicados al deporte
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Voleibol , Atletas/classificação , EsportesRESUMO
Santos, JFS and Franchini, E. Frequency speed of kick test performance comparison between female taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2934-2938, 2018-Construct validity is a desirable characteristic in any performance test to differentiate athletes. However, no taekwondo-specific test was investigated with this purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare female taekwondo athletes grouped in different competitive levels. Forty-two female taekwondo athletes divided into International/National (median [interquartile range]; n = 21, age: 20 [18-25] years; body mass: 60 [53-72] kg; height: 164 [161-170] cm; and practice time: 8 [5-13] years) and State/Regional group (median [interquartile range]; n = 21; age: 18 [17-25] years; body mass: 57 [52-63] kg; height: 165 [160-172] cm; and practice time: 5 [2-8] years) volunteered to participate in this study. The female taekwondo athletes performed frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) with 10 seconds (FSKT10s) and intermittent 90 seconds (FSKTmult) during the competitive period. Differences between international/national and state/regional group were observed, with superiority to international/national group, for FSKT10s (U = 114.5, p = 0.007, ESr (effect size) = -0.42 [small]), FSKT1 (U = 127.0, p = 0.016, ESr = -0.37 [small]), FSKT2 (U = 108.5, p = 0.004, ESr = -0.45 [small]), FSKT3 (U = 127.0, p = 0.015, ESr = -0.37 [small]), and FSKTtotal (U = 124.0, p = 0.015, ESr = -0.38 [small]). Based on the results of this study, the FSKT seems to be a good tool to discriminate performance of female taekwondo athletes and could be used by coaches and athletes in their evaluation routines.
Assuntos
Atletas/classificação , Desempenho Atlético , Artes Marciais , Adolescente , Adulto , Comportamento Competitivo , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To investigate the presence of a relative age effect (RAE) and the influence of birth quarters (BQ), semesters (S) as well as skeletal maturation on anthropometric characteristics and aerobic peak speed (PST-CAR) in youth male soccer players. Methods: One hundred players were recruited to participate in this study. Players were allocated into 4 BQ's and 2 S. Skeletal maturity status was assessed using the Fels method. Assessments for players included determination of body size and composition and PST-CAR. Results: Overall, more players were born in BQ1 (38 %) and S1 (75%). The likelihood of players born in BQ1 and BQ2 being selected was 3.61 to 4.96 times higher than players in BQ3 and BQ4. Players in BQ4 maturing earlier were biologically older than their peers in BQ1. The players in BQ3 and S2 displayed higher PST-CAR compared with players in BQ2 and S1, respectively. However, players of contrasting skeletal maturity status did not differ in aerobic performance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that coaches and talent scouts are systematically retaining average and early maturing players born in S1 and excluding late maturing players born in BQ4. However, aerobic performance appeared to be dependent on the relative age, but independent of skeletal maturation during puberty.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Esqueleto/anatomia & histologia , Futebol/fisiologia , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Atletas/classificaçãoRESUMO
In this study, we asked whether wheelchair rugby (WR) classification and competitive level influence trunk function of athletes with disabilities, in terms of seated limits-of-stability (LoS). Twenty-eight athletes were recruited from international- and national-level WR teams, with each group exhibiting marked differences in years of sports practice and training volume. Athletes were also distributed into three groups according their classification: low-point (0.5-1.5-point); mid-point (2.0-2.5-point); and high-point (3.0-3.5-point). Athletes were asked to sit on a force platform and to lean the body as far as possible in eight predefined directions. Center of pressure (COP) coordinates were calculated from the ground reaction forces acquired with the force platform. LoS were computed as the area of ellipse adjusted to maximal COP excursion achieved for the eight directions. ANOVAs reveal that LoS were not different when international- and national-level players were compared (P=.744). Nevertheless, LoS were larger in players from the high-point group than from the low-point group (P=.028), with the mid-point group being not different from both (P>.194). In summary, (i) competitive level does not impact LoS measures and (ii) LoS are remarkably distinct when comparing both extremes of the WR classification range. Our results suggest that, as a training-resistant measure, LoS could be a valid assessment of trunk impairment, potentially contributing to the development of an evidence-based WR classification.
Assuntos
Atletas/classificação , Postura , Cadeiras de Rodas , Adulto , Pessoas com Deficiência , Futebol Americano , Humanos , Masculino , Equilíbrio Postural , TroncoRESUMO
Slater, LV, Vriner, M, Zapalo, P, Arbour, K, and Hart, JM. Difference in agility, strength, and flexibility in competitive figure skaters based on level of expertise and skating discipline. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3321-3328, 2016-Figure skating is an extremely difficult sport that requires a combination of grace, artistry, flexibility, speed, and power. Although many skaters are involved with strength and conditioning programs, there is no current information about differences in off-ice performance measures based on skating discipline and level. The purpose of this study was to compare agility, strength, and flexibility performance based on skating discipline and level. A total of 343 figure skaters from 4 different disciplines (singles, dance, pair, and synchronized skating) and 3 different levels (novice, junior, and senior) completed combine testing with the United States Figure Skating Association. All subjects completed the hexagon agility test, t-test, triple bound jumps, vertical jump, timed tuck jumps, push-ups, v-ups, hand press, front split, seated reach, and stork pose. A multivariate analysis of variance with Scheffe's post hoc was used to identify differences in performance based on skating discipline and level. Mean differences, Cohen's d effect sizes, and 95% confidence intervals were reported for all significant differences. Senior and junior skaters tended to be faster and stronger than novice skaters. Singles, dance, and pair skaters tended to be more agile, stronger, and flexible than synchronized skaters, however, senior synchronized skaters tended to perform better than senior skaters in other disciplines. These results indicate that strength and conditioning professionals should consider skating discipline and level when designing strengthening programs for figure skaters.
Assuntos
Dança , Movimento , Força Muscular , Patinação/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Atletas/classificação , Criança , Comportamento Competitivo , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Treinamento Resistido , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The purposes of this study were (a) to verify the agreement of categorization and ranks based on the actual power output measured by a force plate (PPact) and the estimated power output (PPest) from jump height and body mass (BM), and (b) to verify whether the ratio standard is adequate to scale the PPact for BM. The countermovement jumps of 309 male athletes were analyzed. The athletes were first categorized into tertiles (superior, intermediate, and inferior) according to PPact and PPest. After that the athletes were ranked (highest to lowest power output) according to PPact and PPest. The PPest equation explained 81% of PPact variance (standard error of estimate = 277.4 W). The PPest (3,757.1 ± 579.8 W) displayed similar mean values compared with PPact (3,757.1 ± 642.3 W). However, the agreement between the categories generated by PPact and PPest was only moderate (k = 0.6; p < 0.01), and in the intermediate tertile, the categorization differs 38.8%. The agreement between the ranks analyzed from a Bland-Altman plot shows bias zero, but a wide limits of agreement (81 ranks; 26.2%). For the PPact scaling, the ratio standard may be considered as an adequate method for removing the BM effect, considering the lack of correlation between the scaled PPact (PPact/BM) and BM, and also the confirmation of Tanner's special circumstance. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the athlete's power output was not appropriately categorized or ranked when using PPest. Furthermore, the use of the scaled PPact is recommended to fairly compare athletes with different BMs.
Assuntos
Atletas/classificação , Desempenho Atlético , Peso Corporal , Exercício Físico , Adolescente , Adulto , Ergometria , Teste de Esforço , Humanos , Masculino , Conceitos Matemáticos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A teoria do flow feeling auxilia na melhor compreensão do comportamento de algumas pessoas que realizam certas atividades com máximo desempenho e alto grau de motivação. Esta teoria é composta por nove dimensões/características. Com isso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar qualitativamente o sentimento de flow em jogadores de basquetebol pertencentes às categorias de base. A amostra do estudo foi de 59 atletas de cinco diferentes equipes da região Sudeste, sendo duas dessas equipes consideradas de elite. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário para coletar dados gerais sobre os atletas. Para avaliar as entrevistas utilizou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que existem cinco dimensões mais frequentemente citadas pelos atletas (experiência autotélica; equilíbrio desafio-habilidade; objetivos claros; controle absoluto das ações e concentração intensa na tarefa). Há também outras três menos citadas (perda da noção do tempo; fusão entre ação e atenção e perda da autoconsciência). Alguns discursos apontaram para possível existência de um estado de flow da equipe.
The flow-feeling theory helps in understanding why people do activities in maximum performance and extremely motivated. This theory is composed of 9 dimension/characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze qualitatively the flow feeling in young basketball players. The study sample of 59 athletes from 5 different teams from the Brazil Southeast. Being two of the teams considered elite teams. We used a semi structured interview and a questionnaire to collect general data about the athletes. To evaluate the interview was used the method of content analysis. The results show that there is five dimensions most frequently cited by athletes (autotelic experience, challenge-skill balance, clear goals; sense of control; concentration on the task at hand). And three other less mentioned (transformation of time; action-awareness merging, loss of self-consciousness). Some speeches indicate to there can be a state of flow on the team.
La teoría del estado de flow ayuda a entender mejor el comportamiento de algunas personas que realizan algunas actividades con máximo rendimiento y alto grado de motivación. Esta teoría se compone de 9 dimensiones/características. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar cualitativamente la sensación de flow en jugadores de baloncesto pertenecientes a las categorías base. La muestra del estudio se constituyó por 59 atletas de 5 equipos diferentes de la región sudeste de Brasil. Siendo dos de los equipos considerados equipos de élite. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada y un cuestionario para la recolección de los datos generales sobre los atletas. Para evaluar las entrevistas se utilizó el método de análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que hay cinco dimensiones más frecuentemente citadas por los atletas (experiencia autotélica; equilibrio reto-habilidad; claridad de objetivos; control total de las acciones; concentración intensa en la tarea). Y otros tres menos mencionados (pérdida de la noción del tiempo; unión entre acción y atención; pérdida de la autoconsciencia). Algunos discursos indicaron también una posible existencia de un estado de flow del equipo.