RESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Elite sports pose potential health risks, but are vital to the well-being of society. In Cuban society, sport is an integral part of personal development and public health, fostering unity and promoting female participation for sustainable growth. Athletics is one of the most important sports in Cuban sport, and should be approached both from the point of view of sports training and sports psychology. Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a description of conditional variables in a countermovement jump (CMJ), mood profile, self-efficacy, and the leg-hip height index among athletes from the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team, differentiated by gender. Methods: Our sample consisted of the Cuban national athletics pre-selection team. Results: Mood profile analysis using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) did not reveal significant gender differences, with a small effect size for gender. Men showed a slightly greater trend towards vigor compared to women. Significant differences in self-efficacy were observed between men and women in their confidence levels to achieve jump heights between 21 and 40 cm using the CMJ. However, no significant differences were found for jumps exceeding 40 cm, highlighting the importance of strategies to enhance athletes' psychological needs and self-efficacy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the association between tension-related anxiety and performance indicators related to jump height may play a crucial role in determining specific profiles in male and female Cuban athletes. Our comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding gender differences in performance factors. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and athlete development strategies.
Resumen Introducción: Los deportes de élite plantean riesgos potenciales para la salud, pero son vitales para el bienestar de la sociedad. En la sociedad cubana, el deporte forma parte integral del desarrollo personal y la salud pública, fomentando la unidad y promoviendo la participación femenina, para un crecimiento sostenible. El atletismo es uno de los deportes más importantes en el deporte cubano, y debe ser abordado tanto, desde el punto de vista del entrenamiento deportivo, como desde la psicología deportiva. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción de las variables condicionales en un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ, por sus siglas en inglés), el perfil anímico, la autoeficacia y el índice de altura pierna-cadera en atletas de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo, diferenciados por sexo. Materiales y métodos: Nuestra muestra estuvo constituida por la preselección nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: El análisis del perfil del estado de ánimo mediante el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) no reveló diferencias significativas entre sexos, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño para el sexo. Los hombres mostraron una tendencia ligeramente mayor hacia el vigor, en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia entre hombres y mujeres, en sus niveles de confianza para alcanzar alturas de salto de entre 21 y 40 cm utilizando el CMJ. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas para los saltos superiores a 40 cm, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de las estrategias para mejorar las necesidades psicológicas y la autoeficacia de los atletas. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que, la asociación entre la ansiedad, relacionada con la tensión y los indicadores de rendimiento, vinculados con la altura del salto, pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la determinación de perfiles específicos, en atletas cubanos, de ambos sexos. Nuestro análisis exhaustivo contribuye a comprender las diferencias de género en los factores de rendimiento. Estos hallazgos proporcionan valiosos conocimientos para futuras investigaciones y estrategias de desarrollo en atletas.
Resumo Introdução: Os desportos de elite apresentam riscos potenciais para a saúde, mas são vitais para o bem-estar da sociedade. Na sociedade cubana, o desporto é parte integrante do desenvolvimento pessoal e da saúde pública, fomentando a unidade e promovendo a participação feminina para um crescimento sustentável. O atletismo é uma das modalidades mais importantes do desporto cubano e deve ser abordado tanto do ponto de vista do treino desportivo como da psicologia desportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma descrição das variáveis condicionais em um salto com movimento (CMJ, sigla em inglês), perfil de humor, autoeficácia e o índice de altura da perna-quadril entre atletas da equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba, diferenciados por gênero. Métodos: Nossa amostra consistiu na equipe de pré-seleção nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Resultados: A análise do perfil de humor usando o Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS) não revelou diferenças significativas de gênero, com um pequeno efeito de tamanho para o gênero. Os homens mostraram uma tendência ligeiramente maior para o vigor em comparação com as mulheres. Diferenças significativas na autoeficácia foram observadas entre homens e mulheres em seus níveis de confiança para alcançar alturas de salto entre 21 e 40 cm usando o CMJ. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para saltos superiores a 40 cm, destacando a importância de estratégias para aprimorar as necessidades psicológicas e a autoeficácia dos atletas. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere que a associação entre ansiedade relacionada à tensão e indicadores de desempenho relacionados à altura do salto pode desempenhar um papel crucial na determinação de perfis específicos em atletas cubanos do sexo masculino e feminino. Nossa análise abrangente contribui para entender as diferenças de gênero nos fatores de desempenho. Esses achados fornecem insights valiosos para futuras pesquisas e estratégias de desenvolvimento de atletas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Atletismo/psicologia , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Cuba , Identidade de GêneroRESUMO
Resumen La pandemia generada por el COVID-19 se ha convertido en un desafío para atletas de la mayoría de las disciplinas. La incertidumbre frente al contagio ha repercutido física y psicológicamente, y ha provocado un deterioro de la calidad de vida no solo en quienes han contraído la enfermedad sino también en quienes han tenido que vivir el confinamiento. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer las percepciones de atletas de Slackline respecto a los efectos en los entrenamientos y calidad de vida derivados de dicha situación. La investigación se sustenta en un método cuantitativo exploratorio-descriptivo de corte transversal; el instrumento utilizado fue una encuesta autoaplicada con tres dimensiones la cual fue contestada correctamente por 229 personas de 28 países, 176 hombres (15 - 57 años) y 51 mujeres (20 - 43 años), pertenecientes a Europa, América, Asia y Oceanía. Los resultados arrojan que el 97,8% señala haber perdido la motivación, el 60,2% declara tener malas condiciones de infraestructura o poco acceso a sus lugares de entrenamiento, el 65,5% tiene inconvenientes económicos y el 88,2% ha presentado problemas de salud: se destaca que el 10% de las personas encuestadas han sido diagnosticado con COVID-19 positivo. Se concluye que el confinamiento y situación de pandemia han creado un ambiente desfavorable para los atletas y las atletas de Slackline debido a las complicaciones para realizar sus entrenamientos dada la ausencia de acceso a espacios públicos, desmotivación, pérdida de capacidad física y aumento de lesiones.
Abstract The COVID-19 disease is an emerging pandemic challenge, which has physical and psychological repercussions, deteriorating the quality of life in those who have been infected and, in turn, in those who have had to live in confinement. The objective of this study is to know the perceptions of Slackline athletes regarding the effects on training and quality of life derived from the COVID-19 situation. The research is based on a cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive quantitative method. The instrument used was a self-applied survey with three dimensions; 229 people from 28 countries correctly answered it, 176 men (15 - 57 years) and 51 women (20 - 43 years), belonging to Europe, America, Asia, and Oceania. The results show that 97.8% say they have lost motivation, 60.2% declare they have poor infrastructure conditions and / or little access to their training places, 65.5% have financial problems, and 88.2 % have presented health problems, highlighting that 10% of those surveyed have been diagnosed with positive COVID-19. It is concluded that the confinement and pandemic situation has created an unfavorable environment for Slackline athletes due to the complications to carry out their training sessions, lack of access to public spaces, demotivation, loss of physical capacity, and increase in injuries.
Resumo A COVID-19 é um desafio pandêmico emergente, que tem repercussões físicas e psicológicas, prejudicando a qualidade de vida daqueles que foram infectados e daqueles que tiveram que viver em confinamento. O objetivo deste estudo é descobrir as percepções dos atletas de slackline sobre os efeitos no treinamento e na qualidade de vida derivados da situação da COVID-19. A pesquisa é baseada em um método transversal exploratório-descritivo quantitativo, o instrumento utilizado foi uma pesquisa auto-administrada com três dimensões que foi respondida corretamente por 229 pessoas de 28 países, 176 homens (15 - 57 anos) e 51 mulheres (20 - 43 anos), pertencentes à Europa, América, Ásia e Oceania. Os resultados mostram que 97,8% relataram uma perda de motivação, 60,2% relataram más condições de infraestrutura e/ou mau acesso a seus locais de treinamento, 65,5% tiveram problemas financeiros e 88,2% tiveram problemas de saúde, com 10% dos entrevistados sendo diagnosticados com COVID-19 positivos. Conclui-se que a situação de confinamento e pandemia criou um ambiente desfavorável para os atletas da Slackline devido a complicações no treinamento, falta de acesso aos espaços públicos, falta de motivação, perda de capacidade física e um aumento de lesões.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atletismo/psicologia , COVID-19 , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
This study examined the perceived talent development environment (TDE) of youth track and field athletes within the Caribbean region and explores the relationship with their subjective wellbeing and burnout levels. A sample of 400 Caribbean youth track and field athletes (male = 198, and female = 202; age 13-20 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Athletes responded to a survey which included the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5), the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Structural equation modelling showed that a positive and supportive TDE was associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower athlete burnout. Moreover, gender and hours of training moderated relationships of athletes' perceptions of their development environment with wellbeing and burnout levels respectively. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the support network and athlete wellbeing, while holistic quality preparation was negatively associated with athlete burnout. Development environments perceived as supportive and geared towards a holistic athlete-centred approach were associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower burnout.
Assuntos
Aptidão , Atletas/psicologia , Esgotamento Psicológico/psicologia , Meio Social , Atletismo/psicologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Atletas/classificação , Esgotamento Psicológico/epidemiologia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Condicionamento Físico Humano/psicologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Atletismo/classificação , Atletismo/fisiologia , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This qualitative investigation sought to explore through a socio-cultural lens the perceived early training and competition environment, and support network of world-class Caribbean track and field athletes and the influence on their sport engagement and progression during early childhood and adolescence. Sixteen world-class track and field athletes (8 males and 8 females; M age = 29, SD = 5 years) from 6 English-speaking Caribbean islands took part in semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed data. Three superordinate themes were identified as key factors that influenced the early sporting development of world-class Caribbean athletes: (1) conducive sporting environment, (2) functional social support network, and (3) key organizational input. Findings revealed that perceived high levels of deliberate play activity in childhood (6 - 12 years) and an intense track and field competition culture in adolescence (13 - 20 years) were conducive to the continued engagement and progression of world-class Caribbean track and field athletes at the junior level. Furthermore, world-class athletes perceived themselves to be positively influenced by the support received from their immediate social support network and key organizations during this period. This study showed that a conducive sporting environment coupled with optimal social and organizational support may have encouraged world-class Caribbean athletes to remain engaged in track and field and to successfully progress within the sport at the junior level. Findings shed light on the sporting culture at the junior level within the Caribbean region and provide insight into key environmental factors that can influence and foster the development of future World Champions and Olympians.
Assuntos
Comportamento Competitivo/fisiologia , Características Culturais , Apoio Social , Atletismo/fisiologia , Atletismo/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Aptidão , Família , Feminino , Apoio Financeiro , Humanos , Masculino , Mentores , Motivação , Grupo Associado , Jogos e Brinquedos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Atletismo/economia , Índias Ocidentais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The menstrual cycle (MC) phases carry to several psychophysiological alterations; however, no study has investigated the impact of MC phases on training load or technical training. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the follicular phase (FP), ovulatory phase (OP), and luteal phase (LP) on training load and technical training in young athletes. Twelve female athletes performed regular daily training sessions with the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and duration being registered every session. Training impulse (TRIMP), monotony and strain were calculated. MC symptoms, RPE, and duration were also measured during technical training, which was carried out on a specific day during each phase. The TRIMP was not affected by MC phases during regular training (p > .05), but training monotony and strain were higher in FP compared to OP (p < .05). During the technical training, MC phases did not affect RPE (p > .05), but the session was longer in both FP and LP, compared to OP (p < .05). MC symptoms were exacerbated in FP compared to both OP and LP (p < .05). These findings suggest that MC disorders were elevated during FP, which indicate that monitoring MC phases might provide important feedbacks for programming training and expected results during competitions.
Assuntos
Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Ciclo Menstrual/psicologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/psicologia , Atletismo/fisiologia , Atletismo/psicologia , Adolescente , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Percepção/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Progesterona/sangue , Estresse Psicológico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Este estudo investigou o estresse pré-competitivo e a experiência esportiva de 77 adolescentes participantes de uma competição estudantil de Petrolina-PE. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Lista de Sintomas de Estresse Pré-Competitivo Infanto-Juvenil e o Questionário de Experiência Esportiva de Jovens. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados o teste de Mann-Whitney e a correlação de Spearman. Os resultados evidenciaram que as meninas sentem mais os sintomas de estresse pré-competitivo do que os meninos. Verificou-se que os adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos ficam mais preocupados com a presença dos pais na competição e vivenciam mais situações negativas do que os de 16 e 17 anos. Verificou-se associação linear entre o estresse pré-competitivo e as experiências esportivas. Concluiu-se que no contexto do esporte escolar as meninas e os adolescentes mais jovens sentem mais o estresse provocado pela competição esportiva. Além disso, o esporte parece ser uma experiência mais negativa para adolescentes mais jovens.
This study investigated the pre-competitive stress and sporting experience among 77 adolescents participating in a student competition in Petrolina-PE. The instruments used were the List of Pre-Competitive Stress Symptoms for Children and Youth and the Youth Experience Survey for Sport. Data analysis was conducted through the Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman correlation. The results showed that girls showed higher level of precompetitive stress than boys. It was verified that adolescents aged between 13 to 15 years are more concerned about their parents' presence in the competition and experienced more negative situations than 16 and 17 year olds. A linear association was found between pre-competitive stress and sporting experience. It was concluded that in the context of school sports, girls and younger adolescents feel more stress caused by sports competition. In addition, sport seems to be more of a negative experience for younger teenagers.
Este estudio investigó el estrés precompetitivo y la experiencia deportiva de 77 adolescentes participantes de una competencia estudiantil en Petrolina-PE. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Lista de Síntomas de Estrés Precompetitivo Infanto-Juvenil y el Cuestionario de Experiencia Deportiva de Jóvenes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el test de Mann-Whitney y la correlación de Spearman. Los resultados evidenciaron que las chicas sienten más los síntomas de estrés precompetitivo que los chicos. Se verificó que los adolescentes de 13 a 15 años se preocupan más con la presencia de los padres en la competición y experimentan más situaciones negativas que los jóvenes de 16 y 17 años. Se comprobó la asociación lineal entre el estrés precompetitivo y las experiencias deportivas. Concluyéndose que en el contexto del deporte escolar las chicas y los chicos más jóvenes sienten más el estrés provocado por la competición deportiva. Además, el deporte parece ser una experiencia más negativa para los adolescentes más jóvenes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Estresse Psicológico , Atletismo/psicologia , AdolescenteRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the sleep quality, sleepiness, chronotype and the anxiety level of Brazilian Paralympics athletes before the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Setting Exercise and Psychobiology Studies Center (CEPE) and Universidade Federal de São Paulo, an urban city in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 27 Paralympics athletes of both genders (16 men and 11 women) with an average age of 28±6 years who practised athletics (track and field events) were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale to evaluate sleepiness. Chronotype was determined by the Horne and Östberg questionnaire and anxiety through the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The evaluations were performed in Brazil 10 days before the competition. RESULTS: The study's results demonstrate that 83.3% of the athletes that presented excessive daytime sleepiness also had poor sleep quality. The authors noted that 71.4% were classified into the morning type and 72% of the athletes who presented a medium anxiety level also presented poor sleep quality. Athletes with poor sleep quality showed significantly lower sleep efficiency (p=0.0119) and greater sleep latency (p=0.0068) than athletes with good sleep quality. Athletes who presented excessive daytime sleepiness presented lower sleep efficiency compared to non-sleepy athletes (p=0.0241). CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that the majority of athletes presented poor sleep quality before the competition. This information should be taken into consideration whenever possible when scheduling rest, training and competition times.