RESUMO
The consumption of a high-fat high-fructose diet partly resemble the western dietary patterns, which is closely associated with excessive body adiposity and metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, this unhealthy regime produces unfavourable changes on the faecal microbiota, potentially interfering with microorganisms postbiotic function, such as spermidine, a natural polyamine that has been involved in the control of weight gain. The study aimed to analyse the repercussions of spermidine supplementation on somatic measurements, metabolic markers, and the faecal microbiota profile of rats fed a diet rich in fat and fructose. Indeed, Wistar males with oral administration of spermidine (20 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks were evaluated for food and energy intake, biochemical markers, and faecal microbiota signatures. The daily use of spermidine decreased weight gain ( P < 0.01), reduced feed efficiency ( P < 0.01), and attenuated visceral fat deposition ( P < 0.01), although no effect on energy intake, hepatic weight, triglyceride and glucose index and atherogenic indexes. Similarly, the consumption of spermidine partially restored the presence of microbial species, notably Akkermansia muciniphila. Elevated concentrations of this species were linked to a decrease in triglycerides ( P = 0.04), indicating that the supplementation of spermidine might contribute to managing energy fuel homeostasis in association with an obesogenic diet.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fezes , Frutose , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ratos Wistar , Espermidina , Animais , Espermidina/farmacologia , Masculino , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Frutose/efeitos adversos , Frutose/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fezes/microbiologia , Obesidade/microbiologia , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
With global warming, there are growing challenges for raising taurine and composite beef cattle populations in tropical regions, including elevated temperatures, limited forage availability, parasite infestation, and infectious diseases. These environmental factors can trigger specific physiological responses in the developing fetus, which may have long-term implications on its performance. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the influence of naturally induced thermal stress during the gestation period on the subsequent performance of tropical composite beef cattle progeny. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the impact of genotype-by-gestational thermal environment interaction (G×Eg) on traits under selection pressure in the breeding population. A total of 157,414 animals from 58 farms located in various Brazilian states were recorded for birth weight (BW), preweaning weight gain (PWG), yearling weight (YW), hip height (HH), scrotal circumference (SC), and days to first calving (DFC). We first applied a linear regression model to the BW data, which revealed that the last 40 d of gestation were suitable for calculating the mean temperature humidity index (THIg). Subsequent regression analyses revealed that for every 10-unit increase in THIg, detrimental effects of approximately 1.13% to 16.34% are expected for all traits evaluated. Genetic parameters were estimated through a reaction norm model using THIg as the environmental descriptor. The posterior means of heritability estimates (SD) were 0.35 (0.07), 0.25 (0.03), 0.31 (0.03), 0.37 (0.01), 0.29 (0.07), and 0.20 (0.09) for the direct effect of BW, PWG, YW, HH, SC, and DFC, respectively. These estimates varied along the range of THIg values, suggesting a variable response to selection depending on the thermal environment during gestation. Genetic correlation estimates between more divergent THIg values were low or negative for YW, PWG, and DFC, indicating that the best-performing individuals at low THIg values may not perform as well at high THIg values and vice versa. Overall, thermal stress during gestation impacts the future performance of beef cattle offspring. Our results indicate the need for developing effective breeding strategies that take into account G×Eg effects and the re-ranking of breeding animals along the THIg scale, particularly for traits such as DFC that are highly sensitive to thermal stress.
With global warming posing increasing challenges in tropical regions, this study aimed to assess the impact of thermal stress during gestation on the performance of composite beef cattle offspring. Environmental factors such as high temperatures, humidity, limited forage availability, and parasite infestation can elicit physiological responses in the developing fetus, affecting its long-term performance and welfare. Using the temperature humidity index (THIg) of the late gestation as a measure of thermal environment, a reaction norm model was applied to analyze the birth weight, preweaning weight gain, yearling weight, hip height, scrotal circumference, and days to first calving (DFC). Results revealed that increasing THIg values were associated with a detrimental effect in these traits. Genotype-by-environment interaction was found to significantly influence trait variability, with DFC showing the strongest effect. Negative genetic correlations were observed between divergent THIg values, suggesting that individuals performing well in mild thermal environments may not excel in high thermal stress conditions. The heritability estimates varied along the THIg scale, indicating that selection response may vary depending on the thermal environment during gestation. These findings emphasize the need for breeding strategies that account for genotype-by-environment effects and consider the impact of thermal stress on cattle performance.
Assuntos
Genótipo , Animais , Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/fisiologia , Feminino , Gravidez , Brasil , Masculino , Clima Tropical , Peso ao Nascer , Cruzamento , Aumento de Peso , TemperaturaRESUMO
En el Plan de acción mundial para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles 2013-2020, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se reconoce la importancia fundamental de reducir el grado de exposición de las personas y los grupos poblacionales a los factores de riesgo comunes de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), entre ellos, la alimentación poco saludable. En el plan de acción se recomienda concretamente aplicar impuestos a bebidas azucaradas como una política regulatoria costo‑eficaz para prevenir las ENT. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas se vincula con el aumento de peso en la población infantil y adulta, y con una mayor incidencia de la diabetes de tipo 2, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las caries dentales y la osteoporosis. Los impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas se aplican con cada vez mayor frecuencia en América Latina y el Caribe, y ofrecen un beneficio triple para los gobiernos porque 1) mejoran la salud de la población, 2) generan ingresos y 3) pueden reducir los costos conexos de la atención de salud y las pérdidas de productividad a largo plazo. Si bien la OMS da seguimiento a los impuestos y precios del tabaco mediante indicadores cuantitativos estandarizados, entre ellos un indicador para comparar la proporción de los impuestos sobre el tabaco entre todos los Estados Miembros a lo largo del tiempo, desde el 2008 no se dispone de información sobre la tributación de las bebidas azucaradas comparable entre los países a lo largo del tiempo. Dicho seguimiento es importante para analizar tendencias, realizar comparaciones estandarizadas entre los países, establecer las mejores prácticas y disponer de una herramienta poderosa para la promoción de la causa. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) se compromete a proporcionar a sus Estados Miembros información precisa, pertinente y comparable a nivel internacional que se pueda utilizar para orientar la elaboración de políticas y evaluar el impacto de las medidas para prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad. En esta nota se describe la metodología desarrollada por la OPS para estimar un indicador estandarizado de la proporción que representan los impuestos en los precios de ciertas bebidas no alcohólicas y otros indicadores relativos a los precios y las políticas tributarias, con base en el método utilizado por la OMS para dar seguimiento a los precios e impuestos aplicados a los productos de tabaco desde el 2008. En la nota se define el alcance y las bebidas para los cuales se calcula la proporción que los impuestos representan en los precios minoristas finales; se describe el proceso de recopilación y análisis de los datos; y se explican los componentes clave del cálculo. También se definen otros indicadores relativos a los precios, la asequibilidad y las políticas tributarias.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Dieta , Alimentos, Dieta e Nutrição , Açúcares , Indústria do Açúcar , Bebidas Adoçadas com Açúcar , Aumento de Peso , Obesidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Cárie Dentária , Osteoporose , Política NutricionalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate if a mixture of functional lipids (FLs), containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), tocopherols (TPs), and phytosterols (PSs), prevents some lipid alterations induced by high-fat (HF) diets, without adverse effects. METHODS: Male CF1 mice (n = 6/group) were fed (4 weeks) with control (C), HF, or HF + FL diets. RESULTS: FL prevented the overweight induced by the HF diet and reduced the adipose tissue (AT) weight, associated with lower energy efficiency. After the intervention period, the serum triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in both HF diets underwent a decrease associated with an enhanced LPL activity (mainly in muscle). The beneficial effect of the FL mixture on body weight gain and AT weight might be attributed to the decreased lipogenesis, denoted by the lower mRNA levels of SREBP1-c and ACC in AT, as well as by an exacerbated lipid catabolism, reflected by increased mRNA levels of PPARα, ATGL, HSL, and UCP2 in AT. Liver TAG levels were reduced in the HF + FL group due to an elevated lipid oxidation associated with a higher CPT-1 activity and mRNA levels of PPARα and CPT-1a. Moreover, genes linked to fatty acid biosynthesis (SREBP1-c and ACC) showed decreased mRNA levels in both HF diets, this finding being more pronounced in the HF + FL group. CONCLUSION: The administration of an FL mixture (CLA + TP + PS) prevented some lipid alterations induced by a HF diet, avoiding frequent deleterious effects of CLA in mice through the modulation of gene expression related to the regulation of lipid metabolism.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado , PPAR alfa , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1 , Triglicerídeos , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Camundongos , Masculino , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/genética , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genética , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/farmacologia , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferase/metabolismo , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferase/genética , Proteína Desacopladora 2/metabolismo , Proteína Desacopladora 2/genética , Fitosteróis/farmacologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipase Lipoproteica/metabolismo , Lipase Lipoproteica/genéticaRESUMO
Background: Children's growth is increasingly considered a key mediator of later life outcomes. When examining weight growth, the correlation between repeated observations on the same subject must be regarded as well-modelled. This study aimed to analyze children's weight growth variations and associated factors in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam using a fractional polynomial mixed-effects model. Methods: This study used longitudinal data from the Young Lives Cohort Study conducted from 2002 to 2016 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. The study included 7,140 children of 1 to 15 years old A fractional polynomial mixed-effects model was used to analyze the data. Results: Ethiopian, Peruvian, and Vietnamese children had significantly higher average body weights than children in India (1.426, P<0.001; 1.992, P<0.001; 1.334, P<0.001, respectively). Girl children's average body weight was significantly 0.15 times less than that of boys (-0.148; P=0.027). The average weight of rural children was significantly 0.671 times less than that of urban children (0.671, P<0.001). Children from Peru and Vietnam had higher rates of weight change than those from India. However, the rate of weight change was lower in Ethiopian children than in Indian children. Children from urban areas had a significantly higher rate of weight gain than those from rural areas. Conclusion: Country, sex, residence, parental education, household size, wealth, good drinking water, and reliable power affected children's longitudinal weight growth. Therefore, WHO and the nation's health ministry should monitor children's weight growth status and these associated factors to plan future action.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , População Rural , Humanos , Etiópia , Vietnã/epidemiologia , Peru , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Índia , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Lactente , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Longitudinais , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Aumento de Peso , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of liraglutide for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity is well established, but their role in the treatment of weight regain after bariatric surgery remains unclear. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases in January 2024. A random-effects model was employed to compute mean differences (MD) and events per 100 observations with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous and binary endpoints. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies were included and 881 individuals. Patients were mostly female (50%), aged 36 to 55 years, with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 39.4 kg/m2, and had BS surgery 5 years prior. Over a mean follow-up time ranging from 3 months to 4 years, it was observed a statistically significant reduction in BMI (MD - 8.56 kg/m2; 95% CI 3.34 to 13.79; p < 0.01) and a mean reduction in total weight (MD - 16.03 kg; 95% CI 0.03 to 32.02; p = 0.05) after liraglutide use. Additionally, 65% of patients undertaking liraglutide showed total body weight loss (BWL) above 5% (65.8 events per 100 observations; 95% CI 54.96 to 75.20; p < 0.01), while 26% lost more than 10% of total BWL (26.77 events per 100 observations; 95% CI 19.17 to 36.02; p < 0.01). A limitation is a variability between the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the use of liraglutide for weight management in patients who experience weight regain after BS. Liraglutide is well tolerated and promotes significant weight loss, providing clinicians with a therapeutic option for this clinical challenge.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Liraglutida , Obesidade Mórbida , Aumento de Peso , Redução de Peso , Humanos , Liraglutida/uso terapêutico , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Obesidade Mórbida/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: It is unclear whether parental consumption of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) can affect subsequent generations. The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic parental consumption of sucralose and stevia in mice affects body weight gain and liver and intestinal expression of histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) in these animals and in the subsequent first filial (F1) and second filial (F2) generations. METHODS: Male and female mice (n = 47) were divided into three groups to receive water alone or supplemented with sucralose (0.1 mg/mL) or stevia (0.1 mg/mL) for 16 wk (parental [F0] generation). F0 mice were bred to produce the F1 generation; then, F1 mice were bred to produce the F2 generation. F1 and F2 animals did not receive NNSs. After euthanasia, hepatic and intestinal expression of Hdac3 was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Body weight gain did not differ between the three groups in the F0 generation, but it was greater in the F1 sucralose and stevia groups than in the control group. Consumption of both NNSs in the F0 generation was associated with lower Hdac3 expression in the liver and higher in the intestine. Hepatic Hdac3 expression was normalized to the control values in the F1 and F2 animals of the sucralose and stevia groups. Intestinal expression was still higher in the F1 generations of the sucralose and stevia groups but was partially normalized in the F2 generation of these groups, compared with control. CONCLUSIONS: NNS consumption differentially affects hepatic and intestinal Hdac3 expression. Changes in hepatic expression are not transmitted to the F1 and F2 generations whereas those in intestinal expression are enhanced in the F1 and attenuated in the F2 generations.
Assuntos
Histona Desacetilases , Fígado , Stevia , Sacarose , Edulcorantes , Animais , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Histona Desacetilases/genética , Masculino , Sacarose/análogos & derivados , Sacarose/farmacologia , Feminino , Camundongos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Edulcorantes/farmacologia , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Adoçantes não Calóricos/farmacologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to parse out the role of changing environments on body composition, total energy expenditure, and physical activity in the Mexican Pima, a population experiencing rapid industrialization. METHODS: Using doubly labeled water, we compared energy expenditure and physical activity in a longitudinal cohort of Mexican Pima (n = 26; female: 12) in 1995 and 2010. Body mass and composition were assessed by bioimpedance analysis. To determine the effects of environmental factors on body weight independent of age, we compared the 1995 longitudinal cohort with an age- and sex-matched cross-sectional cohort (n = 26) in 2010. RESULTS: Body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass all significantly increased between 1995 and 2010. Despite a 13% average increase in body weight, weight-adjusted total daily energy expenditure decreased significantly. Measured physical activity levels also decreased between 1995 and 2010, after we adjusted for weight. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the recent industrialization of the Maycoba region in Sonora, Mexico, has contributed to a decrease in physical activity, in turn contributing to weight gain and metabolic disease among the Mexican Pima.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , México , Estudos Transversais , Adulto , Estudos Longitudinais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Peso Corporal , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Aumento de Peso/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem , Meio Ambiente , Obesidade/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study evaluated the growth and physiological response of proactive and reactive Colossoma macropomum juveniles in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). In Phase 1 of the experiment (50 days of cultivation), juveniles, weighing 2.16 ± 0.52 g, were stocked in 12 28-L tanks to test the following treatments: proactive (PT), reactive (RT) and mixed (MT) composed of reactive (MRT) and proactive (MPT) animals. In Phase 2 of the experiment (40 days of cultivation), the animals were transferred to 175-L tanks with the same treatments as Phase 1. The animals were fed twice a day with commercial diet during both phases. After Phase 1, MPT animals showed higher growth than MRT animals (P < 0.05), and higher weight gain and daily weight than PT animals (P < 0.05). After Phase 2, PT animals showed higher weight gain and daily weight gain than RT and MT animals (P < 0.05), as did MPT animals compared to PT animals. Performance for RT animals was superior (P < 0.05) to that of MRT animals. Glucose (P < 0.04) and cholesterol (P < 0.01) were higher for RT animals compared to PT animals. Cholesterol was higher for MPT animals compared to MRT animals (P < 0.01), while plasma protein was lower (P < 0.001). Glucose (P < 0.001) and cholesterol (P < 0.01) were higher for MPT animals compared to PT animals and for MRT animals compared to RT animals (glucose P < 0.02, cholesterol P < 0.01). After 90 days of cultivation, proactive animals cultivated separately presented better performance. When cultivated together, reactive animals experienced a decrease in performance and both stress coping styles showed more signs of stress.
Assuntos
Aquicultura , Animais , Aquicultura/métodos , Caraciformes/fisiologia , Caraciformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aumento de Peso , Colesterol/sangue , Colesterol/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterináriaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and economic viability of diets containing different levels of antibiotic and buriti oil (BO) on performance, carcass and cut yields, and relative weight of organs of broilers. A total of 432 one- to 42-day-old male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments, each consisting of six replicates of 12 birds. The treatments consisted of one diet with antibiotic without BO, one diet without antibiotic (DWA) without BO, and four DWA containing increasing levels of BO (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%). Average weight and weight gain (WG) of broilers fed with DWA + BO were similar to those of birds fed control diet. Feed intake and feed conversion (FC) were not different among treatments. Relative weight of pancreas linearly increased in the birds fed diets containing BO. The inclusion of 0.45 and 0.40% of BO in the diets promoted the improvement of WG and FC, respectively. Cost of feed management, ratio, gross margin, and gross income did not differ among treatments. It was concluded that the inclusion of 0.45% of BO in diets without antibiotics is economically feasible and allows recovering the performance of broilers.