RESUMO
This ethnographic study was designed to explore living conditions among a group of aboriginal families residing in an urban context, who participated in a recreational social program. The aim of the study was to explore life satisfaction by analyzing their living conditions and cultural capital inscribed in established attitudes, perceptions, and lay knowledge. Fieldwork was carried out in two complementary phases: phase 1, between May 2008 and December 2010, began when the first listed author initiated volunteer work with the organization responsible for the program; in phase 2, which extended from January 2011 to February 2013, participant observation was intensified and semi-structured interviews were carried out. The results indicate that the process of cultural uprooting underscores the experience of social inequality, and suggest a cohort effect that continues to this day. This process of cultural (in)consonance must be taken into account as a key factor when analyzing the living conditions and well-being of ethnic minorities, as well as when developing programs and interventions.
Este estudio etnográfico fue diseñado para explorar las condiciones de vida de un grupo de familias aborígenes residentes en un contexto urbano, beneficiarias de un programa sociorecreativo en Sídney, Australia. El objetivo fue explorar la satisfacción vital mediante el análisis de sus condiciones de vida y del capital cultural inscrito en sus actitudes, percepciones y conocimientos establecidos. El trabajo de campo se estructuró en dos fases complementarias: en la fase 1, entre mayo de 2008 y diciembre de 2010, se inició con el ingreso del primer autor como voluntario en la asociación responsable del programa y, en la fase 2, entre enero de 2011 y febrero de 2013 se intensificó el proceso de observación participante y las entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados muestran que el proceso de desarraigo cultural está en la base de las experiencias vitales de desigualdad social experimentadas y apunta a un efecto de cohorte que llega hasta nuestros días. Dicho proceso de (des)consonancia cultural debe ser tenido en cuenta como un factor clave a la hora de analizar las condiciones de vida y bienestar de estas minorías étnicas, así como a la hora de desarrollar programas e intervenciones.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/etnologia , Satisfação Pessoal , Condições Sociais , População Urbana , Atividades Cotidianas , Antropologia Cultural , Austrália/etnologia , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Autonomia Pessoal , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Qualidade de Vida , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Discriminação Social , Predomínio Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
RESUMEN Este estudio etnográfico fue diseñado para explorar las condiciones de vida de un grupo de familias aborígenes residentes en un contexto urbano, beneficiarias de un programa sociorecreativo en Sídney, Australia. El objetivo fue explorar la satisfacción vital mediante el análisis de sus condiciones de vida y del capital cultural inscrito en sus actitudes, percepciones y conocimientos establecidos. El trabajo de campo se estructuró en dos fases complementarias: en la fase 1, entre mayo de 2008 y diciembre de 2010, se inició con el ingreso del primer autor como voluntario en la asociación responsable del programa y, en la fase 2, entre enero de 2011 y febrero de 2013 se intensificó el proceso de observación participante y las entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados muestran que el proceso de desarraigo cultural está en la base de las experiencias vitales de desigualdad social experimentadas y apunta a un efecto de cohorte que llega hasta nuestros días. Dicho proceso de (des)consonancia cultural debe ser tenido en cuenta como un factor clave a la hora de analizar las condiciones de vida y bienestar de estas minorías étnicas, así como a la hora de desarrollar programas e intervenciones.
ABSTRACT This ethnographic study was designed to explore living conditions among a group of aboriginal families residing in an urban context, who participated in a recreational social program. The aim of the study was to explore life satisfaction by analyzing their living conditions and cultural capital inscribed in established attitudes, perceptions, and lay knowledge. Fieldwork was carried out in two complementary phases: phase 1, between May 2008 and December 2010, began when the first listed author initiated volunteer work with the organization responsible for the program; in phase 2, which extended from January 2011 to February 2013, participant observation was intensified and semi-structured interviews were carried out. The results indicate that the process of cultural uprooting underscores the experience of social inequality, and suggest a cohort effect that continues to this day. This process of cultural (in)consonance must be taken into account as a key factor when analyzing the living conditions and well-being of ethnic minorities, as well as when developing programs and interventions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Satisfação Pessoal , Condições Sociais , População Urbana , Aculturação , Qualidade de Vida , Austrália/etnologia , Predomínio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Atividades Cotidianas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Autonomia Pessoal , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Discriminação Social , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Estilo de Vida , Antropologia CulturalRESUMO
The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B) is a commonly-used tool for measuring schizotypal personality traits and due to its wide application, its cross-cultural validity is of interest. Previous studies suggest that the SPQ-B either has a three- or four-factor structure, but the majority of studies have been conducted in Western contexts and little is known about the psychometric properties of the scale in other populations. In this study factorial invariance testing across three cultural contexts-Australia, China and Chile was conducted. In total, 729 young adults (Mean age = 23.99 years, SD = 9.87 years) participated. Invariance testing did not support the four-factor model across three countries. Confirmatory Factor Analyses revealed that neither the four- nor three-factor model had strong fit in any of the settings. However, in comparison with other competing models, the four-factor model showed the best for the Australian sample, while the three-factor model was the most reasonable for both Chinese and Chilean samples. The reliability of the SPQ-B scores, estimated with Omega, ranged from 0.86 to 0.91. These findings suggest that the SPQ-B factors are not consistent across different cultural groups. We suggest that these differences could be attributed to potential confounding cultural and translation issues.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Personalidade , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Povo Asiático/psicologia , Austrália/etnologia , Chile/etnologia , China/etnologia , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , População Branca/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The purpose of the present article is to propose an alternative short form for the 199-item Arizona Life History Battery (ALHB), which we are calling the K-SF-42, as it contains 42 items as compared with the 20 items of the Mini-K, the short form that has been in greatest use for the past decade. These 42 items were selected from the ALHB, unlike those of the Mini-K, making direct comparisons of the relative psychometric performance of the two alternative short forms a valid and instructive exercise. A series of secondary data analyses were performed upon a recently completed five-nation cross-cultural survey, which was originally designed to assess the role of life history strategy in the etiology of interpersonal aggression. Only data from the ALHB that were collected in all five cross-cultural replications were used for the present analyses. The single immediate objective of this secondary data analysis was producing the K-SF-42 such that it would perform optimally across all five cultures sampled, and perhaps even generalize well to other modern industrial societies not currently sampled as a result of the geographic breadth of those included in the present study. A novel method, based on the use of the Cross-Sample Geometric Mean as a criterion for item selection, was used for generating such a cross-culturally valid short form.
Assuntos
Características de História de Vida , Psicometria/instrumentação , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Austrália/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Masculino , México/etnologia , Singapura/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Every woman experiences the menopause transition period in a very individual way. Menopause symptoms and management are greatly influenced by socioeconomic status in addition to genetic background and medical history. Because of their very unique cultural heritage and often holistic view of health and well-being, menopause symptoms and management might differ greatly in aboriginals compared to non-aboriginals. Our aim was to investigate the extent and scope of the current literature in describing the menopause experience of aboriginal women. Our systematic literature review included nine health-related databases using the keywords 'menopause' and 'climacteric symptoms' in combination with various keywords describing aboriginal populations. Data were collected from selected articles and descriptive analysis was applied. Twenty-eight relevant articles were included in our analysis. These articles represent data from 12 countries and aboriginal groups from at least eight distinctive geographical regions. Knowledge of menopause and symptom experience vary greatly among study groups. The average age of menopause onset appears earlier in most aboriginal groups, often attributed to malnutrition and a harsher lifestyle. This literature review highlights a need for further research of the menopause transition period among aboriginal women to fully explore understanding and treatment of menopause symptoms and ultimately advance an important dialogue about women's health care.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Menopausa/etnologia , Saúde da Mulher/etnologia , Adulto , Austrália/etnologia , Bolívia/etnologia , Canadá/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Guatemala/etnologia , Serviços de Saúde do Indígena , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Malásia/etnologia , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/etnologia , Peru/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais , Classe Social , Taiwan/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
We examine changes in work adjustment among 179 expatriates from 3 multinational organizations from predeparture through the first 9 months of a new international assignment. Our 10-wave results challenge classic U-shaped theories of expatriate adjustment (e.g., Torbiorn, 1982). Consistent with uncertainty reduction theory, our results instead suggest that expatriates typically experience a gradual increase in work adjustment over time. Two resources that expatriates bring to their assignments (previous culture-specific work experience and core self-evaluations) moderate the trajectory of work adjustment. Trajectory of adjustment predicts Month 9 career instrumentality and turnover intention, as well as career advancement (job promotion) 1.5 years further. Implications for theory, as well as for changes in expatriate management practices, are discussed.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Mobilidade Ocupacional , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Reorganização de Recursos Humanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , África/etnologia , Ásia/etnologia , Austrália/etnologia , Canadá/etnologia , Cultura , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , América do Sul/etnologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Genetic studies have consistently indicated a single common origin of Native American groups from Central and South America. However, some morphological studies have suggested a more complex picture, whereby the northeast Asian affinities of present-day Native Americans contrast with a distinctive morphology seen in some of the earliest American skeletons, which share traits with present-day Australasians (indigenous groups in Australia, Melanesia, and island Southeast Asia). Here we analyse genome-wide data to show that some Amazonian Native Americans descend partly from a Native American founding population that carried ancestry more closely related to indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andaman Islanders than to any present-day Eurasians or Native Americans. This signature is not present to the same extent, or at all, in present-day Northern and Central Americans or in a â¼12,600-year-old Clovis-associated genome, suggesting a more diverse set of founding populations of the Americas than previously accepted.
Assuntos
Indígenas Centro-Americanos/genética , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/genética , Filogenia , Austrália/etnologia , América Central/etnologia , Frequência do Gene/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/genética , Nova Guiné/etnologia , Filogeografia , América do Sul/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Indigenous populations may be at increased risk, compared with majority populations, for the development of dementia due to lower education levels and socio-economic status, higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and alcohol abuse, an aging population structure, and poorer overall health. This is the first systematic review investigating the prevalence and incidence of dementia in indigenous populations worldwide. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycInfo for relevant papers published up to April 2015. Studies were included if they reported prevalence or incidence, the disease typically occurred after the age of 45, the study population included indigenous people, and the study was conducted in the general population. RESULTS: Fifteen studies representing five countries (Canada, Australia, the USA, Guam, Brazil) met the inclusion criteria. Dementia prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 20%. Retrospective studies relying on medical records for diagnoses had much lower prevalence rates and a higher risk of bias than population-based prospective studies performing their own diagnoses with culturally appropriate cognitive assessment methods. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dementia among indigenous populations appears to be higher than it is for non-indigenous populations. Despite a building body of evidence supporting the need for dementia research among indigenous populations, there is a paucity of epidemiological research, none of which is of high quality.
Assuntos
Demência/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/psicologia , Austrália/etnologia , Brasil/etnologia , Canadá/etnologia , Guam/etnologia , Humanos , Incidência , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/psicologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Classe Social , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
IMPORTANCE Little is known about population-based risk factors and regional differences for vitiligo.OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of place of birth and residence on vitiligo extent.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective questionnaire-based study using an online questionnaire with 2786 adults (72.2%of whom resided in the United States) with a history of physician-diagnosed vitiligo.EXPOSURES Regions of birth and residence.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Body surface area (BSA) of vitiligo lesions.RESULTS Patients with vitiligo who were born outside the United States had lower odds of vitiligo-affected BSA greater than 25%, even after controlling for race/ethnicity, sex, and current age (logistic regression; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.57 [95%CI, 0.46-0.60]).Birthplace in all continents was associated with lower odds of affected BSA greater than 25%than was birthplace in North America. Adults born outside the United States had less affected BSA whether they resided inside (aOR, 0.58 [96%CI, 0.41-0.81]) or outside the United States(aOR, 0.60 [95%CI, 0.48-0.76]). Birthplace and residence at latitudes closer to the equator were associated with lower rates of affected BSA greater than 25%(P .002). The prevalence of affected BSA greater than 25%varied greatly by state of residence (range,27.3%in Maryland to 100% in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming) (global Moran index = 0.37; P < .001; G statistic = 0.62; P < .001). Spatial regression models that controlled for the regional variation were constructed and confirmed that birthplace outside the United States was associated with lower odds of affected BSA greater than 25%(aOR, 0.61 [95%CI,0.45-0.83]) but not race/ethnicity.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was significant statewide and intercontinental variation for rates of extensive vitiligo. These results suggest that previously unrecognized regional environmental risk factors, especially early in life, play an important role in vitiligo. Additional studies are needed to confirm these early findings and identify such risk factors.TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01401374
Assuntos
Características de Residência , Vitiligo/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , África/etnologia , Idade de Início , Ásia/etnologia , Austrália/etnologia , Superfície Corporal , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Mapeamento Geográfico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , América do Sul/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vitiligo/etnologia , Vitiligo/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine the time course of wellness, fatigue and performance during an altitude training camp (La Paz, 3600 m) in two groups of either sea-level (Australian) or altitude (Bolivian) native young soccer players. METHODS: Wellness and fatigue were assessed using questionnaires and resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability. Physical performance was assessed using HR responses to a submaximal run, a Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) and a 20 m sprint. Most measures were performed daily, with the exception of Yo-YoIR1 and 20 m sprints, which were performed near sea level and on days 3 and 10 at altitude. RESULTS: Compared with near sea level, Australians had moderate-to-large impairments in wellness and Yo-YoIR1 relative to the Bolivians on arrival at altitude. The acclimatisation of most measures to altitude was substantially slower in Australians than Bolivians, with only Bolivians reaching near sea-level baseline high-intensity running by the end of the camp. Both teams had moderately impaired 20 m sprinting at the end of the camp. Exercise HR had large associations (r>0.5-0.7) with changes in Yo-YoIR1 in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite partial physiological and perceptual acclimatisation, 2 weeks is insufficient for restoration of physical performance in young sea-level native soccer players. Because of the possible decrement in 20 m sprint time, a greater emphasis on speed training may be required during and after altitude training. The specific time course of restoration for each variable suggests that they measure different aspects of acclimatisation to 3600 m; they should therefore be used in combination to assess adaptation to altitude.